Testicular germ cell tumor. Medical search. Frequent questions

Testicular germ cell tumors are divided into two main types, seminoma and nonseminoma. (cigna.com)
A higher TIL density was associated with a lower clinical tumour stage, seminoma histology and lack of lymphovascular invasion.ConclusionsDeep learning-based image analysis can be used for detecting TILs in testicular germ cell cancer more objectively and it has potential for use as a prognostic marker for disease relapse. (ox.ac.uk)
This study provides a detailed analysis of TIL focusing on Treg and Tfh in human testicular specimens characterized by hypospermatogenesis and lymphocytic infiltrates (ly) (n=12), pre-invasive germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS -/+ly) (n=15, each), and seminoma (n=28) compared to normal spermatogenesis (n=10). (uni-giessen.de)
2005) Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I seminoma: the second Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group Study. (medscape.com)
In this context, we present a compelling case report of a male patient who was diagnosed with bilateral synchronous germ cell testicular tumors, with one being a seminoma and the other a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT). (hcahealthcare.com)
The coexistence of two distinct histological types, seminoma and NSGCT, necessitates a comprehensive diagnostic approach to accurately identify and characterize each tumor. (hcahealthcare.com)
A spermatocytic tumor is an uncommon neoplasm unique to the testis with clinicopathologic features distinctive from classic seminoma , and is not considered a variant of the latter. (medscape.com)
The primary tumor site is limited to the testis and, unlike classic seminoma, spermatocytic tumors have never been reported as primary at extragonadal sites. (medscape.com)
Fibrous septa, clear cytoplasm and associated granulomatous reaction, present of classic seminoma, are virtually lacking in spermatocytic tumors. (medscape.com)
Seminoma is the most common pure germ cell tumor (GCT) of the testis, accounting for up to 50% of cases. (medscape.com)
1] Among mixed GCTs, seminoma is also commonly present in combination with teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and/or embryonal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Such tumors are still classified as mixed GCT, even if the seminoma is the main component. (medscape.com)
Overall, 60% of germ cell neoplasms have seminoma in their composition, but pure seminomas are genetically different from those that present as a component of a mixed tumor. (medscape.com)
Well-defined associations of seminoma are: cryptorchidism, familial history or a previous testicular GCT, certain intersex syndromes, and oligospermic infertility. (medscape.com)
The mean age at presentation of patients with seminoma is 40 years, which is 5-10 years older than in patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors. (medscape.com)
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is not produced by seminoma cells, and its serum detection usually indicates a nonseminomatous component. (medscape.com)
Treatment with radiotherapy is highly successful when the tumor is diagnosed in localized stages, which represents the majority of presentations of seminoma. (mycancergenome.org)
There are 2 clinical trials for testicular seminoma, of which 2 are open and 0 are completed or closed. (mycancergenome.org)
Of the trials that contain testicular seminoma as an inclusion criterion, 1 is phase 3 (1 open) and 1 is no phase specified (1 open). (mycancergenome.org)
Observation and surgery are the most common interventions in testicular seminoma clinical trials. (mycancergenome.org)
Seminoma: This is a slow-growing form of testicular cancer found in men in their 40s and 50s. (medlineplus.gov)
The cells can be seminoma, nonseminoma, or both. (medlineplus.gov)
Germ cell tumors, which are the most common, are classified as either seminoma or nonseminoma, based on histology. (medscape.com)

Evaluation of prevalence and outcomes of serial tyrosine kinase inhibitor use in pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors. (dana-farber.org)
Even though developed for AML patients, our pan-cancer analyses demonstrate a wider application of the IPRP signature for prognostic prediction and analysis of tumor-immune interplay also in multiple solid tumors. (nature.com)
In oncology, we have presented encouraging data updates for our individualized mRNA cancer vaccine candidate BNT122 in pancreatic cancer and our novel CAR-T cell therapy candidate BNT211 in solid tumors, leading to our first PRIME designation by EMA. (yahoo.com)
MAINZ, Germany I September 9, 2022 I BioNTech SE (Nasdaq: BNTX, "BioNTech" or "the Company") today presented positive follow-up data from its ongoing first-in-human Phase 1/2 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the Company's novel CAR-T cell therapy candidate, BNT211, in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors. (pipelinereview.com)
The combination of refinements in surgical intervention and the application of effective combination chemotherapy has emerged as a paradigm for the successful use of multimodal therapy for solid tumors. (medscape.com)

