Target cell lysis. Medical search. Frequent questions

This may lead to cell lysis. (neb.com)
This can lead to cell lysis, which is a lethal event. (lu.se)

A novel fluorescent sensitive assay for detection of differential T cell mediated lysis of multiple adherent target cells. (ox.ac.uk)
We have developed a novel, rapid and sensitive fluorescent dye-swap assay that allows efficient detection of adherent target cell lysis. (ox.ac.uk)
The assay allows simultaneous use of multiple differentially sensitised targets and facilitates concomitant surface or intracellular effector cell phenotypic analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, having an assay in which the user can easily integrate any number of different effector cells, target cells, and/or response modifiers into the experimental design can serve as a valuable means of quickly assessing the cytotoxic capacity of effector cells and/or the responsiveness of the target cell. (jove.com)
Thus, one necessity of the assay is to label the target cells in a manner that can easily be detected and quantitated, allowing the user to then determine the 'percent specific lysis' mediated by the effector cells. (jove.com)
The short labeling and total assay times reduces the potential for significant changes in the number and/or phenotype of the target cells, which could influence the outcome of the assay. (jove.com)
As with any assay examining the function of immune cells in vitro , there are a number of important considerations to consider improving the performance of the experiment. (jove.com)
The target of kaempferol was determined using a luciferase reporter assay. (spandidos-publications.com)
The most widely used assay is to pre-load cells with radio-labeled chromium. (bmglabtech.com)
In this assay, target cells are loaded with fluorescence enhancing ligand, BATDA, which penetrates the cell membrane quickly and is hydrolyzed to form a hydrophilic ligand (TDA) that is released from cells only after cytolysis (Figure 1). (bmglabtech.com)
The cell mediated cytotoxicity assay was carried out following the manufacturer's protocol with a few modifications. (bmglabtech.com)
The company has developed a calorimetry-based assay system that can monitor the total metabolic activity by measuring the heat flow in and out of a cell culture well in real time, down to the microwatt level. (genengnews.com)
SymCel's calPlate assay is independent of cell type and media conditions. (genengnews.com)
Cultures are subjected to a standard 2D viability assay to determine the health of the cells two days after treatment with the test compound. (genengnews.com)
Preliminary MTS assay is used to determine linear range and optimal time frame for the PBMC/cancer cell co-culture killing assay. (helsinki.fi)
C1QBP knockdown and overexpression cells were established via lentiviral infection and subjected to apoptosis and ROS assay in vitro . (medsci.org)

The spike kills the target cell by releasing other proteins that dissolve cell membranes in a process called lysis. (livescience.com)
First, it is injected directly into tumors where it replicates inside the tumor's cells causing the cell to rupture and die in a process called lysis. (amgen.com)

The proinflammatory T cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17, which affect keratinocytes and other leukocytes that forms an amplified immune response. (nature.com)
Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. (frontiersin.org)
In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. (frontiersin.org)
In vivo development and survival of NK cells require cytokines ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this context, cytokines have been shown to activate NK cells potently during ex vivo expansion ( 9 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
This association of phenotype and function is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, notably interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)
Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
NKT cells are innate-like T cells that quickly respond to antigenic stimulation and rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines. (msdmanuals.com)
Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)

