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Peptide Initiation FactorsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4EEukaryotic Initiation FactorsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4FEukaryotic Initiation Factor-3Protein BiosynthesisEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2BEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4APeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationaleIF-2 KinaseReticulocytesEukaryotic Initiation Factor-1RibosomesEukaryotic Initiation Factor-5PhosphorylationRNA CapsRNA, Transfer, MetMolecular Sequence DataProtein BindingEukaryotic CellsRNA, MessengerProtein KinasesGuanosine TriphosphateRNA Cap AnalogsTOR Serine-Threonine KinasesAmino Acid SequenceProkaryotic Initiation Factor-2RabbitsBase SequenceRNA-Binding ProteinsPoly(A)-Binding ProteinsBinding SitesRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylRibosomal Protein S6 KinasesKineticsPolyribosomesPhosphoproteinsCarrier ProteinsGuanosine DiphosphateTernary Complex FactorsProteinsCodon, InitiatorSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMacromolecular SubstancesRibosomal Protein S6RNA Cap-Binding ProteinsProkaryotic Initiation Factor-3Protein Structure, TertiaryActivating Transcription Factor 4Ribosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticHeLa CellsRibosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDaMutationSirolimusCell LineRNA, TransferModels, MolecularEscherichia coliProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCell-Free SystemGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsSignal TransductionRNA, Double-StrandedSequence Homology, Amino AcidMultiprotein Complexes5' Untranslated RegionsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsNucleic Acid ConformationTranscription, GeneticRecombinant ProteinsHeminHemeEndoplasmic ReticulumRibosomal ProteinsProtein SubunitsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsCloning, MolecularTranscription FactorsAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingMethionineSequence AlignmentLysineProtein ConformationMolecular WeightPeptide Elongation FactorsGuanine NucleotidesEnzyme ActivationElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticAmino AcidsGene Expression RegulationCrystallography, X-RayEdeineTranscription Factor CHOPPotyvirusDNA-Binding ProteinsPlasmidsRNA, Viral
EIF2TRNARibosomeForms a ternary complexMRNAsMRNAProteinsEIF3InteractsPreinitiation complexPhase of protein synthesisEIF4EInitiatorSubunitsEIF1ATranslational initiationTRNAsAnother round of initiationPolymeraseStart codonsCytoplasmicEIF4GCodonOrganismsNucleotideGene expressionHelicaseProtein complexesTranscription initiationRecruitmentGenesMammalianZinc fingerRNAsElongation factorProkaryoticMechanismTerminationReplicationPathwayMultiproteinGTPasePivotalHydrolysisWidespreadPromoters
EIF217
  • The m 7 G-cap of the mRNA is recognized by the 43S translation preinitiation complex comprised of the 40S ribosomal subunit and the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi ternary complex. (biorxiv.org)
  • Upon stress, phosphorylation of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) decreases the available ternary complex, resulting in reduced translation initiation from the start codons of uORFs (uAUGs) and prolonged scanning of the preinitiation complex to translate the downstream main open reading frames (mORFs) to promote cell survival 12 - 15 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Together with eIF2 and GTP, the initiator tRNA binds the P site of the small ribosomal subunit forming the eukaryotic pre-initiation complex. (jove.com)
  • First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). (jove.com)
  • Next, the eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi ternary complex and other eIFs bind to the small ribosomal subunit to form a 43S preinitiation complex. (jove.com)
  • PERK phosphorylates eIF2, which blocks the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA to the ribosome leading to its inactivation, and thus to a rapid reduction of translational initiation and repression of global protein synthesis. (russnewton.com)
  • Met-tRNAi binds to the 40S subunit as a ternary complex (TC) with the GTP-bound form of the initiation factor eIF2. (nih.gov)
  • Our data indicated that the mRNA entry channel arm of eIF3 as well as its b subunit play important roles in stabilizing binding of the initiator tRNA-containing eIF2 ternary complex to the PIC and in accelerating mRNA binding. (nih.gov)
  • Early accomplishments of the SNCGE in this area include discovering the novel regulatory mechanism that induces translation of GCN4 mRNA via small upstream ORFs (uORFs) in the mRNA leader by phosphorylation and inhibition of eIF2 by the kinase Gcn2, now understood to regulate expression of key transcription factors (Atf4 and Atf5) in mammals and implicated in learning and memory. (nih.gov)
  • We identified the eIF2α phosphatases in yeast and made key contributions to elucidating the mechanism whereby phosphorylated eIF2 inhibits its GDP-GTP exchange factor, eIF2B, defining the catalytic and regulatory subcomplexes of eIF2B and their distinct roles in binding phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated eIF2. (nih.gov)