An experienced care team is very important for treating testicular cancer (germ cell tumors). (mskcc.org)
Even after effectively treating testicular cancer in one testicle, about 3% to 4% of people will develop it in their other testicle. (healthline.com)

resemble to primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or the cells in the CIS, producing TGCTs an interesting model for check out germ and gametogenesis cell advancement in both normal and cancers systems. (scienceexhibitions.org)
Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) is a member of the germ cell tumor group of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
TCGA publishes marker paper on squamous cell lung cancers , revealing complex genomic alterations and recurrent mutations in genes including TP53. (cancer.gov)
In fact, this is more common in testicular cancer than in several other cancers, including breast cancer. (healthline.com)
We are using multi-omics analyses of human samples coupled with in vitro and in vivo modelling systems to understand how tumors form in patients with inherited cancers. (upenn.edu)
These cancers grow from germ cells, the cells that make sperm. (medlineplus.gov)
Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable and curable cancers. (medlineplus.gov)
The disease-free survival rate for Stage II and III cancers is slightly lower, depending on the size of the tumor and when treatment is begun. (medlineplus.gov)
The role of two members of the ETS (E26 avian leukemia oncogene) family of transcription factors, ETS-1 and ETS-2, has been investigated in many cancers but has not yet been studied in ocular tumors. (molvis.org)

As an immune-privileged organ, the normal testis immune environment consists of macrophages, mast cells and few T cells, all having anti-inflammatory effects to protect developing germ cells from autoimmune attack. (uni-giessen.de)
In summary, despite high inter-individual variation and sample heterogeneity, all study approaches showed a similar composition of immune cells in the human testis, with an overall increase of immune cells in TGCT compared to other pathological conditions and normal controls. (uni-giessen.de)
Furthermore, the number of Treg and Tfh was significantly increased in TGCT compared to other pathological conditions and normal testis, possibly providing a tumor growth advantage. (uni-giessen.de)
Guidelines for the Implementation of a Testis-sparing Approach to Testicular Cancer. (medscape.com)
The testis is usually enlarged, and the tumor nodule may distort the external appearance of the organ (see the image below). (medscape.com)
A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis. (mycancergenome.org)
Mammalian testis is a target of thyroid hormone action and altered thyroid function which is known to affect testicular functions [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
particularly the Sertoli cells, which play a major role in spermatogenesis and are the main cell type in the testis which expresses T 3 receptors [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is well established that the formation of normal numbers of Sertoli cells is a key factor in determining testis size, germ cell numbers per testis, and sperm production rate in adulthood in a range of mammals, including humans [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Risk factors include a history of testicular cancer in the contralateral testis, cryptorchidism (undescended testis), gonadal dysgenesis, prenatal exposure to high estradiol levels, exposure to chemical carcinogens, trauma , and orchitis . (medscape.com)
During normal testicular descent, the testis migrates caudally and traverses through various layers of the abdominal wall to end up in the scrotum. (medscape.com)
Seminomatous and non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (GCT) of the testis are a rare cancer, with an estimated incidence of 56.3 per million white males and 10 per million black males in the United States. (medscape.com)

Unlike other testicular tumors, spermatocytic tumors does not appear to be linked to cryptorchidism and is not associated with intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified type (IGCNU), or other testicular germ cell tumor subtypes. (medscape.com)
Genetic changes have also been studied in the past few decades, with documentation of aneuploid DNA content in seminomas and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the unclassified type (IGCNU), the precursor lesion. (medscape.com)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a preventive and thereapeutic role in the treatment of testicular cancer. (greenmedinfo.com)
The product candidate recently received Priority Medicines (PRIME) designation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the third- or later-line treatment of testicular germ cell tumors. (pipelinereview.com)
The treatment of testicular cancer has developed in earnest over the past half century. (medscape.com)