For example, lysis is used in western and Southern blotting to analyze the composition of specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids individually or as complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical lysis chemically deteriorates/solubilizes the proteins and lipids present within the membrane of targeted cells. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
These humoral immune responses target external viral coat proteins that are conserved for a given strain. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
Through this system, a bacterium creates a kind of spike made of proteins, which spears out to strike neighboring cells. (livescience.com)
Radioactivity - especially, chromium 51 ( 51 Cr) in the form of Na 2 51 CrO 4 - is an inexpensive way to rapidly and nonspecifically label cellular proteins within the target cells (1). (jove.com)
Upon the loss of membrane integrity of the target cells as a result of the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells, the 51 Cr-labelled cellular proteins within the target cells are released into the culture supernatant, becoming available for quantitation. (jove.com)
During cell lysis and purification, target proteins are at risk of being cleaved by proteases, which are naturally present in cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
E. coli B strains are 'naturally' deficient in the Lon protease which in K-12 strains serves to degrade misfolded proteins and to prevent some cell cycle-specific proteins from accumulating. (neb.com)
Cells deficient in both these proteases are much more amenable to the production of proteins from cloned genes. (neb.com)
A particular challenge is the synthesis of oligosaccharyltransferases (OSTs), which catalyze the attachment of glycans to specific amino acid residues in target proteins. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of cell-free synthesized OSTs to glycosylate multiple target proteins with varying N -glycosylation acceptor sequons. (biorxiv.org)
These antigens may be cell surface proteins or may be intracellular proteins (eg, TAAs) that are expressed on the surface in combination with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)

Thereby it induces specific lysis of established myeloid (MOLM13, THP-1) and B-lymphoid cell lines (BV173, SEM, Raji, ARH77) as well as of primary patient cells. (cipsm.de)

Does NEBExpress® E. coli Lysis Reagent lyse gram-negative bacterial cells? (neb.com)
For flow cytometric staining, the suggested use of this reagent is 5 µl per million cells in 100 µl staining volume or 5 µl per 100 µl of whole blood. (biolegend.com)
Assaying apoptosis in mixed cell populations usually requires the cells of interest to be pre-loaded with a reagent, and the loss of membrane integrity that occurs during cell death results in the reagent being released. (bmglabtech.com)
It is strongly recommended that when using a reagent for the first time, users compare the spillover on cells and BD® CompBeads to ensure that BD® CompBeads are appropriate for your specific cellular application. (bdbiosciences.com)
The CD4 cell counts were obtained by using the Becton Dickinson MultiTEST reagent in TrueCOUNT tubes (Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA). Comparison of this method with CD4 counts calculated from CBC absolute lymph counts from fresh whole blood X CD4% from the frozen whole blood resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.9872. (cdc.gov)

When using high concentrations of antibody, background binding of this dye to erythroid fragments produced by ammonium chloride-based lysis, such as with BD Pharm Lyse™ Lysing Buffer (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
The patient was advised not to cell lysis buffer. (who.int)

Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. (wikipedia.org)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B lymphocytes is near universal in humans and stimulates high levels of EBV-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells, which persist indefinitely. (nih.gov)
Perforin is one of the major effector molecules used by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells to mediate targeted cell lysis. (biolegend.com)
These therapeutic methods, including but not limited to oncolytic virus therapies, T-cell therapies and cancer vaccines, are based on the body's ability to recognize mutated antigen peptides presented on the cell surface by MCH-receptors (also known as HLA-receptors in humans) and the disposal of the malignant cells by cytotoxic T-cells. (helsinki.fi)

Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly promote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)

Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
In contrast, suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response against tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
Evidence suggests that class I MHC molecules on the surface of normal cells inhibit NK cells and prevent lysis. (msdmanuals.com)

Primary T cells expressing chimeric receptors specific for tumor or viral antigens have considerable therapeutic potential. (nih.gov)
They recognize EBV-infected targets through their conventional T-cell receptor and tumor targets through their chimeric receptors. (nih.gov)
EBV-specific T cells expressing chimeric antitumor receptors may represent a new source of effector cells that would persist and function long-term after their transfer to cancer patients. (nih.gov)
They can be activated rapidly via germ-line encoded receptors that recognize the presence of stress ligands or absence of self-antigens on target cells ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
Estrogens are steroid hormones that act via estrogen receptors to exert both intranuclear and extranuclear effects in human cells. (bmglabtech.com)
In contrast to CTLs, NK cells lack receptors for antigen detection but can still recognize normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)

The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
One of the main functions of the cells of the immune system is to remove target cells that have been infected with viruses or have undergone transformation into a tumor cell. (jove.com)
Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. (frontiersin.org)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
Viruses are simple lifeless entities that cannot reproduce on their own and therefore depend on host cells to provide them with the necessary life support mechanisms. (lu.se)

