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TetraploidyPolyploidyDiploidyPloidiesTriploidyChromosomes, PlantDNA, PlantGossypiumCentaureaHybridization, GeneticGenome, PlantEcotypeTriticumOnagraceaeAchilleaPlumbaginaceaeApomixisCypriniformesChimeraAneuploidyAsteraceaeRosaRanunculusSolanum tuberosumCrosses, GeneticAmplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AnalysisPollenPanicumGenes, PlantKaryotypeKaryotypingHeucheraRorippaBlastocystTaraxacumGametogenesis, PlantFetal ViabilitySeedsCloning, OrganismGenetic MarkersBrachiariaGerm Cells, PlantEmbryo, MammalianSaxifragaceaeGenetic VariationInheritance PatternsMicrosatellite RepeatsPoaceaeArachis hypogaeaAustralian Capital TerritoryMitosisChromosome MappingAllelesEmbryo Culture TechniquesIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceParthenogenesisEmbryonic DevelopmentChromosomesGenome SizePhylogenyFlow CytometryGene DuplicationCytokinesisInbreedingCotton FiberEvolution, MolecularChromosome SegregationSpecies SpecificityPortulacaceaePaspalumEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentQuantitative Trait LociSecologanin Tryptamine AlkaloidsRobiniaGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseCytochalasin BSequence Analysis, DNAModels, GeneticPlant TubersTelophaseGeographyHaploidyOrchidaceaeGenetic LinkageMeiosisPhenotypeGenotypeGene DosageCapsellaHyoscyamusReproductionSolanaceaeBiological EvolutionIsatisPolygonaceaeChromosomal InstabilitySecale cerealeGametogenesisCell FusionFerns
DiploidsPloidyDiploid and induced tetraploidDevelopment of tetraploidTriticumTriploidsHexaploidRyegrassEmbryosPollenSterile triploidCrossesSpeciesCultivarsSets of chromosomesWheatPotatoColchicineGenusChromosomeGenesBloomsChimeraBloomerInductionFertileVariationPlantsPopulationsDevelopGeneMorphologyEfficiencyTallCellsNormalGoodLineProduceImproveTimePrettyNaturalMeansCrossStateParentLouisianaGreen
Diploids21
  • Every plant cell has a specific number of sets, with two sets representing diploids, three sets triploid, four sets tetraploid, etc. (louisianas.org)
  • Almost all tetraploid Louisianas are somewhat fertile but not nearly as fertile as the diploids. (louisianas.org)
  • chimeras represent partial conversion to the tetraploid state and are unstable (they tend to revert back to diploids). (louisianas.org)
  • This involved much in-breeding which limited genetic variability despite the fact that tetraploids are inherently more genetically variable than diploids. (louisianas.org)
  • Tetraploids generally have thicker and heavier floral segments than diploids. (louisianas.org)
  • The haploid plants that show up in interploid crosses and from crossing tetraploids with chimeras will show up as diploids. (louisianas.org)
  • Over 100 watermelon diploids and tetraploids have been collected with the help of plant breeders in public and private institutions. (ncsu.edu)
  • The crossing experiment indicates that triploids produce functional gametes and can participate in mating with diploids and tetraploids. (tipseri.com)
  • Because of their larger cells, the seed size of tetraploids is about twice that of diploids, so seeding rates (and costs) are higher. (tipseri.com)
  • The main difference between them is that tetraploids have four chromosomes per plant cell, while diploids have two. (tipseri.com)
  • Herds prefer tetraploids to diploids if given a choice and are more quickly and completely eaten by livestock. (tipseri.com)
  • Tetraploids are sown at a higher rate than diploids, because of their larger seed. (barenbrug.co.nz)
  • In disturbed locations with well-developed semi-fixed or fixed dunes, diploids and tetraploids could co-exist and hybridise. (upv.es)
  • The DNA content of tetraploids and diploids were 3.68 ± 0.009 pg/nucleus and 1.84 ± 0.019 pg/nucleus, respectively, according to flow cytometric analysis. (springeropen.com)
  • The DNA content and chromosome number of the tetraploids were twice that of the diploids. (springeropen.com)
  • Tetraploids can artificially produce triploid progeny after fertilization through normal diploids (Refstie 1981 ). (springeropen.com)
  • Hence, tetraploid breeding lines are beneficial to aquaculture because they provide a convenient approach to produce large numbers of sterile triploid fish through simple interploidy crosses between tetraploids and diploids (Chourrout et al. (springeropen.com)
