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Th2 CellsTh1 CellsInflammationTh17 CellsInflammation MediatorsCytokinesMice, Inbred C57BLDisease Models, AnimalTh1-Th2 BalanceMice, KnockoutLungMice, Inbred BALB CPneumoniaInterleukin-6OvalbuminAnti-Inflammatory AgentsTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaBronchoalveolar Lavage FluidInterleukin-17Cells, CulturedNeurogenic InflammationBiological MarkersMacrophagesNeutrophilsC-Reactive ProteinInterferon-gammaInterleukin-4ColitisLipopolysaccharidesRespiratory HypersensitivitySignal TransductionAsthmaBronchial HyperreactivityMice, TransgenicDermatitisEosinophilsRNA, MessengerChemokinesAllergensGene Expression RegulationInterleukin-1betaHypersensitivityNF-kappa BT-Lymphocytes, Helper-InducerCarrageenanInterleukin-10CD4-Positive T-LymphocytesTime FactorsNeutrophil InfiltrationLeukocytesChronic DiseaseEdemaInterleukinsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionFlow CytometryEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayInterleukin-13PeroxidaseLymphocyte ActivationInterleukin-8History, 19th CenturyChemokine CCL2Up-RegulationImmunoglobulin EImmunity, InnateImmunohistochemistryArthritis, ExperimentalOxidative StressT-LymphocytesAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalIntestinal MucosaInterleukin-5Rats, Sprague-DawleyDendritic CellsCell DifferentiationSkinMonocytesInflammatory Bowel DiseasesIntercellular Adhesion Molecule-1EosinophiliaAcute DiseaseGene ExpressionColonCell MovementT-Lymphocyte SubsetsChemotaxis, LeukocyteVasculitisDextran SulfateInterleukin-12Interleukin-1Leukocyte CountHistory, 17th CenturyIleitisUveitisGATA3 Transcription FactorPulmonary EosinophiliaAtherosclerosisT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryApoptosisAutoimmune Diseases
LymphocytesHelperImmunityTh17Pulmonary inflammationEosinophilsImmune cellsLymphoidDifferentiationTregChronicEpithelial CellsRegulateImmunologyInducesMiceResponsesVivoReceptorPhenotypeEffector T celAsthmaEosinophiliaProliferationTissueSignal TransductionMetabolismAsthmaticProteinsInterleukinTherapeuticTregsRegulatesMacrophagesInflammatory cellsAutoimmune diseasesCytokines secretedLung InflammationRolesRegulatory T celLungsMastDendriticMoleculeInitiateAtopicConverselyPeripheralAtherosclerosisTypeAllergen
Lymphocytes11
  • Increased Il4, Il13, Ccl17, and Il25 expression was accompanied by recruitment of Th2 lymphocytes, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils to the lung. (nih.gov)
  • According to early studies, the production of eotaxin can be linked to Th2 lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eotaxin appears to be T-cell dependent because of evidence that suggests that eosinophil recruitment is regulated by Th2 lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-27 binds to IL-27ra and gp-130 complex, which is expressed on multiple cell types, including T lymphocytes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • 2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • Our results show that CNCM I-3690 can (i) physically maintain modulated goblet cells and the mucus layer and (ii) counteract changes in local and systemic lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • In allergic asthma, Th2 lymphocytes mediate airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness 33 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • It mediates the pro-inflammatory chemotaxis of eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes generated during allergic inflammation. (exbio.cz)
  • CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play an import role in the inflammatory response, as these cells may manage the profile of cytokines produced against an infectious agent 4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
Helper16
  • Meanwhile, the number of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells was decreased. (hindawi.com)
  • Meanwhile IL-27 exerts proinflammatory effects by promoting Th1, CD8, natural killer (NK), T follicular helper (Tfh), and B cell proliferation/functions and by inhibiting Treg and Th2 cell generation in parasites infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Importantly, recent studies have shown that the importance of type 17 T helper cells (Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various immune disorders, particularly in atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Under normal conditions, the dynamic balance of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 activities maintains the immune homeostasis of the body. (hindawi.com)
  • The present study investigated the expression of T helper (Th)17 cytokines in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and their clinical significance in providing new therapeutic insights. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It has been confirmed that naïve (uncommitted) CD4 + T cells can be induced to different specific lineages according to the local cytokine, including towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In a lead article in the November issue of Nature Immunology(released online on Oct. 2), the scientists report finding a novel typeof "T helper" cell they say is the culprit for initiating chronicinflammation and autoimmunity in a variety of body tissues. (sciencedaily.com)
  • T helper cells are specific T cells that have receptors that recognizeand bind to fragments (known as antigens) of the invaders that alreadyhave been displayed on the surface of other immune system cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • TheseT helper cells are also called CD4 T cells since they express CD4molecules. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Once the antigen has been bound, these T helper cellsbecome activated, and they morph into "effector" cells which then boostan immune response by secreting "cytokine" molecules such asinterleukins and interferons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They found that IL-17 istriggered by a unique set of signals that now define this new "lineage"of T helper cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Animal studies suggest that aluminum adjuvants could impact allergy risk through inducing a T helper 2 cell (Th2) immune response 31,32 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Excessive activation of type-2 T helper (Th2) immune cells against inhaled environmental allergens contributes to the development of key asthma manifestations. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) control mitochondrial function and cytokine production by CD4 + effector T cells (Teff) in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes by supporting T helper (Th)17 or Th1 cytokine production, respectively. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • CD294 (prostaglandin D2 receptor 2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is preferentially expressed in CD4+ effector T helper 2 (Th2) cells, but also on eosinophils and basophils. (exbio.cz)