  • In starvation conditions, the reinitiating ribosomes bypass uORFs 2-4 and reinitiate at GCN4 instead, owing to lowered availability of the ternary complex (TC)-comprised of initiation factor 2 (eIF2), GTP, and initiator Met-tRNAi-which binds to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit to assemble a 43S preinitiation complex (PIC). (nih.gov)
  • TC abundance is reduced in starved cells by phosphorylation of eIF2α by Gcn2, converting eIF2 from substrate to inhibitor of its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) eIF2B. (nih.gov)
  • The translation initiation factor EIF2 catalyzes the first regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA to 40S ribosomal subunits. (nih.gov)
  • Binding occurs as a ternary complex of methionyl-tRNA, EIF2, and GTP. (nih.gov)
  • A key mechanism to repress translation initiation is the phoshorylation of the alpha-subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) by stress-activated kinases [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • However, a sizeable set of cellular mRNAs are initiated in an eIF2-independent manner, which allows for escaping the global kinase-dependent inhibition of translation initiation [3] , [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • It is also thought to play a role in the formation of the 40S initiation complex by interacting with the ternary complex of eIF2/GTP/methionyl-tRNA, and by promoting mRNA binding. (fagusantibodies.com)
TRNA13
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF-2) functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA and binding to a 40S ribosomal subunit. (thermofisher.com)
  • The initiator tRNA also contains conserved nucleotides that are recognized by proteins called eukaryotic initiation factors, or eIFs. (jove.com)
  • Powered by ATP hydrolysis, the complex then moves from 5ʹ to 3ʹ direction, with the tRNA anticodon searching for the first AUG sequence on the mRNA. (jove.com)
  • Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. (jove.com)
  • First, we completed our studies on the roles of the domains of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF3 in promoting recruitment of mRNA and initiator tRNA to the ribosomal pre-translation initiation complex (PIC). (nih.gov)
  • Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. (nih.gov)
  • A Disease-causing Point Mutation in Human Mitochondrial tRNA(Met) Results in tRNA Misfolding Leading to Defects in Translational Initiation and Elongation. (ncsu.edu)
  • The hmtRNAMet serves both in translational initiation and elongation in human mitochondria making this tRNA of particular interest in mitochondrial protein synthesis. (ncsu.edu)
  • The small fraction of hmtRNAMet that can be aminoacylated is not formylated by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase preventing its function in initiation, and it is unable to form a stable ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu preventing any participation in chain elongation. (ncsu.edu)
  • In many cases, they lack a number of the conserved or semi-conserved nucleotides that play important roles in creating the L-shaped tertiary structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasmic tRNAs (3Dirheimer G. Keith G. Dumas P. Westhof E. RajBhandary U. Soll D. tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis and Function. (ncsu.edu)
  • As a result of this dual role, mitochondrial Met-tRNAMet must be recognized by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase (MTFmt) and be brought as fMet-tRNAMet to the ribosome for translational initiation (19Spencer A.C. Spremulli L.L. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
  • Aminoacylation is an early step required for the tRNA to be used in either the elongation or initiation phase of protein synthesis and is thus of central importance for protein synthesis in mitochondria. (ncsu.edu)
  • The interface between Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu and aminoacyl-tRNA. (colorado.edu)
Ribosome11
  • Moreover, recent global ribosome-sequencing (Ribo-seq, sequencing of ribosome-protected RNA fragments) studies have shown that uORFs are a prevalent feature in eukaryotic mRNAs, not limited to these few well-studied examples 19 - 21 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Upon codon-anticodon recognition, GTP is hydrolyzed and the initiation factors dissociate, allowing the large ribosomal subunit to join the complex and form an intact ribosome. (jove.com)
  • Now, the 50S ribosomal subunit can bind to the initiation complex, with the complete ribosome ready to begin translation. (jove.com)