  • 1986 ). Since the 1980s, the interploidy technique has also been considered an important method for reproductive containment of genetically modified fish through the generation of sterile triploid transgenics using tetraploids and diploids (Nam et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Erythrocyte cellular and nuclear dimensions of tetraploid mud loach were significantly higher than those of diploids, as expected. (springeropen.com)
  • It was 93% and 1.96% in diploids and 85% and 1.96% in tetraploids. (journalcra.com)
  • Performance of rainbow trout is being compared among diploids, pressure-induced triploids, and tetraploid-derived triploids which are derived from mating a tetraploid male with a diploid female. (usda.gov)
Ploidy2
  • Studies evaluating the performance of tetraploid-derived triploids are limited and often confounded by differences in the genetic backgrounds of ploidy forms being compared. (usda.gov)
  • Ten families were generated for each ploidy form, with the diploid and pressure-induced triploid families being full-sibs and the tetraploid-derived triploid families being maternal half-sibs to the two other forms and sharing a full-sib sire. (usda.gov)
Diploid and induced tetraploid1
  • Variations in morphological biochemical and phytochemical traits of diploid and induced tetraploid plants of downy thorn-apple (Datura innoxia Mill. (jmp.ir)
Development of tetraploid2
  • 2009. iPS cells can support full-term development of tetraploid blastocyst-complemented embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • We provide a staging table of normal development of tetraploid green toad of Bufo viridis complex. (folium.ru)
Triticum5
  • Two species from diploid [Triticum boeticum (wild), Triticum monococcum] and five from tetraploid wheats [Triticum dicoccoides var. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Bread wheat is a hexaploid (2n=6x=42), derived as little as 30,000 years ago from a diploid species (2n=2x=14), Triticum tauschii and a tetraploid, durum wheat (2n=4x=28), Triticum turgidum , itself derived from two diploid species Triticum monococcum and a species similar to Aegilops speltoides. (tipseri.com)
  • Tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) is an important species within the genus Triticum and contains many desirable agronomic properties. (tipseri.com)
  • Inheritance of resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striformis) in crosses between wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) and cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. (agri.gov.il)
  • Variation in vernalization and photoperiod response in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) ecotypes. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Triploids4
  • Unfortunately, there are few tetraploids available for the production of new seedless triploids. (ncsu.edu)
  • It is believed that such triploids arise from natural crosses between diploid and tetraploid plants in the same population. (tipseri.com)
  • Tetraploid induction is of interest to aquaculture and fisheries as part of a more efficient means of producing triploid fish by mating a tetraploid parent with a diploid parent (tetraploid-derived triploids). (usda.gov)
  • The value of tetraploid-derived triploids to the aquaculture industry is dependent on their performance. (usda.gov)
Hexaploid4
  • In theory, the union of these gametes with the unreduced (n=2x) gametes from diploid (2x) or tetraploid (4x) will give respectively pentaploid and hexaploid individuals. (tipseri.com)
  • Three different methods of back cross breeding were undertaken in attempts to transfer the caducous bract from the hexaploid plants to tetraploid commercial cultivars. (cdc.gov)
  • One method involved crossing the caducous bract hexaploid with tetraploid commercial cultivars. (cdc.gov)
  • The third method involved crossing caducous bract hexaploid with a diploid, G-herbaceum, to arrive at an instant tetraploid. (cdc.gov)
Ryegrass2
  • EarlyPloid is the earliest forage-producing tetraploid ryegrass available commercially. (raganandmassey.com)
  • Remington is a high-yielding, high-quality tetraploid ryegrass that shares many attributes of a diploid type. (barusa.com)
Embryos3