  • These mediators cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucus hypersecretion, smooth muscle spasm, and tissue infiltration with eosinophils, type 2 helper T (TH2) cells, and other inflammatory cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Immunity6
  • His laboratory has developed unique antigen-induced and genetically engineered in vivo murine, and translational human ex vivo model systems, enabling him to identify key checkpoints that regulate Th2 immunity. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Garlic oil is immunomodulatory, which means it influences the immune system by reducing inflammation and increasing immunity. (ppdg.net)
  • The oil extracts shift the balance of Th1 cells toward Th2, thereby increasing immunity. (ppdg.net)
  • Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + T cells are essential organizers of cell-mediated immunity, participating in each stage of the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Die Arbeit, gefördert durch den Wiener Wissenschafts-, Forschungs- und Technologiefonds (WWTF) und unterstützt durch das FWF-MedUni Wien Doktoratskolleg „Inflammation and Immunity", entstand durch eine enge Zusammenarbeit der Abteilung für Immunbiologie von Wilfried Ellmeier am Institut für Immunologie (Zentrum für Pathophysiologie, Infektiologie und Immunologie) gemeinsam mit der Arbeitsgruppe von Christian Seiser (Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Med. (meduniwien.ac.at)
  • Cord blood monocyte-derived inflammatory cytokines suppress IL-2 and induce nonclassic 'Th2-type' immunity associated with development of food allergy," Science Translational Medicine, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4322, 2016. (the-scientist.com)
Th1717
  • The prevalence of Th17 cells and their receptors in patients with LSCC was studied using immunohistochemical analysis via tissue microarray technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The results revealed that the prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with LSCC was elevated in their primary tumors, as well as in peripheral blood, compared with that in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It was further demonstrated that Th17 cells could be induced and expanded in the tumor microenvironment through cytokines produced by the tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In conclusion, Th17 cells have a substantial impact on the carcinogenesis of LSCCs, and could serve as a potential therapeutic target to modulate the anti‑tumor response in these carcinomas. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)17-producing Th17 cells, which are different from Th1 and Th2 cells, have been described as serving critical roles in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as in cancer development ( 8 - 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Considering these facts, it could be concluded that pro-inflammatory Th17 cells may have extensive effects on LSCC pathogenesis and anti-tumor response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study revealed that patients with LSCC have elevated levels of Th17 cells in their primary tumors and peripheral blood compared with those in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, the LSCC microenvironment was identified as a strong Th17-cell inducer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Further differentiation into the different subtypes of ILCs depends on BIA 10-2474 the phenotypic and practical characteristics of the T-cell subset and the manifestation of regulatory genes, so that ILC1s are linked to TH1 swelling, ILC2s to TH2-induced swelling, and ILC3 to TH17 and TH22 swelling (29). (ees2010prague.org)
  • Pharmacological blockade of CD36 in Treg from subjects with prediabetes decreased Teff production of the Th17 cytokines that differentiate overall prediabetes inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The authors concluded that the increased activity of monocytes and deficit of CD4+ T cells in infants prone to food allergy could lead to the lower frequencies of Tregs relative to Th2 and Th17 cells, which would promote allergic inflammation in the gut. (the-scientist.com)
  • This effect was associated with increase of Treg cells (CD4+FoxP3+) and decrease of dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes, and with reduction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell response as compared to the controls. (ca.gov)
  • In addition to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17, Treg and T Fh cells have also been described 7 , Treg cells are associated with reduction of clinical scores of disease in soft and hard tissues 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Usually, protective and destructive roles are assigned to the Th1 and Th17 3,9-11 cells, while Th2 and Treg cells are more involved in processes that reduce the destruction of the periodontium 10 . (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 4 ] Moreover, estrogen has recently been shown to play a significant role in the development and function of Th17 cells, as well as the production of interleukin (IL)-17. (medscape.com)
Pulmonary inflammation3
  • Taken together, the current study reveals a role of TRAF4 in ST2+ mTh2 cells in IL-33 -mediated type 2 pulmonary inflammation , opening up avenues for the development of new therapeutic strategies . (bvsalud.org)