  • THE MECHANISM OF EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION TERMINATION AND RIBOSOME RECYCLING Translation termination is usually signaled by the presence of one of the three TCs in the A site of the ribosome. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • Instead of cognate aminoacylated (aa) transfer RNAs (tRNAs) that get recruited to the A site of the ribosome during elongation, eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF)1 binds the A site when it harbors one of the three TCs. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • According to the canonical model of eukaryotic translation, the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA for good as soon as it has terminated translation at a stop codon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once a uORF has been recognized and translated, the ribosome must resume scanning and reacquire its initiation factors in order to recognize the start codon of the main ORF, a process known as reinitiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, Met-tRNAMet must interact with elongation factor EF-Tumt and bind to the A-site of the ribosome during translational elongation. (ncsu.edu)
  • The role of this modification in (hmtRNAMetCAU) for the decoding of AUA, as well as AUG, in both the peptidyl- and aminoacyl-sites of the ribosome in either chain initiation or chain elongation is still unknown. (ncsu.edu)
  • The complex binds to the 40S ribosome and helps maintain the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits in a dissociated state. (fagusantibodies.com)
  • We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)
Forms a ternary complex1
  • As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP. (uams.edu)
MRNAs7
  • This is accomplished through the action of the viral Nonstructural Protein NSP3 which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G I. RoXaN (rotavirus X protein associated with NSP3) is 110-kDa cellular protein that contains a minimum of three regions predicted to be involved in protein-protein or nucleic acid-protein interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mechanisms involved in the stress-induced translation have been investigated for a small number of key transcription factors (for example, yeast general control nondepressible 4 (GCN4) 12 and mammalian activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) 13 ), whose translation is normally inhibited by the uORFs in the 5' leader sequences of their mRNAs. (biorxiv.org)
  • Most eukaryotic mRNAs are monocistronic, that is, they encode only a single protein. (jove.com)
  • The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
  • The 'closed-loop' model explains that the induction of 5'- to 3'-proximity of mRNAs requires the initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP. (biosyn.com)
  • Within the scanning model of translation initiation, reinitiation is a non-canonical mechanism that operates on mRNAs harboring upstream open reading frames. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The RPL24B protein of the large ribosomal subunit, which is encoded by SHORT VALVE1 , likewise fosters translation of uORF-containing mRNAs, for example mRNAs for auxin response transcription factors (ARFs). (biomedcentral.com)
MRNA12
  • The preinitiation complex then scans along the 5' leader sequence of the mRNA to initiate translation at a start codon 1 - 3 . (biorxiv.org)
  • This complex recognizes the mRNA by interacting with initiation factors eIF4E bound to the 5' cap, and eIF4G bound to the poly(A) tail-binding proteins. (jove.com)
  • Before the preinitiation complex binds the mRNA, to make sure that a correctly processed mRNA is translated, the cell uses initial recognition of the 5' cap of the mRNA by the eIF4E subunit of eIF4F. (jove.com)
  • Once the preinitiation complex is bound to the mRNA, the complex moves forward to search for the first AUG triplet, which is usually 50-100 nucleotides downstream of the 5′-terminal cap. (jove.com)
  • As a component of the ternary eIF4F complex, eIF4E interacts with the mRNA cap structure to facilitate recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit onto mRNA. (le.ac.uk)
  • Base pairing then triggers downstream events that commit the PIC to continuing initiation from that point on the mRNA. (nih.gov)
  • In our studies of the role of the RNA-activated ATPase eIF4A in promoting mRNA recruitment to the PIC, we showed that the PIC itself activates the ATPase function of the factor over and above the stimulation provided by RNA. (nih.gov)
  • We have also investigated the roles of various eIFs, tRNAi and the 40S subunit in scanning the mRNA 5′ untranslated region and in accurately identifying the AUG initiation codon. (nih.gov)
  • Despite more than 25 years of research and a wealth of biochemical data characterizing interactions between different NMD factors, their enzymatic functions and posttranslational modifications, the mechanism and criteria for selection of an mRNA for the NMD pathway are still not well comprehended. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. (nih.gov)
  • The h subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) boosts translation reinitiation on the uORF-containing mRNA coding for the Arabidopsis bZip transcription factor, AtbZip11, among others. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, GCGs contain proteins involved in translation initiation, translation control, and mRNA decay, which is consistent with their proposed role in the regulation ofs maternal mRNA expression. (rupress.org)
Proteins7
  • 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) block the interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G to negatively regulate the formation of the eIF4F complex. (biosyn.com)
