Testing methods toxicity tests. Medical search. Frequent questions

From the regulatory point of view, the main objective of acute toxicity testing is basically to classify chemicals according to their intrinsic toxicity as required by the EEC directive on the classification, packaging, and labelling of dangerous substances (Council Directive 67/548/EEC and subsequent amendments). (qima-lifesciences.com)
The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to reduce the number of animals used in testing the acute toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
The acute toxicity of these compounds is generally low and may not pose a direct health hazard during exposure [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
In the latter case, clearly specified quantitative benchmarks, such as median lethal doses (LD50s) for acute toxicity and no- observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs), or equivalent point of departure such as benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL), for STOT-RE, are used. (cdc.gov)

Similarly, no evidence of local or systemic toxicity was seen in 4-week and 25-week dermal toxicity studies in the rat. (europa.eu)
Dermatoxicology includes fundamental information on the mechanisms of action of toxic substances on the skin, as well as practical information on the various methods to evaluating dermal toxicity. (chipsbooks.com)

12-month carcinogenicity screening studies in the rat and mouse demonstrate that urea is of very low chronic toxicity by the oral route. (europa.eu)
It is concluded that urea is of very low chronic toxicity. (europa.eu)
Chronic Toxicity of Dursban 'Chlorpyrifos' to the Fathead Minnow 'Pimephales promelas' and the Resultant Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. (epa.gov)

When toxicity data are present for a given endpoint, a weighted score based on that health endpoint is assigned. (cdc.gov)

The toxicity information for some of the health effects listed above may be categorical in nature (presence/absence of genotoxicity or skin irritation, for example) while other outcomes are expressed through quantitative information and/or potency data. (cdc.gov)
In a notice issued on March 22, the NMPA drafted acceptance of nine test methods including: Direct Peptide Reaction Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitization (OECD TG 442C) Short Time Exposure Assay (STE) for eye irritation (OECD TG 491) These new regulations will go into effect January. (iivs.org)
Among these are two in vitro methods: DPRA for skin sensitization and the Short Time Exposure (STE) assay for eye irritation. (iivs.org)

Toxicology is one of the sciences that have slowly but surely embraced technology and new methods, focusing on high throughput and high content screenings, omics technologies, and mathematical modeling. (brill.com)
Thus, a transition in toxicology-from a traditional reductionist paradigm towards 21st century methods based on human biology and holistic multi- omics studies-is now becoming a reality. (brill.com)
In vitro methods, based on human primary cells, cell lines, and genetically modified reporter cell lines, have greatly expanded the scope of in vitro toxicology. (brill.com)
One of the primary ways to test the toxicology of a compound has been to inject it into a lab animal, see if the animal gets sick, and then conduct an autopsy to observe the damage done to their internal organs. (scientificamerican.com)
Lausanne, Switzerland - Scientists from PETA Science Consortium International e.V., international government agencies, and the chemical industry have coedited the Frontiers Research Topic "Chemical Testing Using New Approach Methodologies" and coauthored articles for In Vitro Toxicology , a section of the journal Frontiers in Toxicology . (peta.org)
Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. (inchem.org)
Acceptance of alternative methods in toxicology oratories and giving the same results therein) and requires that they are valid. (cdc.gov)

5.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. (astm.org)
The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. (astm.org)
Similar concentrations of a chemical in units of mass of chemical per mass of sediment dry weight often exhibit a range in toxicity in different sediments (Di Toro et al. (astm.org)

This sort of 'high-throughput' testing will enable researchers to generate more data relevant to humans, and at the same time reduce the amount of animal experimentation. (scientificamerican.com)

The IEAM paper outlines the conclusions of a multi-day toxicity workshop where experts from the oil and gas industry, academia, government, and the environmental community collectively identified key knowledge gaps associated with this waste stream and determined tools, technologies, and methods needed to help close those gaps. (wateronline.com)

Microfluidics for Antibiotic Susceptibility and Toxicity Testing. (cdc.gov)

The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to replace these in vivo animal tests with nonanimal alternatives to categorize the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)

Comparison of Transfer of Surface Chlorpyrifos Residues from Carpet by Three Dislodgeable Residue Methods. (epa.gov)

5.3 Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. (astm.org)
Biological test method. (epa.gov)
Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. (inchem.org)

The EPA began accepting two in vitro tests for antimicrobial cleaning products in 2012. (acs.org)
In conjunction with other in vitro tests, the results of this assay. (iivs.org)

Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests. (astm.org)
The agencies are hoping to coordinate their resources to better identify toxicity pathways, select chemicals for testing, analyze and interpret data, and promote their findings to scientific and regulatory communities. (scientificamerican.com)

