• During fetal development, hematopoiesis occurs in multiple waves throughout the developing embryo and fetus, including extraembryonic yolk sac (YS), the para-aortic region of the embryo, fetal liver, and placenta before eventually homing to the bone marrow where it occurs just before birth.Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the 40 weeks prior to the birth of a child, and is heavily influenced by genetics. (hycoma.de)
  • The alcohol may also impact the blood flow between the placenta and fetus. (adf.org.au)
  • This all comes from an earlier era of teratological research, which focused on an exposure to or deficit in a specific chemical agent or teratogen, imbibed by the mother, carried across the placenta, and impacting the fetus. (wellnesswisdomway.com)
  • Alcohol crosses through the placenta and affects how a baby is developing. (proofalliance.org)
  • Stillbirth may result from a problem in the woman, placenta, or fetus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Teratogens, such as alcohol, disrupt normal development in offspring through exposure during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Women planning to become pregnant should avoid all alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of illegal drugs (eg, cocaine) before and during the pregnancy, because these activities may have serious deleterious effects on the fetus. (medscape.com)
  • For example, if antiseizure medications are stopped prematurely, seizure activity may increase during the pregnancy and eventually expose the fetus to several medications at doses higher than those originally used to control the condition. (medscape.com)
  • By 12 weeks of pregnancy: The fetus fills the entire uterus. (hycoma.de)
  • moderate amounts of caffeine consumption during pregnancy have not demonstrated a measurable risk to the fetus. (drugs.com)
  • AU TGA pregnancy category A: Drugs which have been taken by a large number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age without any proven increase in the frequency of malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the fetus having been observed. (drugs.com)
  • US FDA pregnancy category C: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks. (drugs.com)
  • It is banned during pregnancy because causes malformations to the fetus. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • It is unlikely that the topical form does not harm the fetus, although its risk in pregnancy is unknown. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • Although considerations associated with pregnancy may affect deci- sions regarding timing and choice of therapy, pregnancy is not a reason to defer standard therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • Contact [email protected] about embryo/fetus radiation protection measures, radiation safety, or pregnancy declaration . (harvard.edu)
  • Because there is no proven safe amount of alcohol which you can drink during pregnancy, ANY alcohol consumption may result in harm to the developing fetus. (nofasd.org.au)
  • How early in pregnancy does alcohol affect the baby? (nofasd.org.au)
  • The fetus is developing most of its major organs and external body parts during the first 12 weeks (1st trimester) of pregnancy so that is the time of the highest risk of harm to your baby . (nofasd.org.au)
  • The information provided here will serve as a theoretical framework to critically evaluate the teratogen effects of the consumption of cannabis during pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Valproic acid (VPA), a prescribed drug commonly used for various neurological perturbations, has been implicated in teratogenic inflictions on developing fetuses during pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vital signs were disorder that the obstetrician encounters in recorded, especially blood pressure, and a pregnancy, as about 1% of the population is detailed ultrasound examination was done affected [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Which of the following statement is FALSE regarding chronic stress during pregnancy and its impact on the fetus? (takemyclasshelp.com)
  • The disorder affects children whose mothers drank large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. (thesocietypages.org)
  • Drinking during pregnancy can have serious effects on how the fetus develops. (proofalliance.org)
  • Visiting your healthcare provider for a pre-pregnancy checkup may include a discussion of your medical history and any risk factors that may affect your pregnancy. (womensframe.com)
  • Women who have already had a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect should consume higher doses of folic acid, under the guidance of a healthcare provider. (womensframe.com)
  • However, some healthcare providers may recommend a higher dose, such as 600 to 800 mcg, particularly for women who have had a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect, or those who have certain medical conditions such as diabetes or obesity. (womensframe.com)
  • Secondhand smoke can also be harmful to a developing fetus, so it's important to avoid exposure to smoke while trying to conceive and during pregnancy. (womensframe.com)
  • Miscarriage A miscarriage is the loss of a fetus before 20 weeks of pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Stillbirth Stillbirth is death of a fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnancy requires unique considerations, including the potential need to alter dosing as a result of physiologic changes associated with pregnancy, the potential for adverse short- or long-term effects on the fetus and newborn, and the effectiveness for reducing the risk for perinatal transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Designing such interventions will be aided by further research assessing the contributions of personal and socio-environmental risk and protective factors that affect levels of drinking by women during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence also shows that physiologic changes during pregnancy can affect a woman's periodontal health-leading to conditions, such as pregnancy gingivitis, benign oral gingival lesions, loose teeth, tooth erosion, and even periodontitis. (dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate is a laxative, a drying agent, and FDA Pregnancy Category D Teratogen. (patriotsbeacon.com)