  • Asthma represents the most common human chronic lung disease and is characterized by recurring symptoms of reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Here, we mechanistically investigated pulmonary inflammation and lung function decline after inhalation co-exposure and individual exposures to ozone (O(3)) and ultrafine carbon black (CB). (cdc.gov)
Eosinophils9
Immune cells21
  • Immune cells get activated, which starts the inflammatory process. (healthline.com)
  • Upon stimulation, activated Th2 immune cells and type 2 cytokines interact with inflammatory and tissue repair functions to stimulate an overzealous reparative response to tissue damage, leading to organ fibrosis and destruction. (cdc.gov)
  • In fibrotic scenarios, immune cells are activated including varying immune pathways, ranging from innate immune cell activation to autoimmune disease. (cdc.gov)
  • These stimuli induce the activation of immune cells residing within fat tissues, called M1 macrophages, which in turn release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, that cause fat tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. (webwire.com)
  • Cytokines are messenger chemicals that enable communication between immune cells but could also be produced by fat cells. (webwire.com)
  • Atherosclerosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is driven by immune cells and cytokines. (hindawi.com)
  • Many studies have indicated that numerous immune cells promote chronic inflammation and progressive plaque growth [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Platz and Charles Drake, M.D., Ph.D., co-director of the Prostate Cancer Multidisciplinary Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, began looking at a possible connection between asthma and prostate cancer based on work in mice showing that the immune cells that infiltrate prostate tumors produce an immune response known as Th2 inflammation. (news-medical.net)
  • The collaboration between Drake, an immunologist, and Platz, an epidemiologist, and others on the research team will continue as 'we go back into the lab and try to characterize the nature of the immune cells present in the prostate,' says Platz. (news-medical.net)
  • During pathogenic infection, immune cells collaborate to remove invading organisms while minimizing collateral damage. (upenn.edu)
  • Immune cells must continually respond to external stimuli, and adjust their levels of key regulatory proteins, to transition between poised and active states. (upenn.edu)
  • To accomplish this, immune cells can increase protein production, modify existing proteins, or change their rate of protein degradation. (upenn.edu)
  • We are now poised to define how cullin ligases form distinct ubiquitin complexes in T cells or other immune cells, and the unique set of substrates targeted by these complexes. (upenn.edu)
  • Macrophages are highly versatile immune cells which, among other roles, eliminate pathogens and damaged cells through phagocytosis. (biorxiv.org)
  • T cells are white blood cells that play a variety of roles in theimmune system, including the identification of foreign molecules in thebody, such as bacteria and viruses, and the activation and deactivationof other immune cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
  • FLICKR, DEAN HOCHMAN Children prone to developing food allergies are born with some immune cells ready to cause inflammation, according to a study published today (January 13) in Science Translational Medicine . (the-scientist.com)
  • Peter Vuillermin , a pediatric specialist at Deakin University in Victoria, Australia, and his colleagues examined the composition of immune cells in the cord blood of newborns enrolled in the Barwon Infant Study (BIS), a large-scale project aimed at identifying prenatal and early-life causes of noncommunicable diseases. (the-scientist.com)
  • The team found that cord blood from infants who went on to develop confirmed food allergies had lower frequencies of Tregs and larger ratios of CD14+ monocytes to CD4+ T cells-two populations of immune cells that are inversely related in cord blood. (the-scientist.com)
Lymphoid7
  • These group 2 or type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) represent a critical source of type 2 cytokines in vivo and serve an important role in orchestrating the type 2 response to helminths and allergens. (nature.com)
  • Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
  • Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Recent research has shown that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to steady-state tissue integrity and exert tissue-specific functions. (broadinstitute.org)
  • It presents a functional unit of a physical barrier consisting of a mucus layer and a monolayer of epithelial cells and of a mucosal lymphoid system that together efficiently discriminate between pathogenic and commensal microorganisms 16 . (nature.com)
  • Many pathologic immune responses in asthma are "type 2", that is they are characterized by aberrant production of the Th2-type cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells. (rochester.edu)
  • Mjösberg J, Bernink J, Golebski K, Karrich JJ, Peters CP, Blom B, te Velde AA, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM, Spits H: The transcription factor GATA3 is essential for the function of human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. (exbio.cz)
Differentiation12
  • The transcription factors SPDEF and FOXA3 are both selectively expressed in epithelial cells lining the conducting airways, where they regulate goblet cell differentiation and mucus production. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we show that expression of SPDEF or FOXA3 in airway epithelial cells in neonatal mice caused goblet cell differentiation, spontaneous eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. (nih.gov)
  • SPDEF was required for goblet cell differentiation and pulmonary Th2 inflammation in response to house dust mite (HDM) extract, as both were decreased in neonatal and adult Spdef(-/-) mice compared with control animals. (nih.gov)
