Technique of caudal epidural. Medical search. Frequent questions

Caudal anaesthesia (or caudal anesthesia) is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia conducted by accessing the epidural space via the sacral hiatus. (wikipedia.org)
Caudal anesthesia may be favored for sub-umbilical region surgeries in the pediatric population, such as inguinal hernia repair, circumcision, hypospadias repair, anal atresia, or to immobilise newborns with hip dysplasia. (wikipedia.org)
List of indications: Obstetrics and general surgery below the umbilicus Acute and chronic pain refractory to conservative management Patients with previous lumbar spine surgery Patients who are "anticoagulated" or have coagulopathy Contraindications to caudal anesthesia include patient or guardian refusal, localized infection over the sacral area, severe coagulopathy and elevated intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Some of the risks associated with caudal anesthesia include: Needle misplacement leading to subdural, intravascular, intraosseous or antesacral injection with rectum perforation Infection, such as epidural abscess, meningitis or sacral osteomyelitis Low blood pressure Injury to the nerve roots Epidural hematoma Local anesthetic toxicity, more frequently following caudal anesthesia than it does following lumbar or thoracic blocks. (wikipedia.org)
Caudal anesthesia was first described independently in 1901 by Fernand Cathelin and Jean-Athanase Sicard. (wikipedia.org)
However, the high failure rate found in caudal anesthesia (5-10%) limited its popularity until the 1940s when it resurfaced in obstetrics anaesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
Caudal Anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
The use of epidural analgesia for labor has grown significantly over the past decades in the United States, and most women now request anesthesia services for the management of pain during labor. (medscape.com)
This article contains descriptions of numerous anesthetic and analgesic techniques to assist the birthing process, including intravenous analgesia, peripheral nerve blocks, neuraxial anesthesia, and general anesthesia. (medscape.com)
There have been reports of cardiac arrest with difficult resuscitation or death during use of bupivacaine hydrochloride for epidural anesthesia in obstetrical patients. (nih.gov)
Epidural nerve block has become a significant advance in neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia. (medscape.com)
The duration of anesthesia or analgesia is prolonged when epidural catheters are used. (medscape.com)
Epidural anesthesia is used for abdominal surgeries or procedures that require manipulation of perianal or external reproductive and urinary organs. (asra.com)
Spinal anesthesia is a commonly performed regional technique by a majority of the anesthesiologists worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Despite being the oldest regional anesthesia technique, it continues to evolve and develop in various aspects. (bvsalud.org)
These include, but are not limited to, your preoperative medical condition, the nature of the operation, and the anesthesia technique used. (metrowestanesthesia.com)
Tumescent Technique for Regional Anesthesia Permits Lidocaine Doses of 35 mg/kg for Liposuction by Jeffrey A. Klein, M.D. (tumescent.org)
The tumescent technique for local anesthesia permits regional local anesthesia of the skin and subcutaneous tissues by direct infiltration. (tumescent.org)
The tumescent technique can be used with general anesthesia or IV sedation. (tumescent.org)
However, with appropriate instrumentation and surgical method, the tumescent technique permits liposuction of large volumes of fat totally by local anesthesia, without IV sedation or narcotic analgesia. (tumescent.org)
Infiltrating with large volumes of very dilute lidocaine, epinephrine, and sodium bicarbonate for local anesthesia and hemostasis is known as the tumescent technique. (tumescent.org)
The tumescent technique for liposuction can be used to supplement general anesthesia. (tumescent.org)
However, the anesthesia produced by the tumescent technique is so complete that it permits liposuction of large volumes of fat totally by local anesthesia, without IV sedation or narcotic analgesia. (tumescent.org)
Neuraxial anesthesia is a term that denotes all forms of central blocks, involving the spinal, epidural, and caudal spaces. (johnshopkins.edu)
Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique widely used in anesthetic practice. (johnshopkins.edu)
This paper will provide an overview of the pertinent anatomical, pharmacological, immunological, and technical aspects of epidural anesthesia in both adult and pediatric populations and will discuss the recent advances, the related rare but potentially devastating complications, and the current recommendations for the use of anticoagulants in the setting of neuraxial block placement. (johnshopkins.edu)
For the production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks. (illnesshacker.com)
used for infiltration anesthesia and for nerve block techniques including peripheral, sympathetic, epidural (including caudal), and spinal block anesthesia. (illnesshacker.com)
Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks, when the accepted procedures for these techniques as described in standard textbooks are observed. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
However, increasing the volume and concentration of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection may result in a more profound fall in blood pressure when used in epidural anesthesia. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Although these solutions are intended specifically for epidural anesthesia, they may also be used for infiltration and peripheral nerve block, provided they are employed as single dose units. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
In epidural anesthesia, the dosage varies with the number of dermatomes to be anesthetized (generally 2 to 3 mL of the indicated concentration per dermatome). (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Local anesthetic solutions containing antimicrobial preservatives (e.g., methylparaben) should not be used for epidural or spinal anesthesia because the safety of these agents has not been established with regard to intrathecal injection, either intentional or accidental. (recallguide.org)
Anesthesia in medically complex patients or those involving multiple stages of surgical intervention may include multimodal analgesia, various neuraxial or regional anesthetic block techniques in addition to general anesthesia and may require inpatient stays where postoperative acute pain services can be provided. (pediatricurologybook.com)
The Spinal Injection Simulator is a valuable training and teaching aid allowing realistic demonstration and practice of all spinal injections.Spinal injection techniques include: spinal anesthesia spinal tap epidural analgesia caudal. (drwonganatomy.com)
The technique can be performed without general anesthesia but, under gentle conscious sedation, further increasing safety and reducing the chance of nerve injury. (mocekspine.com)
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine versus ketamine when added to caudal bupivacaine on the incidence of emergence delerium (ED), postoperative sedation, and analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair under sevoflurane anesthesia. (springeropen.com)
Both dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) added to pediatric caudal block were effective to control pediatric ED after sevoflurane anesthesia. (springeropen.com)
The exact etiology of ED is still unidentified but several risk factors that have been noted to increase the predilection for emergence agitation such as preschool age, preoperative anxiety, certain surgical procedures like otolaryngologic or ophthalmologic surgeries, anesthesia technique (inhalational vs. intravenous agent or regional block), and postoperative pain (Kanaya, 2016 ). (springeropen.com)

