Taurine inorganic cysteine metabolism. Medical search. Frequent questions

Dietary sulfate in food and water, together with sulfate derived from methionine and cysteine found in dietary protein and the cysteine component of glutathione, provides sulfate for use in PAPS biosynthesis. (nationalacademies.org)
a product of methionine and cysteine metabolism. (sigmaaldrich.id)

cystathionine gamma-lyase , cysteine dioxygenase , and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. (cloudfront.net)
Cysteic acid is converted to taurine by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase . (cloudfront.net)

The phylogenetically oldest and best documented function of taurine is conjugation with bile acids in bile salt synthesis [ 2 , 3 ]. (intechopen.com)
Autistic children appear to lack serum inorganic sulphate ions (10 fold) and have abnormally increased urinary sulphate 10 , sulphite, thiosulphate and taurine excretion 11 , resulting in low sulphotransferase levels 12 and hence, reduced inorganic sulphate conjugate synthesis. (nutrition-matters.co.uk)
4 These chemicals can affect the endocrine and reproductive systems in 4 major ways: by mimicking or antagonizing the effect of endogenous hormones and by disrupting the synthesis and metabolism of endogenous hormones or their receptors. (ndnr.com)
Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. (cloudfront.net)
Arsenic metabolism is affected by tissue and blood levels of zinc, selenium, arginine, choline, methionine, taurine, and quaniacetic acid, all of which affect methyl-group metabolism and polyamine synthesis which is the site of arsenic function in human physiology. (mighty-90.com)

Cysteine is formed from cystathionine via the cystathionine gamma-lyase enzyme, and is either broken down by cysteine lyase or cystathionine gamma-lyase or enters the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway where it is oxidized by cysteine dioxygenase to form cysteine sulfinic acid. (wikipedia.org)

Unlike other approaches for biological H2S production such as dissimilatory sulfate reduction, cysteine degradation can occur in the presence of oxygen. (bvsalud.org)
While significant levels of sulfate are found in foods and various sources of drinking water, the major source of inorganic sulfate for humans is from biodegradation due to body protein turnover of the sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine. (nationalacademies.org)
Clinical Effects of Inadequate Intake Extensive work with laboratory animals has shown that growth is stunted when dietary sulfate is purposely eliminated from both the food and water supply and when sulfur amino acids, particularly cysteine, are provided at levels resulting in deficiency signs. (nationalacademies.org)
A pathway for taurine biosynthesis from serine and sulfate is reported in microalgae , [5] developing chicken embryos , [14] and chick liver . (cloudfront.net)

In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase . (cloudfront.net)

Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine, which in turn is oxidized by hypotaurine dehydrogenase to yield taurine. (wikipedia.org)
Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase . (cloudfront.net)

The sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is abundant in the environment, including in freshwater lakes. (bvsalud.org)
However, the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine, which all cells and life forms rely on, can be a source of ammonia and H2S in the environment. (bvsalud.org)
Yet, little is known about how cysteine degradation influences sulfur availability and cycling in freshwater lakes. (bvsalud.org)
Taking into account (i) the rapid dissociation of potassium sulfite and decomposition of sulfites upon dissolution in environmental solutions, including soil porewater, and respective participation in the natural potassium and sulfur cycle, (ii) ubiquitousness of potassium and inorganic sulfur substances in soil and (iii) essentiality of potassium and sulfur in terrestrial organisms, potassium sulfite is expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation in terrestrial organisms. (europa.eu)
Taurine has been used for the isolation and growth of taurine-utilizing purple non-sulfur bacteria and in phototrophic growth experiments. (sigmaaldrich.id)

Biological cysteine degradation can result in hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic and ecologically relevant compound that is a central player in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic environments. (bvsalud.org)
To understand the genomic and genetic basis for cysteine degradation and H2S production, we further characterized three isolates using whole-genome sequencing (using a combination of short-read and long-read sequencing) and tracked cysteine and H2S levels over their growth ranges: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gammaproteobacteria), S. bentonitica (Gammaproteobacteria), and Chryseobacterium piscium (Bacteroidota). (bvsalud.org)
Cysteine decreased and H2S increased, and all three genomes had genes involved in cysteine degradation. (bvsalud.org)