Of the three main types of testicular cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are second only to seminomas in terms of frequency. (medscape.com)

It is the most common testicular tumor in children under three, and is also known as infantile embryonal carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to the pure form typical of infants, adult endodermal sinus tumors are often found in combination with other kinds of germ cell tumor, particularly teratoma and embryonal carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
Spontaneous regression of metastatic testicular carcinoma in a patient with bilateral sequential testicular tumor. (greenmedinfo.com)
Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from testicular embryonal carcinoma. (greenmedinfo.com)
12 ] mapped non-synonymous somatic mutations of Breast Invasive Carcinoma and Colon Adenocarcinoma Tumor samples to their corresponding protein domains, in order to extract domains with significant mutation frequency. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, AFP and hCG are used together as markers for germ cell carcinoma. (aacc.org)

Ovarian germ cell tumors are more common in adolescent girls and young women. (cigna.com)
Most ovarian germ cell tumors are benign mature teratomas (dermoid cysts). (cigna.com)
Conservative surgery to preserve ovarian function in patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. (cancercentrum.se)

Extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors and melanoma were both significantly decreasing. (cdc.gov)
Pauniaho SL, Salonen J, Helminen M, Vettenranta K, Heikinheimo M, Heikinheimo O. The incidences of malignant gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in males and females: a population-based study covering over 40 years in Finland. (cancercentrum.se)

Weissbach L (1995) Organ preserving surgery of malignant germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
Malignant germ cell tumors include several types of cancer, such as immature teratoma, yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinoma. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
Prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy in clinically early stage malignant germ cell tumour of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)

however, adolescent histology is mostly mixed nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. (urotoday.com)
2003) Histology and clinical outcomes in patients with bilateral testicular germ cell tumors: the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience 1950 to 2001. (medscape.com)
1988) Simultaneous bilateral testicular germ cell tumors with dissimilar histology: case report and review of the literature. (medscape.com)
Bilateral synchronous testicular tumors are a relatively uncommon occurrence, especially when they involve germ cell tumors of different histology. (hcahealthcare.com)
By highlighting this unique case, we aim to underscore the significance of meticulous evaluation and accurate diagnosis when confronted with bilateral synchronous testicular tumors of different histology. (hcahealthcare.com)
citation needed] The histology of EST is variable, but usually includes malignant endodermal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer Risk in Relatives of Testicular Cancer Patients by Histology Type and Age at Diagnosis: A Joint Study from Five Nordic Countries. (cdc.gov)
Tumor histology (see Histologic Findings) and tumor stage (see Staging) are of primary importance in determining the prognosis of testicular tumors. (medscape.com)
This article addresses the demographics, histology, prognosis, and treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). (medscape.com)
Improved understanding of the histology, mechanisms of tumor spread, and tumor markers, combined with the improved quality of radiographic imaging for accurate staging, have greatly contributed to the management of testicular cancer. (medscape.com)

Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), T cells were confirmed as most abundant TIL, with Treg and Tfh cells most frequently observed in seminomas. (uni-giessen.de)
Consistent with IHC, T cells were most abundant in seminomas. (uni-giessen.de)
[ 5 ] A population-based study has shown that spermatocytic tumors represent about 1% of all seminomas, with an increase in incidence over the past decades. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] In a series from Pakistan, there were 16 spermatocytic tumors and 486 classic seminomas in a 21-year span. (medscape.com)
To investigate further the potential role of mutated protein kinases in the development of TGCT and to characterize the prevalence and patterns of point mutations in these tumors, we have sequenced the coding exons and splice junctions of the annotated protein kinase family of 518 genes in a series of seven seminomas and six nonseminomas. (ox.ac.uk)
However, GCTs, including seminomas, can occur in extragonadal sites along the midline of the body, following the embryologic migration route of its precursor cells -- the primordial germ cells. (medscape.com)
Differences in behavior and clinical outcome suggest that mediastinal seminomas are biologically different from gonadal seminomas and can develop de novo without a testicular primary focus. (medscape.com)
In contrast, tumors arising in the retroperitoneum are virtually always associated with premalignant lesions in one of the testes and behave clinically similar to metastatic testicular seminomas. (medscape.com)
Elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels can occur in seminomas and correlate with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells seen histologically. (medscape.com)
Nonseminoma: This more common type of testicular cancer tends to grow more quickly than seminomas. (medlineplus.gov)