Epidural steroid injections may be given in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral regions of the spine. (spine-health.com)
Analgesia for thoracotomies may be provided via thoracic epidurals or paravertebral or intercostal nerve blocks (Figure 2). (asra.com)
Although continuous thoracic epidural analgesia is highly effective and opioid-sparing, its associated risks and the need for staff with specialised skills and/or neonatal intensive care unit staff buy-in may preclude this option even in many academic centres. (londonspine.com)
Oncological breast surgeries have commonly been performed under General Anaesthesia (GA). Thoracic Epidural Anaesthesia (TEA) is a safe and advantageous technique associated with fewer post surgical recovery complications, shorter hospital stay and consequently, decreased health care costs. (oaji.net)

Patients are able to control their pain with patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) in a manner similar manner to that of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA). (medscape.com)
4 Neuraxial injection of opioids and/or local anesthetic via epidural catheter or single-shot epidurals are commonly performed to provide pelvic limb analgesia (Figure 1). (asra.com)
We present the case of a six-day-old infant who underwent upper abdominal surgery and received intermittent morphine doses via a tunnelled caudal epidural catheter, which provided satisfactory analgesia and facilitated early extubation. (londonspine.com)
Care for a patient with an epidural for post operative or obstetric analgesia. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Patients received caudal dexmedetomidine had longer time to 1st postoperative analgesia and less postoperative analgesic consumption but longer postoperative sedation when compared with ketamine with no significant difference between both drugs as regards the incidence of perioperative adverse events. (springeropen.com)