  • Structural complexes between proteins and their substrates can be studied in the gas-phase to determine equilibrium dissociation constants. (biosyn.com)
  • Plants contain two distinct cap-binding proteins, eIF4E and eIFiso4E, that assemble into different eIF4F complexes. (le.ac.uk)
  • The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • The prototype of DEAD-box proteins is the translation initiation factor eIF4A. (embl.de)
  • These are frequently activated by fusion to other transcriptional proteins resulting in chimeric transcription factors. (stanford.edu)
  • Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. (lookformedical.com)
EIF34
  • Three other factors, eIF1, eIF1A, and eIF3, also bind to the 40S subunit and promote the loading of the TC. (nih.gov)
  • Among the eukaryotic translation initiation factors, eIF3 is by far the most complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-3 (eIF3), the largest of the eIFs, is a multiprotein complex composed of at least ten nonidentical subunits. (fagusantibodies.com)
  • The protein encoded by EIF3D (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D) is the major RNA binding subunit of the eIF3 complex. (fagusantibodies.com)
Interacts1
  • The multiple GPCRs causes a abnormal site repressed plasma whose factor and enzyme interacts on eIF2B service( IFT). (evakoch.com)
Preinitiation complex1
  • Without stress, these structures are responsible for uORF-mediated inhibition of mORF translation by slowing progression of the translation preinitiation complex to initiate translation from uAUGs, instead of mAUGs. (biorxiv.org)
Phase of protein synthesis1
  • The goal of our research group is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotic organisms. (nih.gov)
EIF4E5
  • Figure 3 shows molecular models of the cystal structure of eIF4E, in complex with the cap m7GpppA, and a 4EBP1 peptide. (biosyn.com)
  • Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E plays a pivotal role in translation initiation. (le.ac.uk)
  • The antisense depletion of both NteIF4E and NteIFiso4E resulted in plants with a semi-dwarf phenotype and an overall reduction in polyribosome loading, demonstrating that both eIF4E and eIFiso4E support translation initiation in planta, which suggests their potential role in the regulation of plant growth. (le.ac.uk)
  • Both eIF4A and eIF4E bind to eIF4G and form the eIF4F complex. (nih.gov)
  • and (5) orthologues of the translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF5A. (rupress.org)
Initiator1
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
Subunits1
  • In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. (uams.edu)
EIF1A3
  • Eukaryotic initiation factor 1A (EIF1A) is essential for recruitment of the ternary complex and for assembling the 43S PIC. (figshare.com)
  • GDP dissociates from the PIC, and eIF1A and a second GTPase factor, eIF5B, coordinate joining of the large ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex. (nih.gov)
  • In a process that appears to result in conformational reorganization of the complex, eIF5B hydrolyzes GTP and then dissociates along with eIF1A. (nih.gov)
Translational initiation1
  • The modification contributes to the tRNA's anticodon domain structure, thermodynamic properties and its ability to bind codons AUA and AUG in translational initiation and elongation. (ncsu.edu)
TRNAs1
Another round of initiation2
  • The beta subunit catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP, which recycles the EIF-2 complex for another round of initiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B. (nih.gov)
Polymerase3
  • In eukaryotes the initiation of transcription of protein encoding genes by polymerase II (Pol II) is modulated by general and specific transcription factors. (embl.de)
  • An ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase which is a component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. (embl.de)
  • DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. (lookformedical.com)
Start codons1
  • These studies exploit a genetic selection for mutations that elevate initiation at near-cognate UUG start codons (Sui− phenotype) or suppress this aberrant initiation event (Ssu− phenotype) (Figure 1B). (nih.gov)
Cytoplasmic1
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
EIF4G1
  • The interaction between NSP3 and RoXaN does not impair the interaction between NSP3 and eIF4G I, and a ternary complex made of NSP3, RoXaN, and eIF4G I can be detected in rotavirus-infected cells, implicating RoXaN in translation regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Codon2
  • ii) identifying a higher-order assembly of initiation factors 1, 2, 3, and 5-the multifactor complex (MFC)-and elucidating its roles in PIC assembly and accurate start codon selection. (nih.gov)
  • Despite factors in codon, all apoptotic dwarfism genes person three employed cells( CRs) and each is with RAS and MEK synapses, although with pulmonary cyclins. (evakoch.com)
Organisms1
  • Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. (lookformedical.com)
Nucleotide1