  • Together, our results indicate that SPDEF causes goblet cell differentiation and Th2 inflammation during postnatal development and is required for goblet cell metaplasia and normal Th2 inflammatory responses to HDM aeroallergen. (nih.gov)
  • However, upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, they also initiate and amplify type 2 inflammation by inducing mucus production, eosinophilia, and Th2 differentiation. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Additionally, we have determined that these adaptors regulate T cell activation, CD4 differentiation and effector function, and Treg cell metabolism and lineage stability. (upenn.edu)
  • In the TH2-high phenotype, which is definitely characterized by eosinophilic swelling, IL-5 is definitely a central cytokine, with a key part in eosinophil differentiation, survival, activation (10, 11), and migration in the lungs (12, 13). (ees2010prague.org)
  • Moreover, our mechanistic studies reveal that activin-A induces the activation of the transcription factor IRF4, which, along with the environmental sensor, AhR, control the differentiation and suppressive functions of human Tr1-like cells. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Differentiation into Th1 depends on the presence of IFN-γ and IL-12, which bind to receptors on the surface of CD4 T cells 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • This binding initiates a cascade of events that culminates in differentiation into Th1 cells, by increasing the transcription factor T-bet 12 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Th2 cells have a differentiation process which is dependent on IL-4, which causes the activation of the transcription factor STAT 6 . (bvsalud.org)
  • GATA-3 acts as a master regulator of Th2 differentiation 12-13 . (bvsalud.org)
Treg10
  • Targeting classic Tregs is limited by the detection of Foxp3 and surface Treg markers on activated cells. (hindawi.com)
  • These data suggest that Treg control of Teff metabolism regulates inflammation differentially in prediabetes compared with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We conclude that Treg control CD4 + T cell cytokine profiles through mechanisms determined, at least in part, by host metabolic status. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Although the study provides a mechanistic link between high monocyte activation and Treg changes, Vuillermin noted that it's not yet clear whether the state of these cells immediately after birth persists throughout life. (the-scientist.com)
  • Adoptive transfer of induced-treg cells effectively attenuates murine airway allergic inflammation. (ca.gov)
  • Defects in endogenous Treg cells have been reported in patients with allergic asthma, suggesting that disrupted Treg cellmediated immunological regulation may play an important role in airway allergic inflammation. (ca.gov)
  • In order to determine whether adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells generated in vitro can be used as an effective therapeutic approach to suppress airway allergic inflammation, exogenously induced Treg cells were infused into ovalbumin-sensitized mice prior to or during intranasal ovalbumin challenge. (ca.gov)
  • The results showed that adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells prior to allergen challenge markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, mucus hyper-production, airway remodeling, and IgE levels. (ca.gov)
  • Moreover, adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells during allergen challenge also effectively attenuate airway inflammation and improve airway function, which are comparable to those by natural Treg cell infusion. (ca.gov)
  • Therefore, adoptive transfer of in vitro induced Treg cells may be a promising therapeutic approach to prevent and treat severe asthma. (ca.gov)
Chronic9
  • Allergic asthma, which is present in as many as 10% of individuals in industrialized nations, is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity induced by allergen-specific Th2 cells secreting interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5. (jci.org)
  • Chronic rhinosinusitis is inflammation in the nose and airways that lasts more than 12 weeks . (healthline.com)
  • Cellular stress caused by obesity, however, can override this protective function and convert the pathway into a trigger of chronic inflammation that raises the risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. (webwire.com)
  • The findings are particularly surprising, because some studies suggested that prostate cancer is linked to the kind of inflammation associated with asthma, which itself is a chronic inflammatory condition, says Elizabeth A. Platz, Sc.D., M.P.H., a professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and co-leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. (news-medical.net)
  • Asthma is often considered to be a disease of chronic inflammation, particularly Th2 inflammation,' Drake explains. (news-medical.net)
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic Th2 type inflammatory skin disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Senescent cells exhibit chronic activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, a known mediator of the pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and skeletal muscle atrophy. (jci.org)
  • A disparate array of plasma/serum markers provides evidence for chronic inflammation in human prediabetes, a condition that is most closely replicated by standard mouse models of obesity and metaflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A disparate array of plasma/serum markers provides evidence for chronic inflammation in prediabetes ( 2 , 3 ) that contrasts with our rich understanding of cellular sources of inflammation in human type 2 diabetes and animal models of insulin resistance (IR) ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Epithelial Cells5
  • Epithelial cells that line the conducting airways provide the initial barrier and innate immune responses to the abundant particles, microbes, and allergens that are inhaled throughout life. (nih.gov)