An epidural injection can be given in the neck, mid-back or lower back/buttocks. (spine-health.com)
Transforaminal injection -the needle is inserted into the epidural space through the intervertebral foramen on the side of the spinal canal. (spine-health.com)
Interlaminar injection -the needle is inserted into the space between adjacent vertebral laminae (posterior wall of the vertebra) to reach the epidural space. (spine-health.com)
Caudal injection -the needle is placed into the sacral area below the lumbar spine through an opening called the sacral hiatus. (spine-health.com)
Studies show that an effective first-response to an epidural steroid injection may be considered as an opportunity to administer more injections when the symptoms return. (spine-health.com)
Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly performed procedures to treat painful cervical radiculopathy, but little is known about the systemic absorption and serum levels of steroids following injection. (hindawi.com)
Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a commonly performed procedure in pain medicine used to treat painful cervical radicular pain syndromes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Despite widespread use in clinical practice for over 40 years, little is known about the systemic absorption and serum levels of corticosteroids following injection into the cervical epidural space. (hindawi.com)
Knowledge of pharmacokinetic parameters of this corticosteroid following epidural administration into other areas of the spine beyond the lumbar region is necessary to help us better understand the duration of clinical effect and to compare the results to the results of lumbar epidural injection. (hindawi.com)
Anatomically, the dural sac of cats terminates further caudally than in human or canine counterparts, often resulting in a subarachnoid injection rather than an epidural injection. (asra.com)
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the results of VAS and ODI outcomes showed that caudal epidural steroid injection combined with ozone has no advantage over caudal epidural steroid injection alone. (londonspine.com)
Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the group receiving caudal epidural steroid injection plus ozone scored significantly higher on the walking distance index than the group receiving caudal epidural steroid alone. (londonspine.com)
However, after one and six months of treatment, the rate of improvement in patients' walking distance in the caudal epidural steroid injection plus ozone group was significantly higher than in the epidural steroid group (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017, respectively). (londonspine.com)
These findings remained regardless of what injection techniques and corticosteroids were used, according to the authors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We found that the injection technique used (transforaminal, interlaminar, caudal), type or dose of corticosteroid, selection of patients with imaging guidance, and other patient and technical factors had no impact on the findings," Dr. Chou told Medical News Today . (medicalnewstoday.com)
View the Life/form® Spinal Injection Simulator being used to demonstrate a Post Dura Puncture Headache (PDPH) prevention technique at www.go-aps.com/spinal/hatfalvi.mpg, and for more information on PDPH prevention, visit www.prevent-pdph.org. (cpr-depot.ca)
Serious neurologic events, some resulting in death, have been reported with epidural injection of corticosteroids. (recallguide.org)
The technique of intra-articular and intramuscular injection should include precautions against injection or leakage into the dermis. (recallguide.org)
We utilize special injection techniques and nerve blocks to treat many conditions while following the highest standards of patient care. (roanegeneralhospital.com)
Background: Ultrasound-guided first sacral transforaminal epidural steroid injection (S1 TFESI) is a useful and easily applicable alternative to fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) in lumbosacral radiculopathy. (koreamed.org)
Background: A cervical transforaminal epidural (TFE) steroid injection is a useful treatment option for cervical radicular pain, but it carries a small risk of catastrophic complications. (koreamed.org)

These injections typically deposit steroids and/or other medications in the epidural space of the spine. (spine-health.com)
Epidural injections use three routes: interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal, targeting different areas of the spine. (spine-health.com)
Several studies have proven the efficacy of epidural steroid injections throughout the spine. (spine-health.com)
3 Park KD, Lee WY, Nam SH, Kim M, Park Y. Ultrasound-guided selective nerve root block versus fluoroscopy-guided interlaminar epidural block for the treatment of radicular pain in the lower cervical spine: a retrospective comparative study. (spine-health.com)
Spine model showing interlaminar epidural space. (medscape.com)
An understanding of the basic anatomy of the epidural space also requires recognition of the following key anatomic features of the spine. (medscape.com)
Spine Epidural Lumbar Caudal transforaminal Expert. (londonspine.com)
Epidural injections are performed utilizing 3 approaches in the lumbar spine: caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal. (epain.org)
Other nonsurgical treatments include epidural corticosteroid injections, administered directly to the epidural space in the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Describe the anatomy of the spine, vertebral column and epidural space. (developinganaesthesia.com)
The minimally invasive techniques practiced at the Mocek Spine Clinic allow the physician to reach the affected area either by a needle or through a tiny incision to the side of the back muscles. (mocekspine.com)
With the latest advances and innovations in field of spine surgery, the new generation of spine surgeons has been increasingly preferring the endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion technique to treat the pathology of lumbar degenerative disease. (jmisst.org)
During the routine surgical exposure of the spine, excessive muscle stripping and retraction causes iatrogenic soft tissue injuries which can be overcome by various techniques of minimally invasive posterior lumbar fusion [ 6 ]. (jmisst.org)
MRI of the Spine presents 100 actual case studies that cover a wide range of spinal disorders and demonstrate the use of current MRI techniques to aid in diagnosis. (chipsbooks.com)