The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)

Flow cytometric analysis of COS-7 cells using DNMT1 (D63A6) XP ® Rabbit mAb (PE Conjugate) (solid line) compared to concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control (PE Conjugate) #5742 (dashed line). (cellsignal.com)
No. 555899), has been observed when the antibody conjugate was present during the lysis procedure. (bdbiosciences.com)

Selective compounds have been developed that target either the extracellular ligand-binding region of the EGFR (including a number of monoclonal antibodies [MAbs], immunotoxins, and ligand-binding cytotoxic agents) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase region (including various small-molecule inhibitors). (medscape.com)
Cancer cells exploit a variety of protective mechanisms that allow them to acquire selective advantage and proliferate under unfavorable conditions. (aging-us.com)
This can provide Ras-expressing tumor cells additional selective advantages under stress or damage. (aging-us.com)

Lysis (/ˈlaɪsɪs/ LY-sis) is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" /ˈlɪtɪk/ LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. (wikipedia.org)
Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia, which rapidly pump water out of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
Both organisms also induced lysogenic mechanisms related to prophage induction ( S. aureus ) and R- and F- pyocin synthesis ( P. aeruginosa ), possibly as a response to stress resulting from nutrient limitation or cell damage. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the mechanisms of high basal autophagy activity in cancer Ras-expressing cells might be associated with high PP2A phosphatase activity targeting directly ULK1-Ser757 that could explain apparent contradiction: maintenance of high mTORC1 functions and high autophagic activity simultaneously [ 22 ]. (aging-us.com)
They are less effective than T-cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)

In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Lysis is also used for protein purification, DNA extraction, and RNA extraction. (wikipedia.org)
Perforin is a 70 kD cytolytic protein that is expressed in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. (biolegend.com)
They found that the gene that codes for a protein called poliovirus receptor-like 4 (PVRL4) allows attachment-free cell growth and also makes cells cluster together once detached from the matrix. (elifesciences.org)
also showed that interactions between the PVRL4 in one cell and a related protein called PVRL1 in a neighboring cell were responsible for holding the cells together in clusters. (elifesciences.org)
Thus DE3 strains may exhibit uninduced target protein expression. (neb.com)
Here, we address this challenge by establishing a bacterial cell-free protein synthesis platform that enables rapid production of a variety of OSTs in their active conformations. (biorxiv.org)
Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the successful isolation of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA and three distinct sgRNAs (N, S, and ORF8) from a single population of infected cells and characterize their protein interactomes. (bvsalud.org)
Over 500 protein interactors (including 260 previously unknown) were identified as associated with one or more target RNA at either of two time points. (bvsalud.org)
Elevated programmed cell death-1 protein/ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) and variants are associated with susceptibility to multiple myeloma: a case-control study in the Chinese cohort. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)

In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off of the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. (wikipedia.org)
These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop the contraction of the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
For example, if only the cell membrane is lysed then gradient centrifugation can be used to collect certain organelles. (wikipedia.org)
This method uses physical penetration to pierce or cut a cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
This method uses enzymes such as lysozyme or proteases to disintegrate the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
BATDA will pass the cell membrane of the target cells. (bmglabtech.com)
Artificially colored electron micrographs of HSV-1 at the cell membrane (a), in transport to the nucleus (b), and bound at a nuclear pore complex (NPC) embedded within the nuclear envelope (c). (lu.se)

Survivin Dendritic Cell Vaccine Safely Induces Immune Responses and Is Associated with Durable Disease Control after Autologous Transplant in Patients with Myeloma. (cdc.gov)