  • Consequently, due to its human fetal risk, it has been classified as a known teratogen (Pregnancy Category D) by the FDA. (patriotsbeacon.com)
  • For pregnant women who require medical management, only medications with appropriate FDA and Teratogen Information System (TERIS) ratings for safety of use should be selected as treatment during pregnancy. (kevinmd.com)
  • Seized fetuses were checked for macroscopic eye anomalies, histological malformations with Azan trichrome staining, and levels of apoptotic activity with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • The rate of malformations in fetuses of diabetic mothers was not decreased, but in 3-week-old mice of treated mothers we observed a significant increase in whole body weight and length. (eurjanat.com)
  • That's when concerns emerged about whether the chicken embryo model was the best platform for assessing teratogens, or agents that cause malformations in an embryo. (southernresearch.org)
  • [ 86-89 ] However, the exact mechanisms by which alcohol and its metabolites, acetaldehyde and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), damage the developing fetus is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence also suggests that even one exposure to alcohol may damage the heart and brain of the fetus, resulting in permanent changes to these organs. (medscape.com)
  • [ 87 , 93-96 ] Futhermore, given the decreased liver function in the fetus, alcohol also circulates for a longer period of time, providing more opportunity for alcohol to affect the fetus. (medscape.com)
  • As with all teratogens, the effects of alcohol on the fetus probably depend on quantity, frequency and timing of exposure and maternal and fetal constitution and genetics. (medscape.com)
  • Alcohol is a teratogen that has a toxic effect on the developing fetus (BMA, 2007a). (britishjournalofnursing.com)
  • Alcohol is a teratogen (a substance that causes fetal abnormalities). (adf.org.au)
  • Does alcohol affect sperm? (adf.org.au)
  • Any other drugs (including cigarettes and pharmaceuticals ) you take can also affect the rate at which your body processes alcohol. (adf.org.au)
  • How does alcohol affect an unborn baby? (nofasd.org.au)
  • Alcohol is a neurotoxin (poison) and a teratogen (an agent that is known to cause birth defects and permanent brain injury in the fetus). (nofasd.org.au)
  • The effects of alcohol as a teratogen (causing birth defects) are greatest in the first trimester. (nofasd.org.au)
  • In the first two weeks after conception, the embryo has not yet developed to the stage where abnormalities can occur - instead, the effect of alcohol is more likely to result in miscarriage. (nofasd.org.au)
  • Alcohol, other teratogens, and trauma kill cells in the brain of developing fetuses. (fasdontario.ca)
  • Alcohol is a teratogen. (proofalliance.org)
  • For example, tobacco, lead and alcohol are all teratogens. (proofalliance.org)
  • Any amount of alcohol, even if it's just one glass of wine, passes from the mother to the fetus. (proofalliance.org)
  • 1 Burd L, Blair J, Dropps K. Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn. (proofalliance.org)
  • Embrionario Alcohol Problem, Endocrine System, Drugs And Alcohol, Worried System Research from Term Paper: Alcohol also affects the belly, the pancreatic, and the large and small intestines. (e-vocable.com)
  • Consequences include retardation of fetal growth, fetal alcohol syndrome, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, and neonatal neurobehavioral affects. (nationalacademies.org)
  • An understanding of routes of entry and knowing the symptoms of exposure and the factors that affect human response to chemical exposure is vital. (nih.gov)
  • Several factors affect the ability of a teratogen to contact a developing conceptus, such as the nature of the agent itself, route and degree of maternal exposure, rate of placental transfer and systemic absorption, and composition of the maternal and embryonic/fetal genotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Could there be some adverse reaction to the fetus due to exposure to a teratogen prior to conception and up to two weeks after conception? (cdlsusa.org)
  • Chemical and physical agents known to affect reproductive outcomes after maternal exposure were listed. (cdc.gov)
  • It is not always possible to predict how exposure to teratogens will affect a fetus. (molllawgroup.com)
  • Iris Hernandes, from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, examines how microglia, important immune cells in the brain, may be affected by exposure to toxicants. (nih.gov)
  • Namely, it has been pointed out that 5-7 days of in utero exposure to higher amounts of magnesium sulfate may lead to birth defects, so the FDA recommended its classification as a Category D Teratogen. (patriotsbeacon.com)
  • It is a sub-discipline in medical genetics which focuses on the classification of congenital abnormalities in dysmorphology caused by teratogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early teratologists exposed pregnant animals to environmental agents and observed the fetuses for gross visceral and skeletal abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even though structural abnormalities or death may not be seen below a specific threshold level of a teratogen, functional deficits may occur below this threshold. (medscape.com)