  • Eukaryotic DNA repair helicase RAD3/ERCC-2, an ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase involved in nucleotide excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. (embl.de)
Gene expression3
Helicase3
  • Eukaryotic TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit. (embl.de)
  • Eukaryotic ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q. A DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA that is damaged by ultraviolet light or other mutagens. (embl.de)
  • Bacterial and eukaryotic antiviral SKI2-like helicase. (embl.de)
Protein complexes1
Transcription initiation1
  • SncRNAs are less than 200 nt in length, consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs) and transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
Recruitment2
  • These findings have helped to illuminate the molecular mechanism of TC recruitment and assembly of 43S PICS at an early stage of the initiation pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Pausing provides a point of regulation that is distinct from Pol II recruitment and initiation, and this may facilitate the integration of multiple cellular signals. (nature.com)
Genes3
  • Most genes are associated with factors that establish and release paused Pol II and therefore appear to progress through this step, although only a subset of genes appears to be directly regulated by pausing. (nature.com)
  • Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
Mammalian1
  • However, small amounts of the aminoacylated 8U→C mutated hmtRNAMet could be isolated, permitting a limited investigation of additional steps in translation.In the mammalian mitochondrial system, the Met-tRNAMet must be formylated by the mitochondrial transformylase (MTFmt) to be used in initiation (19Spencer A.C. Spremulli L.L. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
Zinc finger1
  • This entry represents a zinc finger motif found in transcription factor IIs (TFIIS). (embl.de)
RNAs3
  • Although the mechanisms of circular RNAs' generation and function are not fully clear, recent research has shown that circular RNAs may function as potential molecular markers for disease diagnosis and treatment and play an important role in the initiation and progression of human diseases, especially in tumours. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a class of non‐coding RNAs that are widespread in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and are structurally and functionally different from linear RNA molecules [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells during post-transcriptional processes. (ijbs.com)
Elongation factor1
  • Nucleic-acid-binding motif in transcriptional elongation factor TFIIS and RNA polymerases. (embl.de)
Prokaryotic1
  • the corresponding prokaryotic factor is also designated EF1A) (16Ling J. Roy H. Qin D. Rubio M.A. Alfonzo J.D. Fredrick K. Ibba M. Proc. (ncsu.edu)
Mechanism3
  • 2017). In comparison to the initiation and elongation actions, the step of translation termination is usually less well analyzed and accordingly much less is known regarding its molecular mechanism. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • Through this mechanism the eukaryotic cell dynamically represses and reactivates translation at low metabolic costs. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (nature.com)
Termination3
  • Because of the tight link between NMD and translation termination, we begin this review with a brief overview of eukaryotic translation termination. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • Following GTP hydrolysis, eRF3 dissociates from your termination complex, allowing for the subsequent conversation of.The cellular EJC interactome reveals higher-order mRNP structure and an EJC-SR protein nexus. (cell-metabolism.com)
  • Translation is divided into three distinct phases: initiation, elongation and termination. (prolekarniky.cz)
Replication1
  • The Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds to sites in chromosomes to specify the location of origins of DNA replication. (nature.com)
Pathway2
  • This reaction can temporarily be beneficial, but if the ER stress is prolonged and severe, the UPR can result in cell death through the activation of multiple apoptotic signaling cascades, including CHOP (the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), also known as GADD153-mediated pathway (growth arrest and DNA damage gene 153), TRAF2 (IRE1/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2-mediated pathway), and Ca2+-dependent pathway. (russnewton.com)
  • The ISR (Fig. 1 ) is a complex signaling pathway that regulates cellular responses to stress stimuli and enables either adaptation or the instigation of cell death mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiprotein1
GTPase1
Pivotal1
  • γ-Secretase is a pivotal intramembrane-cleaving protease complex and important drug target for Alzheimer's disease. (cipsm.de)
Hydrolysis1
  • Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF-2 and release of an eIF-2-GDP binary complex. (nih.gov)
Widespread1
  • Core, L. J., Waterfall, J. J. & Lis, J. T. Nascent RNA sequencing reveals widespread pausing and divergent initiation at human promoters. (nature.com)
Promoters1