Modulation of the recognition and lysis of el4 tumor target cells by cytotoxic t lymphocytes. (jax.org)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were determined as the cellular effectors of GVHD, and the key role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T-lymphocyte activation was established during the following years [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Immunosurveillance results primarily from apoptosis of neoplastic cells induced by natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (bmglabtech.com)
One common example of cell death in a mixed cell population occurs in the process termed immunosurveillance in which cells of the immune system, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells, induce apoptosis of target cells. (bmglabtech.com)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens on target cells and lyse these cells. (msdmanuals.com)
HIV infection is characterized by a decrease and, eventually, a depletion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (helper T cells). (cdc.gov)
Using immunophenotyping, HIV-positive blood samples and age-matched controls were tested for the proportion of lymphocytes that are T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+ T cells (helper T cells), and CD8+ T cells (suppressor/inducer T cells). (cdc.gov)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)

Targeted molecular therapy against EGFR has shown promise as an adjuvant therapy in preliminary studies in several solid tumors, including head and neck cancer. (medscape.com)
Effective immunotherapy of stromal-rich tumors requires simultaneous targeting of cancer cells and immunosuppressive elements of the microenvironment. (aacrjournals.org)
Treatment of syngeneic tumors resulted in CD8 and PD-L1-dependent tumor rejection or growth inhibition and a reduction in myeloid cells endogenously expressing high levels of PD-L1. (elifesciences.org)
Furthermore, growth of orthotopically implanted tumors in vivo is inhibited by blocking PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment with monoclonal antibodies, demonstrating a novel strategy for targeted therapy of cancer. (elifesciences.org)
It is estimated that up to 90% of cancers in humans originate in epithelial tissue, and the cells within such tumors are known to survive and divide even when they are no longer attached to the extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)
Normally, the PVRL4 gene is not active in breast epithelial cells, but its activity is detected in many breast, lung, and ovarian tumors. (elifesciences.org)
This behavior is particularly evident in the cells that divide aggressively to form tumors that subsequently migrate and colonize other tissues around the body. (elifesciences.org)
used genetic techniques to silence PVRL4 in cells from breast tumors, they found that it reduced the formation of clusters by the cancer cells and also reduced their ability to grow in the absence of attachment. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, autophagy is currently considered as a promising target for anticancer therapy that can also be successful in mutant Ras-expressing tumors characterized by chemotherapy resistance due to the protective autophagy. (aging-us.com)
Talimogene laherparepvec is an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy designed to selectively replicate in tumors (but not normal tissue) and to initiate an immune response to target cancer cells that have metastasized. (amgen.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) group of glycoproteins on the surface of human antigen-presenting cells. (msdmanuals.com)

There are few studies that have investigated T cell mediated lysis of adherent cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Three-dimensional cultures, adherent or suspension cells, bacteria, yeast, and even small parasites such as malaria can be queried. (genengnews.com)

The present study aimed to examine the effect of kaempferol on high glucose‑induced human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) in vitro. (spandidos-publications.com)

PD-L1 CAR haNKs reduced levels of macrophages and other myeloid cells endogenously expressing high PD-L1 in peripheral blood from patients with head and neck cancer. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, addressing the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the periphery and tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer is likely to be required for effective NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
The combination of B lymphoid marker CD19 and myeloid marker CD33 is exclusively present on biphenotypic B/myeloid leukemia cells. (cipsm.de)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease with diverse genetic features of the leukemic cells and with variable outcome. (cancercentrum.se)

Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.com)
Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable. (cellsignal.com)
some cells require the presence of humoral antibodies directed against the tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) to initiate the interactions that lead to the death of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
2 Psoriasis is a disease with innate and adaptive immune system disorder and dendritic cells, neutrophils, keratinocytes and T cells play major roles in the pathogenesis. (nature.com)
New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient's immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
With their ability to detect and directly destroy virally infected or malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells form an important part of the first line defense of the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
Even though the idea of an immune system actively searching for and disposing of potential mutated tumor cells is over a century old, only recent developments in various fields such as mass spectrometry, immuno-checkpoint blockade strategies and in silico modelling have enabled the realization of the full potential of recruiting immune system to fight cancer and the possibilities of personalized therapies. (helsinki.fi)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)