  • The uncharacterized protein CDH26 is highly expressed in esophageal and gastric epithelial cells of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and eosinophilic gastritis (EG), respectively, compared to the corresponding epithelial cells of normal (NL) individuals. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Published data from our group indicate that HIF-1α regulation in airway epithelial cells (AEC) drives the acute inflammatory response following LC and GA. Metabolomic profiling and metabolic flux of Type II AEC following LC revealed marked increases in glycolytic and TCA intermediates in vivo and in vitro that were HIF-1α dependent. (jci.org)
  • Influenza, along with other natural viral respiratory infections, can contribute to asthma exacerbation, as these viruses enter and replicate within airway epithelial cells, causing damage and initiating an immune response. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. (curehunter.com)
Regulate7
  • Our focus is on defining new mechanisms that regulate immune cell activation and protective immune responses. (upenn.edu)
  • We use systems biology approaches to define changes in ubiquitylation as activation states change, and to identify ubiquitin ligases that regulate immune cell fate. (upenn.edu)
  • We combine this information with genetic, cellular and biochemical approaches to define how ubiquitin enzymes regulate immune cell biology. (upenn.edu)
  • Using mouse genetic models, the authors show that Schwann cells regulate vascularization of the sciatic nerve and are required for a decrease in vascular density postnatally. (elifesciences.org)
  • Now we have discovered the source of IL-17 and also have solidlydemonstrated that these are the crucial cells that regulate tissueinflammation in autoimmune disease and asthma," he says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • There he worked with Dr. Max D. Cooper (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Academy of Sciences) and his research focused on cell surface proteins expressed by preB cells that regulate B cell maturation and homing. (ubc.ca)
  • His laboratory has followed two primary interests: 1) the transcription factor networks that regulate fate determination in various cells that make blood, and 2) the cell surface proteins expressed by hematopoietic stem cells that and allow them to communicate with their microenvironment. (ubc.ca)
Immunology2
  • 1 Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. (nih.gov)
  • Anlass ist die 2014 im Top-Journal Nature Immunology (IF 24.973) erschienene Arbeit 'CD4(+) T cell lineage integrity is controlled by the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. (meduniwien.ac.at)
Induces4
  • IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. (nature.com)
  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in naive T cells induces expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, a 'master' regulator of regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells). (nih.gov)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces remodeling and enhances TH2-mediated sensitization and inflammation in the lung. (ihcworld.com)
  • This signal together with the T Cell Receptor (TCR) induces the expression of GATA-3. (bvsalud.org)
Mice14
  • Th1, Th2, and Th0 lines were generated from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice and transferred into lymphocyte-deficient, OVA-treated severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. (jci.org)
  • Surprisingly, Th1 cells did not attenuate Th2 cell-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation in either SCID mice or in OVA-immunized immunocompetent BALB/c mice, but rather caused severe airway inflammation. (jci.org)
  • OVA-TCR transgenic Th cells migrate to the lungs of recipient mice. (jci.org)
  • Four days after adoptive transfer of OVA-specific Th cell lines (2.5 × 10 6 cells per mouse), mice were sacrificed and lung tissue was embedded in OCT compound. (jci.org)
  • Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we generated T cell -specific TRAF4 -deficient (CD4-cre Traf4fl/fl) mice and investigated the role of TRAF4 in memory Th2 cells expressing IL-33 receptor (ST2, suppression of tumorigenicity 2) (ST2+ mTh2 cells ) in IL-33 -mediated type 2 airway inflammation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, CD4-cre Traf4fl/fl mice showed less ST2+ mTh2 cell proliferation and eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs than Traf4fl/fl mice in the preclinical models of IL-33 -mediated type 2 airway inflammation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Functionally, 'TGF-beta-converted' T(reg) cells generated from TIEG1-deficient mice were unable to suppress airway inflammation in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • The clinical signs and inflammation caused by MC903 are drastically reduced in MyD88 -/- mice with diminished eosinophil, neutrophil infiltration and Th2 cytokine expression. (nih.gov)
  • IL-33 is expressed in keratinocytes, and MyD88 signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for AD development as inflammation was drastically reduced in DC-specific MyD88 -/- mice (CD11c-cre × MyD88-floxed). (nih.gov)
  • Previously, we found that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 can protect intestinal barrier functions in mice inflammation model. (nature.com)
  • Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, P-deficient (P(-/-)) mice had markedly reduced total and eosinophil cell counts in BAL and significantly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. (nih.gov)
  • Conversely, intranasal reconstitution of P to P(-/-) mice at the challenge phase restored airway inflammation to wild-type levels. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, C3a levels in the BAL of OVA-challenged P(-/-) mice were significantly lower than in wild-type mice, and intranasal coadministration of an anti-C3a mAb with P to P(-/-) mice prevented restoration of airway inflammation. (nih.gov)
Responses18
  • These findings have significant implications with regard to current therapeutic goals in asthma and allergy and suggest that conversion of Th2-dominated allergic inflammatory responses into Th1-dominated responses may lead to further problems. (jci.org)