While pure teratoma is usually benign, endodermal sinus tumor is malignant. (wikipedia.org)
biopsy of the tumor may reveal only teratoma, whereas elevated AFP reveals that EST is also present. (wikipedia.org)
A case of spontaneous regression of metastatic testicular teratoma. (greenmedinfo.com)
A teratoma is a tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle and bone. (childrensoncologygroup.org)

1999) Incidence of testicular cancer in the United States: has the epidemic begun to abate? (medscape.com)
Spermatocytic tumor has an annual incidence of approximately 0.2 per 100 000, comprising no more than 2% of all testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), with no clear rise during recent decades. (medscape.com)
Studies show that cannabis use increases the incidence of testicular germ-cell tumors up to 70%, particularly in heavy or long-term users. (medhelp.org)
The overall incidence of testicular tumors worldwide ranges from 0.2-10.3 cases per 100,000 persons. (medscape.com)
Between 1973 and 1995, the incidence of testicular cancer in the United States increased 51%, from 3.61 to 5.44 per100,000 men. (medscape.com)
Worldwide, testicular cancer has the highest incidence in northern Europe, with the highest rates in Norway and Denmark. (medscape.com)
Incidence and occurrence of second primary tumors. (cancercentrum.se)

Since the discovery of platinum-based chemotherapy, testicular germ cell tumors are a highly curable disease. (urotoday.com)
citation needed] When endodermal sinus tumors are treated promptly with surgery and chemotherapy, fatal outcomes are exceedingly rare. (wikipedia.org)
Recently suggested associations include high estrogen levels, previous radiotherapy or chemotherapy, exposure to organochlorine,[11] abusive use of marijuana,[12] testicular microlithiasis, and nutrition status during infancy, but these reports lack confirmation. (medscape.com)
Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. (medlineplus.gov)
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant . (medlineplus.gov)
Genome-wide association study of cardiovascular disease in testicular cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. (cdc.gov)
Surgical staging and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of patients with adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)

2002) Bilateral testicular germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
2005) Management and outcome of bilateral testicular germ cell tumors: twenty-five year experience in Munich. (medscape.com)
1995) Bilateral synchronous testicular germ cell cancer. (medscape.com)
1995) A conservative approach to bilateral testicular germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
2006) Management of bilateral testicular germ cell tumours-experience of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSC) [abstract]. (medscape.com)
Exceedingly Rare Bilateral Synchronous Germ Cell Testicular Tumors Wit" by Jong H. Kim, Ray D. Page et al. (hcahealthcare.com)
Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: A Case-Series From a UK-Based Tertiary Referral Center Over 19 Years. (ox.ac.uk)

Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors are grouped as gonadal or extragonadal extracranial tumors. (cigna.com)
Gonadal germ cell tumors form in the gonads (testicles and ovaries). (cigna.com)
At about four weeks, the earliest germ cells in the growing fetus migrate from their point of origin to the gonadal area (the area of the sex organs). (childrensoncologygroup.org)

To stage the tumor, doctors will need to know the size of the tumor, if it has spread (metastasized) and if it has affected lymph nodes and other tissues. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Trophoblastic tumors can produce very elevated concentrations of hCG in the serum that may exceed 1 million IU/L. The serum concentration of hCG is correlated with the size of the tumor, although hCG is not particularly specific to trophoblastic tumors. (aacc.org)

AimsTo evaluate if a deep learning algorithm can be trained to identify tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in tissue samples of testicular germ cell tumours and to assess whether the TIL counts correlate with relapse status of the patient.MethodsTILs were manually annotated in 259 tumour regions from 28 whole-slide images (WSIs) of H&E-stained tissue samples. (ox.ac.uk)
A current perspective on the pathological assessment of FOXL2 in adult-type granulosa cell tumours of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)