Do cervical epidural injections provide long-term relief in neck and upper extremity pain? (spine-health.com)
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fluoroscopy-guided cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone acetonide in a cohort of patients with cervical radicular pain seeking treatment in a pain medicine clinic. (hindawi.com)
The terminal elimination half-life of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone in a noncompartmental analysis was 219 hours. (hindawi.com)
The pharmacokinetics of cervical epidural-administered triamcinolone is consistent with our previous study of lumbar ESI, demonstrating that the elimination half-life is longer than that which has been reported following intravenous triamcinolone. (hindawi.com)

The images below show the interlaminar epidural space. (medscape.com)

Common local anesthetic drugs for caudal blockade are bupivacaine and ropivacaine. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetic epidural blockade may be useful in conjunction with aggressive physical therapy or manipulation of a painful limb associated with joint stiffness or limited range of motion. (medscape.com)
In comparison to epidural blocks, epidural injections of local anesthetic, steroids, or both are considered for the treatment of radicular pain symptoms secondary to disk herniation or postsurgical radicular pain. (medscape.com)
Certain conditions with sympathetic mediated or maintained pain are treated with the epidural local anesthetic since it provides sympathetic blockade. (medscape.com)
The analysis of caudal epidural injections showed the potential superiority of steroids compared with local anesthetic alone a 2-year follow-up, based on the average relief per procedure. (epain.org)
The results of this assessment show significant improvement in patients suffering from chronic lumbar disc herniation with 3 lumbar epidural approaches with local anesthetic alone, or using steroids with long-term follow-up of up to 2 years, in a contemporary interventional pain management setting. (epain.org)

In the ever-expanding field of interventional pain management, epidural injections of pain medications like steroids play an important role in chronic pain management. (medscape.com)

This tutorial will summarise the safety of regional anaesthesia in children, paediatric local anaesthetic toxicity, the use of ultrasound in paediatric regional anaesthesia, and an in-depth discussion on ultrasound-guided caudal epidural techniques and its related anatomy. (wfsahq.org)
This course will inspire you to implement more ultrasound-guided techniques in your pain practice. (nysora.com)

The steroids injected into the epidural space disperse into the nerve endings and other tissues, spreading the anti-inflammatory effect throughout the pain-transmitting structures. (spine-health.com)
A space above the spinal nerve as it exits the neuroforamen called the safe triangle is the region where the needle is usually passed to reach the epidural space. (spine-health.com)
When considering epidural nerve block, clinicians should follow a stepwise approach. (medscape.com)
Patients presenting for surgery of the pelvic limbs typically receive either an epidural or combination femoral and sciatic nerve blocks. (asra.com)
However, for surgeries occurring distal to the elbow, a combination radial, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous block is chosen because this technique lacks many of the more serious complications such as pneumothorax, cervicothoracic ganglion block with Horner's syndrome and phrenic nerve paralysis. (asra.com)
Rarely is permanent nerve damage a result of these techniques. (metrowestanesthesia.com)
The contents of the spinal canal include the spinal cord, nerve roots, the cauda equina (below the conus medullaris of the spinal cord), the meninges (pia, arachnoid and dura mater), epidural space, subdural space and subarachnoid space, blood vessels, fat, lymphatics and ligaments between the vertebrae. (developinganaesthesia.com)
In contrast, nerve root pain caused by an epidural tumor or abscess begins more insidiously, and back pain is worse at night while in bed. (msdmanuals.com)