Peptides containing the cysteine sulfinic acid residue are substrates for cysteine sulfinic acid reductase. (wikipedia.org)
Gut hormones such as gastrin, which stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) and pepsin, to release secretin and other pancreatic enzymes for protein metabolism (peptides to AA), so regulating neuro-endocrine metabolism, satiety, dopamine action, memory and anxiety, are also sulphur dependent. (nutrition-matters.co.uk)

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing compound characterized as an amino acid. (intechopen.com)
The presence of a sulfonic group, as opposed to a carboxyl group in other amino acids, gives taurine a pKa value of 1.5 and it is the most acidic amino acid. (intechopen.com)
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a non-essential amino acid mainly obtained through diet in humans. (jomes.org)
2 , 3 Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid in rodents, an essential amino acid in cats, and a conditionally essential amino acid in humans. (jomes.org)

13 Despite this endogenous production, taurine is mostly obtained through diet. (jomes.org)

Although the genome is a foundation for understanding the metabolism, ecology and evolution of an organism, few bacterioplankton genomes have been sequenced, partly due to difficulties in cultivating them. (biomedcentral.com)
To understand these processes through comprehensive analyses of microbial ecology, evolution and metabolism, sequenced reference genomes of representative native prokaryotes are crucial. (biomedcentral.com)

In particular, he has recognized the importance of glutathione in the metabolism of vitamin B12. (phoenixrising.me)
He also finds that magnesium, taurine, vitamin C, vitamin B6, amino acids and/or glutathione may need to be supplemented to get good results. (phoenixrising.me)

Here, we investigated the ecological significance of cysteine in oxic freshwater, using isolated cultures, controlled experiments, and multiomics. (bvsalud.org)
1 Its significance in human nutrition was realized when taurine level was found to be below the normal range in the plasma and urine of preterm formula-fed infants. (jomes.org)

Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that taurine is involved in conjugation of bile acids and regulation of blood pressure and has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic properties. (jomes.org)

In felines taurine is considered indispensable and dietary deficiency leads to several clinical problems, including retinal degeneration and developmental abnormalities [ 13 ]. (intechopen.com)
Despite the lack of research on the health effects of taurine in animals and humans, it is widely used as a dietary supplement. (jomes.org)
Dietary obtained taurine is delivered to the portal vein and ultimately to the liver and blood. (jomes.org)

Good cat food should include the amino acids Taurine and Arginine, as cats can't synthesize them and need to consume them from animal-based proteins (fresh meat). (thatsmeow.com)

In the laboratory, taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts. (cloudfront.net)

11 Taurine is present in high concentrations in mussels, clams, shellfish, turkey, and dark chicken meat. (jomes.org)
Taurine concentrations in land plants are very low or undetectable, but up to 1,000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae . (cloudfront.net)

In an experiment the longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius muscles were collected from lambs of two genotypes to analyse physico-chemical traits, fatty acid profile, taurine, carnosine, and L-carnitine. (copernicus.org)

After its discovery, taurine was considered non-essential and biologically inert, however a multitude of functions have now been identified. (intechopen.com)

Taurine exists in free form in the cytoplasm in various organs and tissues such as the heart, retina, developing brain, and blood. (jomes.org)
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulphonic acid) is predominantly found in the retina and heart and is also found in the brain, intestine, skeletal muscles and kidneys. (sigmaaldrich.id)

Minerals - Minerals are inorganic substances essential to all animals, just like vitamins, and they support the production of enzymes and the structure of tissues, transport oxygen to cells, regulate the pH balance (acid-base balance), and the careful utilization of nutrients in the body. (thatsmeow.com)
As muscle is converted to meat, the muscle fibers modify their metabolism in order to adapt to the new conditions (absence of oxygen and nutrient supply, lack of residues removing), and as a consequence, many changes occur. (earthwormexpress.com)
The nicotinic acid (niacin) in Picamilon boosts blood flow, enhances cell metabolism and oxygen supply in the brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)

Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n / ), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid , is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. (cloudfront.net)

However, few interventional and epidemiological studies regarding the beneficial impacts of taurine in humans and other animals have been conducted. (jomes.org)
In humans, taurine is mostly obtained through diet. (jomes.org)

Taurine was identified almost two centuries ago and was named after the ox, Bos taurus , since it was first isolated from the bile of ox [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Taurine is named after Latin taurus ( cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros ) meaning bull or ox , as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin . (cloudfront.net)

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), first discovered as a component of ox bile, has recently been recognized as a potential pharmaconutrient due to its various clinically significant effects in non-human animal and human models. (jomes.org)

In another study, taurine intake was estimated to be generally less than 200 mg/day, even in individuals eating a high-meat diet. (cloudfront.net)

Overall, our study shows that diverse isolated bacterial strains can use cysteine and produce H2S under oxic conditions, and we show evidence using metagenomic data that this process may occur more broadly in natural freshwater lakes. (bvsalud.org)

It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine. (cqconcepts.com)

5 , 6 Taurine is involved in a number of metabolic processes, including osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, modulation of cellular calcium level, and detoxification. (jomes.org)
however, taurine is retained during baking or frying processes, which are associated with minimal water loss. (jomes.org)

Inorganic sulphate can be obtained from sulphate-rich foods (dried fruits) that are readily absorbed, and may help to restore the gut barrier to prevent free entry of potentially toxic compounds and neuroexcitatory amines. (nutrition-matters.co.uk)

An osmoregulatory role of taurine has also been established, playing a pivotal role in Central nervous system (CNS) cell volume regulation [ 10 - 12 ]. (intechopen.com)

Taurine in the human body is synthesized endogenously from cysteine and methionine in the liver. (jomes.org)

Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat. (cloudfront.net)

The effects of taurine on blood lipid profiles have been investigated in animal studies. (jomes.org)

The available energy is gradually depleted and the metabolism displaces from aerobic to anaerobic, less efficient in energy [adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] generation, favoring lactic acid production. (earthwormexpress.com)
La glyco-enzymologie au travers de laquelle l'équipe cherche à identifier, à caractériser et à modifier les propriétés d'enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme des sucres (glycosides hydrolases, sulfatases) pour les utiliser en tant qu'outils synthétiques pour la production de molécules à haute valeur ajoutée. (univ-nantes.fr)

14 Taurine is taken up by cells via taurine transporters that are highly sensitive to intracellular taurine concentration. (jomes.org)

In 1993, about 5,000-6,000 tonnes of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. (cloudfront.net)

We screened bacterial isolates enriched from natural lake water for their ability to produce H2S when provided cysteine. (bvsalud.org)

According to a third study, taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg/day. (cloudfront.net)

Because the dark ocean comprises about 75% of the global ocean's volume and contains 98% of the global dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool [ 4 ], microbes that fix inorganic carbon are critical components for deep-sea carbon cycling. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review the evidence from animal and human studies showing that taurine protects against dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. (jomes.org)

Anatomy1

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes11

Information Science3

Methionine and cysteine2

Sulfinic acid decarboxylase2

Synthesis5

Cystathionine gamma1

Sulfate4

Dioxygenase1

Hypotaurine dehydrogenase2

Sulfur5

Degradation3

Peptides2

Amino acid4

Endogenous1

Genomes2

Glutathione2

Significance2

Conjugation1

Dietary3

Proteins1

Ammonia1

Concentrations2

Fatty1

Biologically1

Retina2

Oxygen3

Tissues1

Humans2

Taurus2

Bile1

Intake1

Occur1

Found1

Processes2

Toxic1

Regulation1

Human body1

Meat1

Investigated in animal1

Production2

Cells1

Food1

Water1

Study1

Volume1

Review1