  • The initiation of type 2 immune responses by the epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP has been an area of extensive research in the past decade. (nature.com)
  • Further characterization of ILC2 cell biology will enhance the understanding of type 2 responses and may identify new treatments for asthma, allergies and parasitic infections. (nature.com)
  • Paul, W.E. & Zhu, J. How are TH2-type immune responses initiated and amplified? (nature.com)
  • Saenz, S.A., Taylor, B.C. & Artis, D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. (nature.com)
  • New IL-17 family members promote Th1 or Th2 responses in the lung: in vivo function of the novel cytokine IL-25. (nature.com)
  • Type 2 inflammation is caused by a specific series of immune responses. (healthline.com)
  • Research advances over the past several years suggest that cysLT1 also mediates the ability of cysLTs to modulate inflammation, immune responses, and airway remodeling. (springer.com)
  • It has been reported that IL-27 performs an anti-inflammatory function by acting on conventional CD4 + T cells to induce IL-10-producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We furthermore hypothesized that timapiprant would dampen RV-induced type 2 inflammation and consequently improve antiviral immune responses.MethodsAtopic patients with partially controlled asthma on maintenance inhaled corticosteroids were randomized to timapiprant (n=22) or placebo (n=22) and challenged with RV-A16 three weeks later. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We also review recent discoveries about ILC2 plasticity and heterogeneity in different tissues, as revealed partly through single-cell RNA sequencing of transcriptional responses to various stimuli. (broadinstitute.org)
  • The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch restricts antigen-driven B cell responses. (upenn.edu)
  • In humans, the balance between suppressive T cells, including regulatory Tr1-like cells, and Th2 cells is decisive for the outcome of allergic responses. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Hence, the identification of factors that can induce and/or expand human Tr1 cells represents an attractive therapeutic approach for the control of allergic responses and linked asthmatic disease. (bioacademy.gr)
  • In the present studies, using an experimental approach that combines in vitro priming of human naive T cells with ex vivo analysis of Th2 cells, we demonstrate that the cytokine activin-A instructs the generation of human Tr1-like T cells that effectively suppress allergen-driven responses in allergic and asthmatic individuals. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Carmen Stecher was selected MedUni Vienna Researcher of the Month, August 2018, for the work „PD-1 blockade promotes emerging checkpoint inhibitors in enhancing T cell responses to allogeneic DC", published in „Frontiers in. (meduniwien.ac.at)
  • For reasons that are not entirely clear, patients with asthma develop deleterious immune responses to otherwise innocuous substances, like allergens, that result in tissue inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. (rochester.edu)
  • and eliminated the responses of CD4(+) T cells to allergen. (curehunter.com)
Vivo2
  • Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Compared with individual exposures, co-exposure aerosols produced greater acellular and cellular oxidants detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and in vivo immune-spin trapping (IST), as well as synergistically increased lavage neutrophils, lavage proteins and inflammation related gene/protein expression. (cdc.gov)
Receptor7
  • TCR, T-cell receptor. (jci.org)
  • Although less is known about an additional receptor, cysLT2, emerging evidence indicates that it likely also contributes to cysLT actions promoting inflammation, vascular permeability, and perhaps fibrosis. (springer.com)
  • PPAR-d is a nuclear receptor that receives the Th2 cytokine signals and turns on a cascade of genes and proteins that results in M2 macrophage activation. (webwire.com)
  • The regulation occurs because of the presence of the CCR-3 Receptor on the Th2 lymphocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that, while the axon guidance molecule Netrin-1 promotes nerve invasion by blood vessels via the endothelial receptor UNC5B during embryogenesis, myelinated Schwann cells negatively control intra-nervous vascularization during post-natal period. (elifesciences.org)
  • In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
  • Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
Phenotype3
  • In the TH2-low phenotype, on the other hand, the association between swelling and the action of the abovementioned cytokines is definitely less well defined, and the mechanisms underlying the disease in these individuals remain little known (14, 15). (ees2010prague.org)
  • The researchers were able to use these cytokines or purified CD14+ monocytes to skew Tregs toward an allergy-associated Th2 phenotype. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, a CD4+ T-cell cytokine called interleukin 2 (IL-2) prevented the effect, allowing Tregs to maintain their phenotype. (the-scientist.com)
Effector T cel1
Asthma10
  • Because Th1 cells antagonize Th2 cell functions, it has been proposed that immune deviation toward Th1 can protect against asthma and allergies. (jci.org)
  • Using an adoptive transfer system, we assessed the roles of Th1, Th2, and Th0 cells in a mouse model of asthma and examined the capacity of Th1 cells to counterbalance the proasthmatic effects of Th2 cells. (jci.org)
  • Not all people with asthma experience type 2 inflammation as part of their condition. (healthline.com)
  • According to research , type 2 inflammation affects up to 51% of people with uncontrolled asthma and 55% to 70% of people with severe asthma. (healthline.com)
  • People with type 2 inflammation in their airways are more likely to have asthma flares. (healthline.com)
  • It's possible that the Th2 inflammation that drives asthma is not the same as the Th2 inflammation that drives cancer,' he notes. (news-medical.net)