  • Amniocentesis Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2007) toxicology and damage to the develop- craniofacial abnormalities (e.g., small explored the ethanol-miRNA interac- ing fetus (i.e., teratology). (nih.gov)
  • fetal behaviour in fetuses with neural abnormalities. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Teratogens are substances that may cause non-heritable birth defects via a toxic effect on an embryo or fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those substances can lead to malformation of an embryo or fetus. (nih.gov)
  • Despite general belief that their baby will be affected, women using oral contraceptives haven't shown to be at a higher risk for birth defects. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • Teratogens are drugs that may cause birth defects. (molllawgroup.com)
  • Copy-number variants (CNV) currently represent the most commonly recognizable cause of birth defects in fetuses and children. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the prevalence of submicroscopic pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNVs is 5.5-10.5% in fetuses with structural defects. (nature.com)
  • 3 One potential corollary of these observations would be that DNMs contribute more to birth defects in fetuses than in newborns or older children because the former group includes a subset of cases that are so severely affected they cannot survive beyond the perinatal period. (nature.com)
  • A teratogen is something that causes birth defects. (proofalliance.org)
  • Skin problems Image Gallery A developing fetus needs vitamin A, but tretinoin causes a vitamin A overload that can cause a miscarriage or birth defects. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Females who are old enough that they could potentially become pregnant must take part in the iPledge program, a system that ensures women exposed to teratogens (drugs or chemicals that cause birth defects) don't become pregnant. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The body converts the vitamin A partly into retinoic acid -- without it, the fetus could suffer from birth defects. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Some of these damage or results can cause does not work properly in the fetuses in their afterwards life hence it is significant the fetus is usually not encountered with teratogens especially during the 1st trimester because this may trigger defects for the fetus. (e-vocable.com)
  • They are presumed to similarly affect the fetus like tetracycline and should also be avoided by pregnant women and through breastfeeding. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • 2008). Diabetes affects 2-5% of pregnant women. (eurjanat.com)
  • Instead, these laws have created a negative bias surrounding addiction and have negatively affected particularly vulnerable patient populations, including pregnant women with substance use disorder and newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome. (fyrion.best)
  • Pregnant women with substance use disorder require treatment that is arguably for the benefit of both the mother and the fetus. (fyrion.best)
  • The most severe confirmed side effect occurs only when the drug is taken by pregnant women, or a woman becomes pregnant while taking it. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Ironically, pregnant women often take Vitamin A supplements because developing fetuses need a certain level of retinoic acid to develop properly. (howstuffworks.com)
  • ut, pregnant women are not aware of these facts when drinking this water, and this has a detrimental effect on their babies.That is to say, after just 5-7 days, these babies suffered from alterations of the structure of their bones, as well as bone weakening. (patriotsbeacon.com)
  • Acetaminophen, combined with metoclopramide or ondansetron for relief of the nausea and vomiting that can accompany migraine, is appropriate for use in pregnant women with migraine because these agents are unlikely to have a negative effect on the fetus. (kevinmd.com)
  • The growth of the fetus mainly depends on the maternal diet. (speedypaper.com)
  • Such factors, such as maternal diet, should, therefore, be considered as vital in child development since they affect the growth of the fetus and later on the growth of the child. (speedypaper.com)
  • These include chemicals classified as mutagens, teratogens, embryotoxins, or those with known developmental and reproductive toxicity. (harvard.edu)
  • At least 2 systems are used to classify the risk associated with specific medications: the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) system and the automated Teratogen Information System (TERIS). (medscape.com)
  • Some biologic and radiologic materials can harm reproductive health or an unborn fetus. (harvard.edu)
  • The biological development of a child, especially an unborn or a newborn, maybe heavily affected by environmental influences such as teratogens and maternal nutrition. (speedypaper.com)
  • Having gone through the entire course and obtaining exposed to numerous materials, there is one thing that stands out obvious and I found understand with insurmountable evidence, the unborn child is adversely affected by the drugs the mother takes. (e-vocable.com)
  • The central problems identified through the entire period include the results that the medicines can cause for the fetus and people that follow the newborn after birth. (e-vocable.com)
  • Additionally, a follow-up analysis by the CPP on maternal use of caffeine-containing beverages did not support caffeine as a teratogen. (drugs.com)
  • Factors that may affect this analysis include the stage of fetal development, maternal illness or diet, the type of drug, the size of the dose, the individual fetal response, and how frequently the drug is taken. (molllawgroup.com)
  • Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with risk outcomes for the mother, fetus, child, and adult offspring. (eurjanat.com)
  • Objectives To investigate the effectiveness of routine ultrasonography in the third trimester in reducing adverse perinatal outcomes in low risk pregnancies compared with usual care and the effect of this policy on maternal outcomes and obstetric interventions. (bmj.com)
  • Caffeine has been reported to be an animal teratogen only with doses high enough to cause toxicity in the mother. (usahealthstore.com)
  • During this stage, the developing organism is called a fetus and undergoes a period of maturation, where the organs and body systems continue to develop and mature. (hycoma.de)
  • To explore these hypotheses, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a series of fetuses and stillborns investigated prenatally because of severe anomalies. (nature.com)
  • One example of this is the use of mammalian animal models to evaluate the molecular role of teratogens in the development of embryonic populations, such as the neural crest, which can lead to the development of neurocristopathies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dans le groupe B, aucune n'a eu de crises, mais 2 grossesses ont été interrom- pues en raison d'anomalies du tube neural. (who.int)
  • Early insults can stimulate alternative neural pathways that can assume the function of the affected area. (optimalmindsneuropsychology.com)
  • However, the development of these alternative pathways can affect not only the target function but also the "compensating" structures since they have to take on more "responsibilities" that may subsequently result in "crowding" in the neural pathway, thus affecting overall efficiency. (optimalmindsneuropsychology.com)
  • 2014). Diabetes has a teratogenic effect on multiple organ systems, most commonly: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and central nervous system (Correa et al. (eurjanat.com)
  • Ethylene thiourea is teratogenic to rats and the overall NOAEL for the teratogenic effect on this species is estimated to be 5 mg per kilogram body weight per day. (europa.eu)
  • The foetal organs primarily affected are the central nervous system, the kidney and ureter and the skeletal system. (europa.eu)
  • They are harmful to fetuses, and when possible, children and adults should avoid these chemicals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The extent to which teratogens will impact an embryo is dependent on several factors, such as how long the embryo has been exposed, the stage of development the embryo was in when exposed, the genetic makeup of the embryo, and the transfer rate of the teratogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research suggests that Dandy-Walker malformation could be caused by environmental factors that affect early development before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The paper describes the results of a longitudinal study of former Sierra Leone child soldiers that examines how protective and risk factors affect children's post-conflict mental health outcomes over several years of development. (asu.edu)
  • It is related to isotretinoin (Accutane), and there is unease that tretinoin could have similar effects on the fetus. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • The benefits and side-effects determine which drug or combination of of the drugs were explained to the women drugs is safest for the fetus. (who.int)
  • The challenge on how to control the fetus from the effects of substance abuse by the mother is no isolated issue as discovered. (e-vocable.com)
  • It also examines whether these substances are negatively affecting fertility in men and women. (southernresearch.org)
  • C) embryonic and fetal development.Prenatal development (from Latin natalis 'relating to birth') includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. (hycoma.de)
  • Genetic work-up of an affected person in the family to provide the risk of recurrence and for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis. (blkmaxhospital.com)
  • Although both males and females are susceptible to reproductive toxins, concern about reproductive health is greater for females as they are the ones that carry the fetus into the workplace, placing it at risk to potential teratogens and transplacental carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • It is an antibiotic related to erythromycin that is unlikely to present risk to the fetus. (your-best-acne-treatment.com)
  • The Committee on Microbiological Safety stipulates procedures for working with organisms that pose a risk to reproductive health or harm to a developing fetus. (harvard.edu)
  • The fetus could be large for gestational age, develop metabolic problems, higher long-term risk for diabetes and obesity, and female offspring susceptibility of GDM in the future due to fetal genome epigenetic modifications (Monteiro et al. (eurjanat.com)
  • Only the heaviest drinking women put their fetus at risk and they, unfortunately, are the least likely to respond to the no-drinking campaign (largely due to addiction). (thesocietypages.org)
  • Although the disorder is benign in most affected fetuses, some have significant medical comorbidities including respiratory compromise, cervical spine compression and hearing loss. (thefetus.net)
  • Dandy-Walker malformation is estimated to affect 1 in 10,000 to 30,000 newborns. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These and other changes affect memory storage and retrieval, processing speed, ability to abstract, analyze, make decisions, and contribute to other behavioural symptoms. (fasdontario.ca)