GTN)-a disease spectrum that includes hydatidiform mole, nonmetastatic GTN, and metastatic GTN-and in about two thirds of men with testicular embryonal cancer or choriocarcinoma. (msdmanuals.com)

Serum levels of microRNAs miR-371-3: a novel class of serum biomarkers for testicular germ cell tumors? (nih.gov)
Testicular Cancer Biomarkers: A Role for Precision Medicine in Testicular Cancer. (cdc.gov)

Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
What genes contribute to testicular cancer? (healthline.com)
While it's possible for a mutation in just one of these genes to cause testicular cancer, it's more typical for mutations in multiple genes to be the cause. (healthline.com)
To evaluate the role of mitochondrial genes, stem cell-specific genes and DNA repair genes in cancer development, their mutation frequency was determined via further analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the function of miRNA may ultimately depend on the specific microenvironment of a particular cell type, which can provide different repertoire of target genes. (bvsalud.org)
CpG methylation of the FHIT, FANCF, cyclin-D2, BRCA2 and RUNX3 genes in Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of ovarian origin. (cancercentrum.se)

T cells represent the major component of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in TGCT. (uni-giessen.de)
Potential roles of rarer subtypes, such as regulatory (Treg) and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, being associated with tumor biology in other cancer entities, have not been investigated in TGCT. (uni-giessen.de)
mixed TGCT n=6) were analyzed by flow cytometry from different areas of tumor-bearing and contralateral (control) testes. (uni-giessen.de)
Again, T cells were the most prominent TIL in TGCT. (uni-giessen.de)
In addition, the interaction between BCL6 and NANOG might control Tfh cell recruitment in TGCT, and the cooperation between CXCR3 and ICOS is likely to be important for their functionality. (uni-giessen.de)
In addition, it became clear that the predominance of resident macrophages in normal testes is shifted in favor of T cells as the main component of TIL in TGCT. (uni-giessen.de)
This study has described the complexity of TIL in TGCT and provides first indications that rarer T cell subtypes and their signaling molecules are likely to be of functional importance in the TGCT immune environment. (uni-giessen.de)
Previous work has documented activating mutations in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase in testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCT). (ox.ac.uk)

Even so, many people who develop testicular cancer don't have a family history. (healthline.com)
But that doesn't mean you'll develop testicular cancer. (healthline.com)
About 1 in 250 people assigned male at birth may develop testicular cancer. (healthline.com)
Who is most likely to develop testicular cancer? (medlineplus.gov)

The International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (IGCCCG) developed a risk classification for advanced nonseminoma testicular cancer based on identifying clinically independent prognostic features, including extent of disease and levels of serum tumor markers. (medscape.com)

Recombinant Kinesin Family, Member 18A ( KIF18A ) belongs to Recombinant Kinesin Family [ 9 ], which is highly expressed in tumors and associated with poor prognosis [ 10 , 11 ]. (aging-us.com)
Monitoring CEA levels may be useful for detecting cancer recurrence after tumor excision if the patient initially had an elevated CEA and for refining estimates of prognosis by stage. (msdmanuals.com)

Extracranial germ cell tumors are most common in adolescents, with rates in this age group lower for females than males. (cigna.com)
Testicular germ cell tumors usually occur before the age of 4 years or in adolescents and young adults. (cigna.com)
Testicular germ cell tumors in adolescents (11 years and older) and young adults are different from those that form in early childhood. (cigna.com)
In older children, adolescents, and young adults (11 years and older), extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumors are often in the mediastinum. (cigna.com)
Sequence analysis of the protein kinase gene family in human testicular germ-cell tumors of adolescents and adults. (ox.ac.uk)
Germ cell tumors are rare, about 900 children and adolescents are diagnosed in the United States each year. (childrensoncologygroup.org)