The other article coauthored by the Science Consortium is one of three included in the Research Topic that focus on assessing the toxicity of inhaled chemicals on the human respiratory tract. (peta.org)

This collaboration is a milestone because it gives us the ability to apply a new generation of approaches to determining toxicities. (scientificamerican.com)
Frontiers , the third most cited publisher in the world , included the Research Topic as an opportunity to highlight diverse approaches to assess chemical toxicity without the use of animals. (peta.org)
With contributions from more than 70 authors from seven countries, the breadth of authorship shows the widespread interest in advancing non-animal toxicity testing approaches. (peta.org)
Gaithersburg, MD - May 8, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) has received a grant from the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) to support its annual training of Chinese scientists in non-animal testing methods. (iivs.org)

This is expected to generate data more relevant to humans, expand the number of chemicals tested and reduce the time, money and number of animals involved in current lab studies. (scientificamerican.com)
Before chemicals, pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, and other products are bought and sold, regulatory agencies around the world require these substances to be tested for their potential to harm humans or the environment. (peta.org)
We hope, by some time in 2015, to be able to test whether this will work in humans," Peltz said. (stanforddaily.com)
6 tizer to humans (without the need for recourse to human testing) and so provide a starting point for hazard categorization and risk assessment. (cdc.gov)

In early 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency set an immediate goal to reduce the number of animals used to test the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
WHO is not responsible, and does not accept any liability, for the testing of pesticides for compliance with the specifications, nor for any methods recommended and/or used for testing compliance. (who.int)

1 ) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, ( 2 ) investigate interactions among chemicals, ( 3 ) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, ( 4 ) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, ( 5 ) evaluate hazards of dredged material, ( 6 ) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, ( 7 ) rank areas for clean up, and ( 8 ) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices. (astm.org)
The EPA is evaluating whether an equation that sums the hazards of individual chemicals can replace the animal test for formulations and mixtures. (acs.org)
He added that the effort-designed to expand the use of in vitro testing of human cells and cellular components to identify chemicals with toxic effects-represents the 'birth of a new approach to a crucial problem in public health. (scientificamerican.com)
But they acknowledged that some animal testing will continue at least until the technology proves its mettle in large-scale studies or until Congress passes a substance regulation act similar to the European Union's (E.U.) Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, or ( REACH ), which regulates chemicals and their safe use. (scientificamerican.com)
The non-animal tests described have been used to replace the use of animals in tests to assess how chemicals affect the lungs, if they're absorbed through the skin, or if they cause an allergic skin reaction. (peta.org)
Millions of animals are used each year in these tests, many of which are decades old, but innovative, animal-free tests can replace them and offer protection from harmful chemicals. (peta.org)
Also, don't miss our posters: The kinetic Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (kDPRA): An in chemico method to characterize the skin sensitization potency of chemicals (Poster Viewing 1) Increased Throughput and Cryopreservation of Precision-Cut Lung. (iivs.org)
Produced water can be 10-times saltier than seawater, unfortunately most of the methods we use to detect chemicals simply don't work in water with such high salt content. (wateronline.com)
In addition to developing tools that can work despite the presence of salt, we also need to evaluate how salt might influence the toxicity of other chemicals and determine what level of toxins might remain even after treatments that reduce or remove salt. (wateronline.com)
Importantly, permits that require effluent to pass WET tests can stop treated wastewater from being released if it is still toxic, even though it meets limits for specific chemicals. (wateronline.com)
These newer methods are designed to evaluate the toxic effects of chemicals and mixtures on things like cells rather than whole organisms like fish or rats. (wateronline.com)
Consequently, the recommendation made here is that LLNA EC3 measurements should now be regarded as a validated method for the determination of the relative potency of skin sensitizing chemicals, a conclusion that has already been reached by a number of independent expert groups. (cdc.gov)

Top officials from the U.S. National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Thursday announced a five-year deal promising to share technology, information and other resources that will improve the toxicity testing of chemical compounds used in food, medicine and other products using robots rather than lab animals. (scientificamerican.com)
The news here is the capacity to test many thousands of compounds, something we haven't had until this collaboration,' Samuel Wilson, acting director of the NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and NTP, said at the press conference. (scientificamerican.com)
The new research model would allow scientists to test 100,000 compounds in 1,500 different concentrations in about two days compared with years if the testing was done on animals. (scientificamerican.com)
The recent Encyclopedia of studies in the 1950s and 1960s in Escherichia coli and then by DNA Elements (ENCODE) project showed binding of carcinogens to nu- Szybalski (1958) , who tested more indicates that at least 80% of the cleic acids ( Wiest and Heidelberger, than 400 compounds in E. coli . (who.int)