  • Dandy-Walker malformation affects brain development, primarily development of the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain that coordinates movement. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Manifestations of deviant development increase in frequency and degree as dosage increases from the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to a dose producing 100% lethality (LD100). (wikipedia.org)
  • We offer a full diagnostic, genetic counselling, and genetic testing service to individuals and families affected with all genetic disorders affecting all ages. (blkmaxhospital.com)
  • Miscarriages may occur because of a problem in the fetus (such as a genetic disorder or birth defect) or in the woman (such. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Teratogens do not change genes and therefore have not been associated with CdLS. (cdlsusa.org)
  • 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: These findings suggested that although no difference was observed in the histology of the fetal brain, the alteration of mentioned genes could affect the cellular biochemistry, molecular structures, and cell types in the developing brain. (ijabbr.com)
  • Red blood cells can suffer deformation, which simple substitutions, small insertions or deletions of bases permits them to cross via the circulation and carry O2to all that affect coding areas of the genes and lead to amino acids of the tissues within the physique. (suzumgerecleri.com)
  • In general, things that the mother is exposed to prior to conception and during the first two weeks after conception (when the embryo is traveling down to implant into the uterine wall) do not affect the fetus. (cdlsusa.org)
  • Fetal blood and tissue levels in the fetus are similar to those in the mother. (usahealthstore.com)
  • Oftentimes, a condition that may present with mild symptoms in the mother can have serious repercussions to the developing fetus. (optimalmindsneuropsychology.com)
  • These individuals typically have a different range of features than those affected in infancy, including headaches, an unsteady walking gait, paralysis of facial muscles (facial palsy), increased muscle tone, muscle spasms, and mental and behavioral changes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Both groups were typically exposing their fetuses to two binge episodes per week of five to six drinks per occasion but the low SES group was more likely to have children with a FAS/partial FAS diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • By about 16 to 20 weeks: Typically, the pregnant woman can feel the fetus moving. (hycoma.de)
  • This has created a dilemma for employers: whether to keep fertile women working at jobs that endanger the fetus or to remove them from the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • Death apnea, which affects weighty men much than women great depression definition quizlet. (daubnet.com)
  • In folkloric Iranian medicine, saffron is known as an abortifacient agent and some investigations announced it as a teratogen. (ijabbr.com)
  • 18) received no drugs because they refused treatment for fear of harming the fetus. (who.int)
  • Despite being in effect for over four decades, the War on Drugs failed to achieve its intended goals. (fyrion.best)
  • Right now there have also been tries, as seen in this program, to classify the drugs into those that do not arm the fetus and others that can in some way hurt the fetus. (e-vocable.com)
  • Also, the effect of the extract on lactation and nursing milk composition should be investigated. (eurjanat.com)
  • A reciprocal relationship between the fitness effect of a mutation and the proportion of de novo mutations (DNMs) is observed in a dominantly inherited disorder. (nature.com)
  • This congenital disorder of bone and cartilage development is caused by arylsulfatase E (ARSE) deficiency, located on Xp22.3, and affects only males. (thefetus.net)
  • Because neurodevelopmental disorders have early onset, the "event" may affect multiple brain and neurobehavioral systems that will require a framework that includes consideration of brain-behavior relationships, how a child's nervous system interacts with his/her environment, and how these interactions manifest and change over time. (optimalmindsneuropsychology.com)
  • The current study aimed to investigate the C. sativus extract effect on the fetal brain.Methods: The NMRI female mice were randomly divided into the control group and three saffron aquatic extract treated groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of saffron aquatic extract). (ijabbr.com)
  • Fetal brain tissues were investigated by histology and real-time PCR for Foxg1, Foxa2, Wif1, and Fgf8 expression.Results: We found that three treatments reduced the number of fetuses. (ijabbr.com)
  • Certain toxins can adversely affect reproductive health in both males and females or could harm a developing fetus. (harvard.edu)
  • Madeleine Weick, from the Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory , uses organoids, which are tissue cultures made from human stem cells, to learn how individuals may be affected by teratogens. (nih.gov)
  • In the study of teratogens, the typical teaching is that there is a threshold dose, or level below, which no effect will be seen in terms of structural abnormality or death. (medscape.com)
  • Within a span of 9 months, development progresses from a single cell into a zygote and then into an embryo and fetus. (hycoma.de)
  • Growth, size and development of the fetus. (hycoma.de)
  • The postnatal development of DES glucuronidation, like the steroid pathway, was not affected by gestational TCDD treatment. (nih.gov)
  • There are critical periods of susceptibility to agents and organ systems affected by these agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some fetuses may be more vulnerable than others due to different ways that bodies breakdown ethanol, a characteristic that may be inherited. (thesocietypages.org)