In clinical practice, she concentrates on germ cell tumors, while her epidemiologic research primarily focuses on colorectal cancer screening and prevention. (dana-farber.org)
In clinical care, Dr. Frazier is the national expert on germ cell tumors in pediatric patients and oversees the care of these patients referred to DFCI. (dana-farber.org)
Compared with solid tumor sampling, the bone marrow or peripheral blood of leukemia patients is easier to access, and therefore an accurate and practical prognostic signature for leukemia patients has potential for more direct clinical application. (nature.com)
He also spearheaded an international effort to identify the first Mendelian germline predisposition gene in testicular germ cell tumors, CHEK2, with potentially immediate clinical and mechanistic implications. (the-asci.org)

Factors that alter the differentiation of the primordial germ cell, resulting in the presence of an embryonal stem cell, can increase the risk of NSGCT. (medscape.com)

The algorithm was further applied to larger areas of tumour WSIs from 89 patients and correlated with clinicopathological data.ResultsA correlation coefficient of 0.89 was achieved when comparing the algorithm with the manual TIL count in the test set of images in which TILs were present (n=47). (ox.ac.uk)
Patients with spermatocytic tumors are usually older than patients with other testicular germ cell tumors, with most cases presenting in the sixth decade. (medscape.com)
and (3) treatment of germ cell tumors in pediatric patients. (dana-farber.org)
In testicular cancer patients who have undergone orchiectomy, markers are used to determine risk classification. (medscape.com)
Patients and Methods: Estimate effective doses were computed from CT scans of testicular cancer patients treated and followed-up in Turku University Hospital, South Western Finland. (iiarjournals.org)
Testicular cancer patients fall into the AYA group. (iiarjournals.org)
We have recorded data and calculated effective and organ doses from CT scans of testicular cancer patients ( 5 ). (iiarjournals.org)
A cohort of 115 testicular cancer patients scanned between 1995-2011 was studied to define the average effective dose (mean, SD) from abdominal and whole body CTs done for the diagnosis and/or follow up of testicular cancer using different scanners in the observation period and summing them over all patients and age groups. (iiarjournals.org)
A significant increase in AFP in post-surgery tumor-free patients may also indicate metastasis. (aacc.org)
The designation was granted based on the encouraging initial data particularly in patients with testicular cancer which is the most common type of germ cell tumors. (pipelinereview.com)
All 22 patients showed robust, dose-dependent CAR-T cell expansion after infusion with cell frequencies close to 10 9 total counts in dose level 2. (pipelinereview.com)
At the cut-off date, available data demonstrated the long-term persistence of CAR-T cells observed in some patients for more than 100 days, and in one patient for 200 days. (pipelinereview.com)
Prevalence of pathogenic germline cancer risk variants in testicular cancer patients: Identifying high risk groups. (cdc.gov)
A 2007 study reported a 2.23 relative risk (in comparison with the general Swedish population) of testicular cancer in patients who underwent orchidopexy before age 13 years, while the relative risk among those who underwent orchidopexy at age 13 years or older was 5.40. (medscape.com)
Radical surgery is warranted in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumor metastasizing to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer The ADAURA trial confirmed that in patients with early-stage (stage II to IIIA) NSCLC, adjuvant treatment with osimertinib after surgical resection of the tumor significantly improved overall survival. (medscape.com)

These tumors form in the part of the chest between the breastbone and spinal column and can grow without symptoms until they become quite large. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
What are the symptoms of testicular cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
Symptoms are typically absent until tumor growth causes hematuria and/or obstruction with pain. (msdmanuals.com)

The exact cause of testicular cancer is poorly understood. (medlineplus.gov)
Other risk factors may include childhood inguinal hernias and any cause of testicular atrophy. (medscape.com)

These cells secrete alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which can be detected in tumor tissue, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and, in the rare case of fetal EST, in amniotic fluid. (wikipedia.org)

Surgical excision of the primary tumor is the crux of treatment. (urotoday.com)
Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant ocular tumor in human adults. (molvis.org)
In testicular cancer the recommended imaging frequency is high and it depends on the primary treatment or follow-up policy. (iiarjournals.org)
Tumor indications included testicular cancer (n=13), ovarian cancer (n=4), endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, sarcoma, gastric cancer (one patient each) and one patient with a tumor of unknown primary origin. (pipelinereview.com)
Retroperitoneal nodal metastasis in primary and recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)