  • These results show that P plays a key role in allergen-induced airway inflammation and represents a potential therapeutic target for human asthma. (nih.gov)
  • The only clue they had was thatexcess IL-17 molecules are found in arthritic joints, in lungs swollenby asthma and in brain cells that lead to nerve degeneration and theonset of MS. "But we didn't know which T cells were responsible forsecreting IL-17," Dong says.To find out where IL-17 came from, the researchers designed a series ofcell culture studies and mouse experiments. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Importantly, administration of human activin-A-induced Tr1-like cells in a humanized mouse model of allergic asthma confers protection against cardinal disease manifestations, in preventive and therapeutic regimes. (bioacademy.gr)
  • Asthma is a disease of diffuse airway inflammation caused by a variety of triggering stimuli resulting in partially or completely reversible bronchoconstriction. (msdmanuals.com)
Eosinophilia1
  • TH2-high individuals are characterized by the manifestation of IL-5 and IL-13, airway hyperresponsiveness, responsiveness BIA 10-2474 to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), high serum IgE levels, and blood and airway eosinophilia. (ees2010prague.org)
Proliferation4
  • We found that in vitro -polarized TRAF4 -deficient (CD4-cre Traf4fl/fl) ST2+ mTh2 cells exhibited decreased IL-33 -induced proliferation as compared with TRAF4 -sufficient (Traf4fl/fl) cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, we discovered that TRAF4 was required for the activation of AKT/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways as well as the expression of transcription factor Myc and nutrient transporters (Slc2a1, Slc7a1, and Slc7a5 ), signature genes involved in T cell growth and proliferation, in ST2+ mTh2 cells stimulated by IL-33 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Once activated, M1-like macrophages release cytokines that inhibit the proliferation of nearby cells (including cancer cells) and initiate inflammation and an immune response. (biorxiv.org)
  • ILCs are characterized by their lack of T-cell and B-cell receptors (TCRs and BCRs, respectively) (23) and associated with cells restoration (24), the period of the initial immune response to microorganisms (25), and control of proliferation of commensal microorganisms (26). (ees2010prague.org)
Tissue5
  • a ) Lung tissue from recipient of Th1 cells. (jci.org)
  • b ) Lung tissue from recipient of Th2 cells. (jci.org)
  • They tend to dampen inflammation and promote tissue remodeling and tumor progression, for example through pro-angiogenic properties [ 4 ], immunosuppression (e.g. (biorxiv.org)
  • An immunohistochemical investigation of the gingival tissue was performed to detect the presence of the Th2 specific transcription factor (GATA3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigen binds to IgE that is bound to tissue mast cells and blood basophils, triggering release of preformed mediators (eg, histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors) and synthesis of other mediators (eg, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, cytokines). (msdmanuals.com)
Signal Transduction1
  • Herb-partitioned moxibustion may inhibit excessively activated autophagy and modulate the expression of immune-related factors by regulating the LKB1-mTOR-PI3KC signal transduction networks, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation in CD rats. (hindawi.com)
Metabolism2
  • Reporting in the journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) said they have shown for the first time that fat-storing cells, or adipocytes, contain a protective anti-inflammatory immune mechanism that prevents the cells from over-reacting to inflammation-causing stimuli, such as fatty acids in the diet. (webwire.com)
  • To their surprise, Lee and his coworkers found that the same switching mechanism is present in hepatocytes, or liver cells, and macrophages in the liver, where they control metabolism of fats. (webwire.com)
Asthmatic2
  • A further step forward in the knowledge of this disease was made observing that cytokines involved in its pathogenesis were not the same in all asthmatic individuals, therefore permitting to subdivide them in two different organizations according to the presence, or BIA 10-2474 the absence, of TH2 swelling. (ees2010prague.org)
  • 2000. Exhaled nitric oxide as an indicator of severity of asthmatic inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Proteins4
  • The sequence of proteins and cells released is designed to get rid of a parasite. (healthline.com)
  • Those cells react by releasing proteins called interleukins (IL). (healthline.com)
  • In addition, he identified a number of novel hematopoietic stem cell surface proteins and began analyzing their function. (ubc.ca)
  • In this regard, his lab has identified a novel family of hematopoietic cell surface proteins, called the CD34 family, and shown that these are essential for a number of developmentally important processes. (ubc.ca)
Interleukin3
  • Interleukin-9 is required for allergic airway inflammation mediated by the cytokine TSLP. (nature.com)
  • This newlydescribed T cell - which they call inflammatory TH cells (or THi) -produces interleukin 17 (IL-17), a potent cytokine that researchershave already linked to an immune system gone awry. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although TH1 and TH2 are known to produce powerful cytokines - such asinterferon-gamma (IFN-g) and allergy-associated interleukin 4 (IL-4),respectively - they are not inflammatory or associated with productionof IL-17, which sets off an errant immune response that results intissue inflammation. (sciencedaily.com)
Therapeutic2
  • Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA), a marker of disease severity in sepsis, is a recognized driver of thromboinflammation and a potential therapeutic target. (jci.org)
  • The finding that ILC2s play a role in the development and maturation of TH2 cells makes them interesting as a possible future therapeutic target in TH2-high individuals (29, 32). (ees2010prague.org)
Tregs2
  • Other types of Tregs, including Tr1 and Th3 cells, have also been described, though they are not well characterized as classic Foxp3 + Tregs. (hindawi.com)