  • The tetraploid complementation assay is a technique in biology in which cells of two mammalian embryos are combined to form a new embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the pod parent is tetraploid the embryos will be haploids with the diploid number of chromosomes. (louisianas.org)
  • In collaboration with Paint Bank Fish Culture Station, Virginia DGIF, we have reared a single tetraploid brook trout to the fingerling stage, and confirmed tetraploid induction in brown trout embryos. (usda.gov)
Pollen9
  • Special hybridizing methods (pollen examination and segregation) and hundreds of crosses produced only four tetraploids over an eight-year period. (louisianas.org)
  • They had the wide anthers and style anus of tetraploids, and the pollen that measured was in the proper range for tetraploids, but in spite of all indications of their being tetraploid only three seedlings have been produced to date. (louisianas.org)
  • This year the blooms have been pollinated with both diploid and tetraploid pollen and both have produced pods. (louisianas.org)
  • Joe reached this conclusion from the results of crossing with both diploid and tetraploid pollen as well as from the morphology of the plant, and I reached the same conclusion by measuring the long axis of the stomata guard cells and by making slides for a chromosome count. (louisianas.org)
  • Especially from tetraploid parents, it would lead to the surviving pollen containing only 'n' number of chromosomes. (tipseri.com)
  • The widely cultivated tetraploid are reported to overcome SI through a phenomenon called 'competition interaction' or 'heteroallelic pollen' effect. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Here we report the activated Gametophytic SI in a tetraploid, non-fruiting popular Indian cultivar Kufri Girdhari through pollen and gene expressional studies. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Pollen viability and in-vitro germination in diploid and tetraploid Asparagus L. (journalcra.com)
  • In-vitro Pollen germination was good in sucrose media of concentration 10%-20% for diploid and 20%-30% for tetraploid. (journalcra.com)
Sterile triploid1
  • We analysed the spatial distribution and ecological requirements of the tetraploid Centaurea seridis and the diploid Centaurea aspera in east Spain on a large scale, and also microspatially in contact zones where both species hybridise and give rise to sterile triploid hybrids. (upv.es)
Crosses2
  • One of my crosses, Professor Sigmund X chimera, as well as Joe Mertzweiller's TD 87-34, show that diploid plants can result when the parent plant is a tetraploid. (louisianas.org)
  • As we all know, triploid offspring of diploid x Tetraploid crosses are sterile due to abnormal disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. (tipseri.com)
Species7
  • Genetic Identification of Diploid and Tetraploid Wheat Species with RA" by RAMİZ TAGİ ALİYEV, MEHRAJ ALİ ABBASOV et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The genetic diversity of 10 diploid and tetraploid wheat species was estimated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Picks in the Fabric of a Polyploidy Complex: Integrative Species Delimitation in the Tetraploid Leucanthemum Mill. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Based on the results of a preceding species-delimitation analysis for the diploid representatives of the genus Leucanthemum (Compositae, Anthemideae), the present study aims at the elaboration of a specific and subspecific taxonomic treatment of the tetraploid members of the genus. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Network analysis of ITS sequences indicates that tetraploid wheat was not closely related to other Triticeae species with the exception of Aegilops speltoides and Ae. (tipseri.com)
  • EN] Although polyploidy is considered a ubiquitous process in plants, the establishment of new polyploid species may be hindered by ecological competition with parental diploid taxa. (upv.es)
  • The tetraploid species in genus Nicotiana including section Polydiclae , Repandae , Nicotiana , Rustica and Sauveolentes revealed both up and downsizing in their genome sizes when compared to the sum of genomes of their ancestral species. (scielo.br)
Cultivars2
  • We were interested in tetraploids for use by the industry in production of new hybrid cultivars. (ncsu.edu)