Having an undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) may increase your risk of testicular by almost nine times . (healthline.com)
Instead, another health condition could increase your risk of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism. (healthline.com)
One of the most significant risk factors for testicular cancer is cryptorchidism. (medscape.com)

In pregnant women, this can be achieved simply by testing maternal serum AFP rather than tumor marker AFP. (wikipedia.org)
Spermatocytic tumors are not associated with any serum marker elevation. (medscape.com)
The serum concentration of AFP is loosely related to the size of HCC tumors. (aacc.org)
For å unngå å forbruke verdifullt materiale som kunne vært benyttet i fremtidige kreftstudier, fokuserer vi foreløpig på serum fra avdøde personer som aldri fikk en kreftdiagnose. (kreftregisteret.no)
In 2005, a 25-year follow-up study of 44,864 Swedish men suggested that elevated serum cholesterol levels may increase the risk of testicular cancer. (medscape.com)

The two main types of stromal tumors are Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors. (medlineplus.gov)
Stromal tumors usually occur during childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
Patterns of metastasis in sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary: can routine staging lymphadenectomy be omitted? (cancercentrum.se)
Patterns of spread and recurrence of sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)

Chapter 29 - Tumors of the Scrotum", Oncologic Imaging, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 603-628, doi:10.1016/b0-72-167494-1/50032-3, ISBN 978-0-7216-7494-0, retrieved 2020-10-21 Luther N, Edgar MA, Dunkel IJ, Souweidane MM (Aug 2006). (wikipedia.org)
Commonly seen as a painless mass in the scrotum (the skin that holds the testicles), parents are most likely to notice the development of these tumors in small boys. (childrensoncologygroup.org)

In normal control adult mouse eyes, ETS-1 was mostly present in the nuclei of all neuroretinal layers whereas ETS-2 was mostly localized in the cytosol of the cell bodies of these layers with a smaller amount present in the nuclei. (molvis.org)
Fetal type Leydig cells disappear soon after birth (during first 2 weeks after birth) and are replaced by adult type Leydig cells [ 22 , 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
In our earlier studies, it was reported that transient hypothyroidism (from day 1 of neonatal age till day 30) modulated testicular antioxidant defence status as well as functions in adult stage [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
difference from adult testicular tumors]. (bvsalud.org)
Ayhan A, Salman MC, Velipasaoglu M, Sakinci M, Yuce K. Prognostic factors in adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: a retrospective analysis of 80 cases. (cancercentrum.se)

Therefore, TGCTs, by representing an exclusive pathology at a cross-road in neoplastic and developmental procedures, not merely constitute something for learning the system of change of totipotent cells and their capacity to differentiate into distinctive germ lines but also a problem for their remarkable molecular (hereditary and epigenetic) features, in charge of their extraordinary awareness to chemotherapeutic medications. (scienceexhibitions.org)

Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors may be benign or malignant. (cigna.com)
Most of these tumors are benign teratomas in the sacrum or coccyx. (cigna.com)
Germ cell tumors can be malignant (life-threatening) or benign (not life-threatening). (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Benign germ cell tumors include certain kinds of teratomas. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Although not as difficult to treat as malignant tumors, benign germ cell tumors can cause problems because of their size. (childrensoncologygroup.org)

1999) Semen quality and reproductive hormones before orchiectomy in men with testicular cancer. (medscape.com)

However, the Children's Oncology Group (COG) developed the following system for staging germ cell tumors. (childrensoncologygroup.org)

As of 2021, scientists have identified 78 gene locations influencing testicular cancer risk. (healthline.com)

Germ cell tumors happens as combined tumors, which take into account about 60% of situations, and consist of a combined mix of non-seminomatous and seminomatous components, with several histological subtypes that are and arbitrarily distributed through the entire tumor [4 variably, 5]. (scienceexhibitions.org)