Caudal anaesthesia is a relatively low-risk technique commonly used, either on its own or in combination with sedation or general anaesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
The first publication to describe caudal anaesthesia in children was published by Meredith Campbell in 1933. (wikipedia.org)
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia Epidural Intrathecal administration Lumbar puncture Spinal anaesthesia Dernek B, Aydoğmuş S, Ulusoy İ, Duymuş TM, Ersoy S, Kesiktaş FN, et al. (wikipedia.org)
Regional anaesthesia is increasingly used in children as techniques are becoming safer through the use of ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, and tailored dosing regimens. (wfsahq.org)
Regional techniques in children are mostly performed under general anaesthesia. (wfsahq.org)
Caudal epidural anaesthesia accounts for over half of regional techniques performed in children. (wfsahq.org)
At the apex of the triangle lies the sacral hiatus, through which caudal anaesthesia is performed. (wfsahq.org)
On completion of this module you will be able to perform spinal, epidural and caudal anaesthesia safely. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Describe the technique of subarachnoid, epidural and caudal anaesthesia. (developinganaesthesia.com)
Neuraxial anaesthesia or central neural blockade encompasses spinal, epidural and caudal administration of local anaesthetic and opioid medications. (developinganaesthesia.com)
These children are at risk of an inadvertent dural puncture during caudal anaesthesia. (developinganaesthesia.com)

The subcutaneous infiltration of large volumes of dilute anesthetic solution is accomplished using two instruments, a handle and a needle, specifically designed for use with the tumescent technique. (tumescent.org)

Analysis showed similar efficacy for caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal approaches in managing chronic pain and disability from disc herniation. (epain.org)

This elimination half-life after lumbar epidural administration is much longer than the elimination half-life of intravenous administration and is likely explained by the suspension and redistribution of the depot preparation within the epidural fat and the epidural anatomy [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

Dr. Rosenblum reviews an ASRA Newsletter article discussing the technique, relevant anatomy and more for performing Shoulder Articular Branch Radiofrequency ablation for chronic pain. (libsyn.com)
The landmark technique for caudal epidural in children has a high success rate but ultrasound can aid caudal epidural performance by helping identify aberrant anatomy, localising the dural sac, and reducing the rate of dural or intravascular perforation. (wfsahq.org)

Epidural steroid injections may be given purely as steroids, purely anesthetic, or steroids mixed with an anesthetic medication and/or saline. (spine-health.com)
Most regional anesthetic techniques used at this time have been adapted from human medicine. (asra.com)
The tumescent technique uses large columns of a dilute anesthetic solution to produce swelling and firmness of targeted areas. (tumescent.org)
Instruct nurses, residents, interns, students or other staff on topics such as anesthetic techniques, pain management and emergency responses. (whatcareerisrightforme.com)
Several investigators have compared different anesthetic techniques to assess their influence on incidence and severity of emergence delirium. (springeropen.com)

Patients of group B received caudal injectate of 1 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25%, while group BK patients received caudal injectate of 1 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% mixed with ketamine 0.5 mg/kg, and group BD patients received caudal injectate of 1 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% mixed with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg. (springeropen.com)

Caudal lumbar epidural injections are performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space at the sacral canal (Figs. 68-9 and 68-10). (dieutridau.com)

Epidural steroid injections may help relieve pain stemming from conditions such as spinal stenosis , foraminal stenosis , disc herniation , or degenerative disc disease . (spine-health.com)
Comparison of the Efficacy of Caudal, Interlaminar, and Transforaminal Epidural Injections in Managing Lumbar Disc Herniation: Is One Method Superior to the Other? (epain.org)

The most common complications of the anatomic technique for caudal block include: needle misplacement, subarachnoid puncture, and intrathecal or intravascular injections. (wikipedia.org)
As a precaution against the adverse experience sometimes observed following unintentional penetration of the subarachnoid space, a test dose such as 2 to 3 mL of 1.5% lidocaine HCl should be administered at least 5 minutes prior to injecting the total volume required for a lumbar or caudal epidural block. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