  • The best tetraploid lines from 17 diploid cultivars were tested for fruit quality and seed fertility. (ncsu.edu)
Sets of chromosomes2
Wheat1
Potato1
Colchicine1
  • 3. Thao NTP, Ureshino K, Miyajima I, Ozaki Y and Okubo H. Induction of tetraploids in ornamental Alocasia through colchicine and oryzalin treatments. (jmp.ir)
Genus1
  • Comparison of the diploid number found in Pseudobarbus with other African barbine cyprinines, which have in the region of 2n = 50 and lower FNs, suggests a tetraploid evolutionary origin of the genus, possibly by allotetraploidy. (sagepub.com)
Chromosome3
  • The assay starts with producing a tetraploid cell in which every chromosome exists fourfold. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chromosome number of the induced tetraploid Korean rose bitterling was 4n = 96, while that of the diploid was 2n = 48. (springeropen.com)
  • 1994 ). Inhibition of the first cleavage, as a technique for chromosome duplication, can theoretically induce diploidy in gynogenetically activated eggs, as well as in triploid and tetraploid normal fertilized eggs. (springeropen.com)
Genes3
  • Foreign genes or mutations can be introduced into ES cells rather easily, and these ES cells can then be grown into whole animals using the tetraploid complementation assay. (wikipedia.org)
  • By introducing targeted mutations into the tetraploid cells and/or into the ES cells, one can study which genes are important for fetal development and which ones are important for development of the extra-embryonic tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • They have tetraploid genomes with numerous retained duplicated genes. (lu.se)
Blooms3
  • A dormant, tetraploid that blooms early and reblooms (more often with a longer season), but 23 buds on 5 branches she does have a long season. (catrinasgarden.com)
  • Royalty Surprise is a dormant tetraploid that blooms in the mid to late season. (catrinasgarden.com)
  • It's a dormant, tetraploid that blooms mid season with 28 buds on 5 branches. (catrinasgarden.com)
Chimera2
  • Once stable tetraploids became available, it became easier to produce more by chimera X tetraploid hybridizing, but fertility remained the major problem. (louisianas.org)
  • If the parents are very similar it might never be noticed that the plant is really a chimera with sectors of diploid growth from each tetraploid parent. (louisianas.org)
Bloomer2
  • This sturdy, tall (32 inch) dormant, tetraploid is a good bloomer in the mid/late season. (catrinasgarden.com)
  • The plant is a dormant, tetraploid that is an early middle-season bloomer, that also has extended bloom. (catrinasgarden.com)
Induction2
  • Tetraploid induction has previously been reported in salmonids including rainbow trout and coho salmon. (usda.gov)
  • At the USDA/ARS National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, we have been working on tetraploid induction in Atlantic salmon, brook trout, and brown trout, and improving efficiency of tetraploid induction of rainbow trout. (usda.gov)
Fertile1
  • The triploid seeds are obtained by crossing a fertile tetraploid (4n) plant with a diploid (2n) plant. (tipseri.com)
Variation1
  • Both diploid and tetraploid samples demonstrate a high variation of labial tooth-row pattern related to break, fusion or much less typical reduction of tooth rows. (folium.ru)
Plants3
  • Triploidy is occasionally seen in natural populations of flowering plants that contain diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) plants. (tipseri.com)
  • Also, the hyoscyamine content in tetraploid plants was decreased to half in comparison to diploid ones. (jmp.ir)
  • 5. Dehghan E, and Shahriari Ahmadi F. Production of tropane alkaloids in diploid and tetraploid plants and in vitro hairy root cultures of Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.). PCTOC. (jmp.ir)
Populations3
  • Nous avons développé des expertises en biologie et génétique des populations. (uclouvain.be)
  • Le taux d'allogamie peut être estimé en populations naturelles en utilisant des marqueurs co-dominants (microsatellites). (uclouvain.be)
  • Nous suivons en parallèle la génétique des populations végétales: structure et diversité y compris à l'échelle du clone- individu, flux de gènes, tests de paternité. (uclouvain.be)
Develop1