In children younger than 11 years, extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumors usually occur at birth or in early childhood. (cigna.com)
Germ cell tumors are growths that occur in children, teens and adults. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
If germ cells do not reach their intended destination, tumors occur wherever these cells end up. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant non-epithelial smooth muscle tumor that can occur anywhere in the body. (nepjol.info)
Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon, with approximately 8720 new cases predicted to occur in 2016 in the United States. (medscape.com)

2005) Risk of contralateral testicular cancer: a population-based study of 29,515 U.S. men. (medscape.com)

In infants, the tumor marker test is used, but must be interpreted using a reference table or graph of normal AFP in infants. (wikipedia.org)
This session will focus on hCG's functions as a tumor marker. (aacc.org)
Although most tumors release detectable antigenic macromolecules into the circulation, no tumor marker has all the requisite characteristics to provide enough specificity or sensitivity to be used in early diagnosis or mass cancer screening programs. (msdmanuals.com)
Testicular cancer: the perfect paradigm for marker combinations. (cancercentrum.se)

The body has a central vessel surrounded by fibrous tissue, called the fibrovascular core, and it is surrounded by layers of the tumoral cells at the surface of that stalk. (wikipedia.org)
A sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to evaluate cell types, the extent of disease and other factors. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
WHO has published a new classification of soft tissue tumors and a group of undifferentiated round cell sarcomas, including CIC-rearranged sarcoma has been added. (nepjol.info)
A tissue sample from the testicle is viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells. (medlineplus.gov)

therefore, spermatocytic tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors presenting in young adults. (medscape.com)
Most spermatocytic tumors present with painless testicular enlargement, which can be referred to several years before the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Less frequently, a tubular morphology can be seen (see the images below), posing a differential diagnosis with Sertoli cell tumor. (medscape.com)
Birth cohort was strongly associated with relative risk of testicular cance, and peak age at diagnosis decreased for each successive birth cohort. (medscape.com)

Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors form from germ cells in parts of the body other than the brain. (cigna.com)
This summary is about germ cell tumors that form in parts of the body that are extracranial (outside the brain). (cigna.com)
Malignant extracranial germ cell tumors are tumors that form outside the brain. (cigna.com)
Extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumors form in areas of the body other than the brain or gonads (testicles and ovaries). (cigna.com)
Most extragonadal extracranial germ cell tumors form along the midline of the body. (cigna.com)

Germ cell tumors most commonly appear in the gonads (sex organs). (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Testicular GCT is the most prevalent solid malignancy affecting young male adults (most commonly from age 30 to 49 years). (medscape.com)

We are a translational human genetics and genomics research laboratory studying mechanisms of tumor formation in inherited cancer syndromes. (upenn.edu)
This offers significant advantages for studying tumor pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis caused by a single initiating oncogenic event introduced through the mouse germ line. (molvis.org)
The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)
Because colorectal cancer's migration and invasion are one of main factors to the severity of the disease, exploring the molecular mechanisms of proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells will contribute to the development of targeted therapy [ 5 ]. (aging-us.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms3

Diseases51

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care8

SEMINOMA23

Solid tumors5

Treating testicular cancer2

Cancers9

Testis12

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia2

Treatment of testicular3

Main types of testicular cancer1

Carcinoma6

Ovarian germ cell t3

Extragonadal germ cell t2

Malignant germ4

Histology10

Seminomas10

Teratoma4

Incidence7

Chemotherapy7

Bilateral7

Gonadal3

Size of the tumor2

Tumours2

Choriocarcinoma1

Biomarkers2

Genes6

TGCT8

Develop testicular cancer4

Nonseminoma1

Prognosis2

Adolescents6

Clinical4

NSGCT1

Patients16

Symptoms3

Cause of testicular2

Alpha-fetoprotein1

Primary5

Cryptorchidism3

Serum5

Stromal tumors4

Scrotum2

Adult5

Pathology1

Benign5

Orchiectomy1

Oncology1

20211

Subtypes1

Occur5

Contralateral1

Marker4

Tissue4

Diagnosis4

Extracranial5

Commonly2

Mechanisms4