Consequently, multiple minimally invasive treatments, including epidural injections, are applied in addition to conservative management. (epain.org)

The cephalad part of the spinal epidural space begins at the level of foramen magnum, where the periosteal and spinal layers of dura fuse together. (medscape.com)
The dura mater is surrounded by the epidural space. (developinganaesthesia.com)

Laterally, the epidural space is formed by the pedicles of the vertebrae and the intravertebral foramen. (medscape.com)

Epidural steroid injections can alleviate pain caused by degenerative disc disease. (spine-health.com)

People who suffer from low back pain often turn to epidural corticosteroid injections for some relief. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Use of epidural corticosteroid injections for these conditions is increasing, despite the fact that numerous studies have questioned their effectiveness for low back pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For their study, the team reviewed 30 trials assessing the short- and long-term effects of epidural corticosteroid injections for individuals with radiculopathy or spinal stenosis, comparing them with a placebo . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Specifically, the researchers looked at how epidural corticosteroid injections impacted patients' pain, function and risk for surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
For spinal stenosis, the researchers found epidural corticosteroid injections offered patients no significant pain relief compared with placebo. (medicalnewstoday.com)
I think that it's important for patients to understand that the benefits of epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy appear small and short-lived. (medicalnewstoday.com)

However, greatest accuracy is obtained by performing caudal blocks using imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy. (wikipedia.org)

Globe rupture and retrobulbar hematomas are known complications of intraoral techniques in these species. (asra.com)

These studies suggest that epidural corticosteroids have systemic pharmacologic effects, and the duration of action can be prolonged in subgroups of patients. (hindawi.com)
Epidural injections do not alter the course of the underlying process but may offer effective pain relief in selected patients. (medscape.com)
Caudal steroid injections should only be used for patients with leg pain of sacral origin or in whom direct access to the lumbar region is impossible. (medscape.com)
First, since nonhuman patients are nonverbal, they cannot communicate their degree of pain or the efficacy of an analgesic technique that has been employed. (asra.com)
The article discusses a study that aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone therapy in combination with caudal epidural steroid in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. (londonspine.com)
Interlaminar epidurals provided improvement in a significantly higher proportion of patients. (epain.org)
Induction techniques for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing non-cardiac procedures are influenced by cardiac functional status and residual lesion burden. (ijrajournal.com)

This review attempts to highlight the recent advances in this ã almost-perfectã technique with respect to indications, procedure, drugs, and strategies to minimize side effects. (bvsalud.org)

The literature on the efficacy of epidural injections has been sporadic. (epain.org)

Different routes or approaches are possible to inject medication into the epidural space. (spine-health.com)

The anterior portion of the epidural space is formed by the posterior longitudinal ligament, which covers the posterior part of the vertebral body and the intravertebral disk. (medscape.com)
Posteriorly, the epidural space is formed by the anterior lateral surface of the vertebral lamina and the ligamentum flavum. (medscape.com)
The ligamentum flavum is used as the key landmark for identification of the epidural space. (medscape.com)
Also note that the epidural space is narrowest in the cervical region, with an anterior/posterior diameter of 2-3 mm. (medscape.com)
Under ultrasound guidance, the first group received 80 mg of triamcinolone hexavalent with 4 mL of Marcaine 0.5% and 6 mL of distilled water to the caudal epidural space. (londonspine.com)

Anesthesia39

Thoracic4

Analgesia5

Injection21

Spine14

Cervical epidural4

Interlaminar epidural1

Local anesthetic6

Interventional pain management1

Ultrasound-guided2

Nerve8

Anaesthesia11

Infiltration1

Transforaminal approaches1

Intravenous1

Anatomy2

Anesthetic5

Bupivacaine1

Sacral canal1

Disc herniation2

Subarachnoid2

Minimally invasive1

Dura2

Foramen1

Degenerative disc di1

Corticosteroid6

Fluoroscopy1

Retrobulbar1

Patients7

Procedure1

Efficacy1

Approaches1

Space5