  • Such a tetraploid embryo can develop normally to the blastocyst stage and will implant in the wall of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
Gene1
  • My goals for working to improve the tetraploids focuses on increasing their gene pool to include all of the varied forms known in diploid Louisianas. (louisianas.org)
Morphology1
  • We compared the external morphology of incubated tetraploid eggs and larvae with that of green toads from diploid and tetraploid green toad samples developing in nature. (folium.ru)
Efficiency1
  • ES cell-tetraploid (ES) mice are completely derived from embryonic stem cells and can be obtained at high efficiency upon injection of hybrid ES cells into tetraploid blastocysts. (mdc-berlin.de)
Tall2
Cells6
  • The resulting tetraploid cell will continue to divide, and all daughter cells will also be tetraploid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tetraploid cells can form the extra-embryonic tissue (placenta, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the tetraploid complementation assay, one now combines such a tetraploid embryo (either at the morula or blastocyst stage) with normal diploid embryonic stem cells (ES) from a different organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • the fetus is exclusively derived from the ES cell, while the extra-embryonic tissues are exclusively derived from the tetraploid cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tetraploid complementation assay is also used to test whether induced pluripotent stem cells (stem cells artificially produced from differentiated cells, e.g. from skin cells) are as competent as normal embryonal stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a viable animal can be produced from an induced pluripotent stem cell using the tetraploid complementation assay, then the induced stem cells are deemed equivalent to embryonal stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Normal1
Good2
  • One good example was the cross between tetraploid and diploid i.virginica. (louisianas.org)
  • Why are tetraploids good crops? (tipseri.com)
Line1
  • Four original tetraploids plus two or three additional chimeras produced the entire line of tetraploid Louisianas available today. (louisianas.org)
Produce2
  • During the 1975-1980 period a combination of these two items made it 12-15 times more difficult to produce tetraploid seed. (louisianas.org)
  • Speciation via polyploidy: A diploid cell undergoes failed meiosis, producing diploid gametes, which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid zygote. (tipseri.com)
Improve1
  • It is pretty obvious that the availability of new, light-colored tetraploids will greatly improve this. (louisianas.org)
Time2
  • The study reveals the functional SI system acting in a tetraploid first time and further in-depth investigation of allele composition would provide complete understanding that would help in designing the future breeding programs. (oregonstate.edu)
  • QTL mapping of flowering time and biomass yield in tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. (biomedcentral.com)
Pretty1
  • When I first started growing the Louisiana iris, and later when an effort was made to convert them to tetraploids, everything seemed pretty straightforward. (louisianas.org)
Natural1
  • Viable induced tetraploids have been generated in a few cyprinids, in which the natural occurrence of tetraploids has been reported (e.g., cyprinid loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , Arai et al. (springeropen.com)
Means1
  • cell (a diploid has two sets), which simply means that tetraploid ryegrasses are more palatable to livestock. (tipseri.com)
Cross1
  • What happens when you cross a tetraploid and a diploid? (tipseri.com)
State1
Parent1
  • In spite of it having a tetraploid as the pod parent both of us have come to the conclusion that the plant is a diploid. (louisianas.org)
Louisiana2
  • But there are other undesirable features or problem areas which are also noted with the Louisiana tetraploids. (louisianas.org)
  • The process by which tetraploid Louisiana irises came into existence is fascinating. (louisianas.org)
Green1
  • Hatching of tetraploid green toads takes place very early at stages 15 - 16 when adhesive organ is not completed and tail bud just appeared. (folium.ru)