Following the methodology described in OECD Test Guideline 497, KeratinoSens is an alternative to animal testing methods necessary for the purpose of hazard identification. (iivs.org)

Methods for UV filter analysis followed the principles of European standardized methods for pesticide residue analysis (EN 15289). (researchgate.net)

iv) to promote the harmonization of toxicological and epidemio- logical methods in order to have internationally comparable results. (inchem.org)

While the skin sensitization hazard of substances can readily be identified using non-animal methods, the classification of potency into UN GHS sub-categories 1A and 1B remains challenging. (iivs.org)
For the prediction of skin sensitization potential, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a fully validated alternative to guinea-pig tests. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, tion of skin sensitization hazards that confers existing assays cannot necessarily be regarded as additional important benefits compared with the representing a `gold standard dataset' against standard guinea pigs tests, which it has tended to which novel tests are evaluated (1). (cdc.gov)

Initial and serial salicylate levels are important in the evaluation of salicylate toxicity. (medscape.com)
LLNA EC3 estimations, using as a benchmark evaluation were that the LLNA was a method- the previous LLNA validation (2), and with ref- ology established on the basis of sound science and erence to the validation criteria set out by various that was robust (readily transferred between lab- learned bodies (6-10). (cdc.gov)

Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of a LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration). (astm.org)

These WET tests have historically helped us evaluate how different mixtures may impact certain aquatic organisms like fish or algae. (wateronline.com)

Finally, antipyretic activity was tested by inducing pyrexia with brewer's yeast in rats. (sld.cu)

Culture-Independent Molecular Methods for Detection of Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms and Fungal Identification. (cdc.gov)

Animal testing has always been a sore point for scientists and animal-rights advocates, following some high-profile cases of mistreatment of lab animals, such as monkeys discovered in 1981 at the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Md., in deplorable conditions. (scientificamerican.com)
Scientists present at the news conference agreed that animal testing has yielded some important medical breakthroughs. (scientificamerican.com)
The scientists were unable to provide a specific time frame for when the technology might produce significant results or predict how many fewer animals would be used in testing if their effort is a success. (scientificamerican.com)
We're pleased to partner with forward-thinking scientists to create a Research Topic dedicated to non-animal toxicity testing," says Science Consortium President Dr. Amy Clippinger. (peta.org)
Scientists at the Peltz lab obtained human fat cells through liposuction, isolating the fat stem cells known as adipocyte stem cells, and through a method called spherical culture, induced these cells to become liver cells, or spherical-culture induced hepatocytes (SCi-Heps). (stanforddaily.com)

The Tier 2 process for occupational exposure banding also assesses the sufficiency of toxicity data to ensure that adequate information is available to reliably band a chemical. (cdc.gov)
Effect of Chemical Carriers on Avian LC(50) Toxicity Tests. (epa.gov)
According to a press report, a dermatologist who, EWG has determined, is a paid consultant for the sunscreen industry, dismissed the FDA-NTP findings on grounds the study tested the chemical on mice. (ewg.org)
EPA uses these types of methods through the ToxCast and interagency Tox21 chemical testing programs . (wateronline.com)
The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or the etiology of the agent is known with 100% certainty. (cdc.gov)
Selected analytical methods: chemical methods query [online]. (cdc.gov)
The comparison of a new method of the chemical necessary to produce a threefold against the one it is intended to replace and its increase in proliferation in draining lymph nodes quality in the context of good scientific principles compared with concurrent vehicle-treated con- form an important part of the process of accept- trols (the EC3 value) (3-5). (cdc.gov)

Presenting the most modern concepts and methods in use today, researchers and clinicians will find this an invaluable resource time and time again. (chipsbooks.com)
Furthermore, researchers warn that toxicity assessments for produced water must not ignore salt. (wateronline.com)

No clear toxicity was seen in dogs administered high doses of urea by subcutaneous injection over a period 45 days. (europa.eu)

Cordia martinicensis reacted positively to alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanidines, and did not show any signs of toxicity. (sld.cu)
Signs and symptoms of toxicity begin to appear at levels higher than 30 mg/dL. (medscape.com)

Through this method, the Peltz lab hopes to break ground in treating acute toxic insults like drug overdoses and mushroom poisoning. (stanforddaily.com)
People with acute toxic insults like Tylenol induced liver toxicity need a liver transplant within two to three weeks, Peltz said. (stanforddaily.com)
That's why it's important to combine traditional tests with other emerging methods that can help identify and predict toxic effects. (wateronline.com)

The EPA waived the test for formulations in 2016, saying that information from acute oral tests was sufficient. (acs.org)

People who take an overdose of Tylenol basically destroy their liver and we hope to be able to replace it using this method-[using] the same exact procedures we use in the mice. (stanforddaily.com)