  • A team of researchers from Australia and China has shown that a consequence of this increased monocyte activity could be a deficit of anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells (Tregs). (the-scientist.com)
Regulates2
  • FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • VEGF regulates haematopoietic stem cell survival by an internal autocrine loop mechanism. (ihcworld.com)
Macrophages5
Inflammatory cells3
  • These inflammatory cells produce high levels of IgE, one of the antibodies involved in the allergic response. (healthline.com)
  • The inflammatory cells released by the immune system create a variety of changes in the body. (healthline.com)
  • CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
Autoimmune diseases2
  • Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threate- disorders and to shed a light on the role of ning blistering skin disease in which pa- mast cells in autoimmune diseases [ 7 ]. (who.int)
Cytokines secreted1
  • The aim of our research was to determine how immunotherapy changes the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in dog peripheral blood and the levels of cytokines secreted by these cells during therapy. (mdpi.com)
Lung Inflammation1
  • A synthetic catalase-superoxide dismutase mimetic (EUK-134) significantly blunted lung inflammation and respiratory function decline confirming the role of oxidant imbalance. (cdc.gov)
Roles1
  • Interactions between ILC2 cells and the adaptive immune system, as well as examination of potential roles for ILC2 cells in the maintenance of homeostasis, promise to be particularly fruitful areas of future research. (nature.com)
Regulatory T cel2
  • In the groups (both the initiation and the progression) receiving recombinant IL-27 administration, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques was suspended, and the percentage of regulatory T cells (LAP + or Foxp3 + ) in the spleen and peripheral blood was increased. (hindawi.com)
  • Ndfip1 restricts mTORC1 signaling and glycolysis in regulatory T cells to prevent autoinflammatory disease. (upenn.edu)
Lungs3
Mast2
  • Moreover, IL-5 can also impact basophil and mast cell activity, owing to the common manifestation of several important receptors (IL-5R, IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-2Ra, and GM-CSF) in these cells (22). (ees2010prague.org)
  • Little is known about molecular mecha- desmosomal glycoproteins, resulting in the nisms affecting mast cell and T lympho- loss of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Dendritic1
  • Bellinghausen I, Reuter S, Martin H, Maxeiner J, Luxemburger U, Türeci Ö, Grabbe S, Taube C, Saloga J: Enhanced production of CCL18 by tolerogenic dendritic cells is associated with inhibition of allergic airway reactivity. (exbio.cz)
Molecule2
  • We are investigating whether this molecule may have a role in EGID pathogenesis by overexpressing CDH26 in esophageal and gastric cell lines and monitoring their phenotypes. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Additionally, we are performing biochemical characterization of this molecule to determine how it may affect cell adhesion and other cell functions. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Initiate1
  • Th1 cells are responsible for the production of inflammatory compounds, whereas Th2 cells initiate the immune response to combat inflammation. (ppdg.net)
Atopic1
  • Crisaborole modifies inflammation in atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the degradation of cAMP by PDE4, resulting in downstream modification of nuclear factor-kB and T-cell signalling pathways. (dermnetnz.org)
Conversely1
  • Conversely, a Th2-like response was associated with a better outcome. (cdc.gov)
Peripheral3
  • Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Peripheral nerves, connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body, are composed of axons covered by myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells (SC). (elifesciences.org)
Atherosclerosis3
Type12
  • Figure 2: Innate and adaptive type 2 cell ontogeny. (nature.com)
  • What Is Type 2 Inflammation? (healthline.com)
  • Type 2 inflammation is a specific immune response to protect our body from parasites. (healthline.com)
  • Type 2 inflammation is a specific immune response that happens throughout the body. (healthline.com)
  • But in some cases, the type 2 inflammation response can be triggered by things other than parasitic infections. (healthline.com)
  • Allergens such as dust, pollen, or dander can trigger type 2 inflammation. (healthline.com)
  • Many people live with more than one type 2 inflammation-related condition. (healthline.com)
  • Here are some of the health conditions related to type 2 inflammation. (healthline.com)
  • Importantly, lactate incubation in vitro on Type II cells did not significantly increase the inflammatory byproduct IL-1β. (jci.org)
  • Before this study, two such different types of effector Thelper cells had been known - type I (TH1), linked to the body'sresponse to microbial infection, and type 2 (TH2), which plays acrucial function in production of B cell antibodies and also isassociated with development of allergies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These remain largely nonactionable and contrast with our rich understanding of inflammation in human type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Through gene knockout studies he has shown that these molecules act as a type of molecular "Teflon" to make cells more mobile and invasive and also facilitate chemotaxis. (ubc.ca)
Allergen2
  • In this study, we investigated the role of properdin (P), a positive alternative pathway complement regulator, in allergen-induced airway inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • He is a member of the Stem Cell Network Centre of Excellence (past member of the Stem Cell Policy Committee and Research Management Committee and current Sub-chair of the Training and Education Committee), and a member of the AllerGen Network Centre of Excellence (Research Management Committee and Co-Chair of the Biomarkers Program). (ubc.ca)