Investigation of toxicity of Cu-Ti thin films was conducted the using the MTT assay, which revealed their biocompatibility and absence of cytotoxicity, further confirming their potential as promising biomaterials for various applications. (nature.com)

Method for Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests Using Three Atherinid Fishes and Results with Chlorpyrifos. (epa.gov)
Therefore, diagnosis of clinical poisoning should not necessarily be made solely on the basis of laboratory testing results compared with the therapeutic range. (cdc.gov)
This means, according reliable (giving the same results on repeated test- to the dictionary definition, that they are shown ing within a laboratory) for the purposes of skin by independent review to be relevant and reliable sensitization hazard identification. (cdc.gov)

For this purpose, several concentrations of the test substance are incubated with the synthetic peptide for several incubation times at 25°C. After. (iivs.org)
Patients with salicylate concentrations approaching or exceeding 100 mg/dL usually have serious or life-threatening toxicity. (medscape.com)

The kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA) is a modification of the DPRA (OECD TG 442C) wherein the reaction kinetics of a test substance towards a synthetic cysteine-containing peptide is evaluated. (iivs.org)

Rank 1 sources are those that are most likely to contain accurate and readily available toxicity data. (cdc.gov)

As well, they misstate the basic purpose of laboratory toxicity studies that rely on non-human animals. (ewg.org)
the gain or loss of a whole chromo- was somewhat bold to propose that The first screening studies to test some). (who.int)

Development of a rapid MALDI-TOF MS based epidemiological screening method using MRSA as a model organism. (cdc.gov)

The Peltz lab's method solves the problems that come with creating liver cells through previously established procedures such as the use of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (stanforddaily.com)
Our target right now is Tylenol induced liver toxicity. (stanforddaily.com)
The next step is to make sure the cells we inject in human beings do not have any safety issues, meaning there is no tumor formation, and [the liver cells] won't cause extra toxicity," Xu added. (stanforddaily.com)

Two articles in the Research Topic coauthored by the Science Consortium point out existing opportunities to use non-animal testing methods and provide examples of their use to meet regulatory testing requirements. (peta.org)
This extension is the measurement of the scientific and regulatory community charged with relative skin sensitizing potency of a substance, the acceptance of new methods has to make prag- usually expressed as the estimated concentration matic decisions. (cdc.gov)

Additionally, the bill includes funding for the development of alternative test methods. (iivs.org)
An EWG analysis of the FDA data, described in EWG's 2010 Sunscreen Guide , concluded that the data suggested that retinyl palmitate, when applied to test animals' skin and exposed to sunlight, accelerated the development of skin lesions and tumors. (ewg.org)

Mutations in rpoB and katG genes of multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis undetectable using genotyping diagnostic methods. (cdc.gov)

The toxicity of salicylates does not always correlate well with serum levels, and the levels are often less helpful in patients with long term exposure. (medscape.com)
A clinically compatible case in which laboratory tests have confirmed exposure. (cdc.gov)

Ditto animal rights activists who have long opposed testing drugs and conducting other experiments on animals. (scientificamerican.com)

If managing an acute or acute-on-chronic ingestion, repeat the salicylate serum level test every 2 hours until the salicylate level falls. (medscape.com)

Aims To assess chloroquine (CQ) toxicity by visual field testing, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and measurement of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) under treatment with CQ but with normal ocular fundus manifestation. (bmj.com)
Methods 60 RA patients taking CQ, 30 RA patients not receiving CQ treatment and 100 normal subjects were enrolled in this study. (bmj.com)
Patients and methods proportion of the patients will recur despite treatment with adjuvant polychemotherapy. (lu.se)

Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. (medscape.com)
NIOSH manual of analytical methods [online]. (cdc.gov)
Sampling and analytical methods [online]. (cdc.gov)

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations1

Acute toxicity4

Dermal toxicity2

Chronic toxicity3

Endpoint1

Irritation3

Toxicology7

Sediment3

Animal Experimentation1

Conclusions1

Susceptibility1

Alternatives1

Residues1

Biological3

Vitro tests2

Pathways2

Assessing1

Approaches4

Humans4

Pesticides2

Chemicals12

Compounds4

Guideline1

Pesticide1

Toxicological1

Skin Sensitization3

Evaluation2

Inhibition1

Algae1

Rats1

Mechanisms1

Scientists5

Chemical7

Researchers2

Doses1

Signs2

Toxic3

20161

Overdose1

Investigation1

Results3

Concentrations2

Assay1

Readily1

Studies2

Epidemiological1

Liver3

Regulatory2

Development2

Diagnostic1

Exposure2

Animals1

Serum1

Treatment3

Analytical3