IFNg or TNF), or cytotoxic granules (i.e., perforin/granzyme B) expressed by effector cells are some ways in which target cell death can be induced. (jove.com)
Effector cells recognize their target cells as foreign and the cytolysis process is initiated. (bmglabtech.com)
Despite the activity of effector cells, host immunoreactivity may fail to control tumor occurrence and growth. (msdmanuals.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are another population of effector cells with anti-cancer activity. (msdmanuals.com)

When genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to infection, stress or trauma, cutaneous dendritic cells are activated to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-23, which subsequently stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of proinflammatory T cells. (nature.com)

During the new blood vessel formation process, capillaries are formed when endothelial cells are stimulated to migrate, proliferate and invade the surrounding tissues ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
When the regulatory balance is adversely affected, dysfunction of endothelial cells may occur. (spandidos-publications.com)
Among the angiogenic mediators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to be the main stimulating factor, which acts via promoting the migration and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, and thereby stimulates the generation of new blood vessels ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
A study has demonstrated that activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α)/ERRα pathway increases VEGF expression and angiogenesis in endothelial cells, which suggests that ERRα may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
PDF) Kraan J, van den Broek P, Verhoef C, Grunhagen DJ, Taal W, Gratama JW, Sleijfer SEndothelial CD276 (B7-H3) expression is increased in human malignancies and distinguishes between normal and tumour-derived circulating endothelial cells. (researchgate.net)
Background: Mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are surrogate markers of endothelial damage. (researchgate.net)
Results: No difference in antigen expression between normal and malignant endothelial cells (ECs) was found for CD54, CD109, CD137, CD141, CD144 and CXCR7. (researchgate.net)
Mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are surrogate markers of endothelial damage. (researchgate.net)
We present a rate equation model for the TGF-b pathway in endothelial cells together with novel measurements. (lu.se)
endothelial cells. (lu.se)

[ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)
Go to Imaging of Nasopharyngeal and Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
However, whether PKM2 can promote head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression and immunosuppression remains unknown. (researchsquare.com)

Simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in cancer immunotherapy is presumed to enhance tumor cell selectivity and to reduce immune escape. (cipsm.de)
This master thesis is a part of a project aiming to set up immunoaffinity-purification/MS based method in order to analyse the ligandome and determine T-cell recognized cancer associated antigens from tumor cells. (helsinki.fi)
The rupture of the cancer cells can release tumor-derived antigens, along with GM-CSF, that can stimulate a system-wide immune response where white blood cells are able to seek out and target cancer that has spread throughout the body. (amgen.com)
Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

Modulation of the recognition and lysis of el4 tumor target cells by c" by P J. Gilmer, S D. Figard et al. (jax.org)
Especially in drug discovery, most such assays have been geared toward a particular reaction-whether it is recognition of a cell surface marker, triggering endocytosis, or exciting or inhibiting a phosphorylation cascade. (genengnews.com)
The T cell is the primary cell responsible for direct recognition and killing of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The interactomes indicated viral associations with cell response pathways including regulation of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules and posttranscriptional gene silencing. (bvsalud.org)

Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are generally chemotherapy resistant and have a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)

We now report that EBV-specific (but not primary) T cells transduced with tumor-specific chimeric receptor genes can be expanded and maintained long-term in the presence of EBV-infected B cells. (nih.gov)
Under certain circumstances, macrophages may present TAAs to T cells and stimulate tumor-specific immune response. (msdmanuals.com)

In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. (frontiersin.org)

Understanding how cancerous cells gain this ability may lead to new approaches to stopping tumor cells from dividing and colonizing tissues around the body. (elifesciences.org)
Moreover, cancerous cells tend to cluster together when they are detached from the extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)
One relatively new approach is to use oncolytic adenoviruses, which selectively infect and kill cancerous cells leaving healthy cells unharmed. (helsinki.fi)

Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.com)

Triplebody 33-3-19 binds specifically to both of these TAAs and activates T cells as immune effectors. (cipsm.de)

In silico methods were successfully used to characterize previously identified HLA-restricted peptides and one previously identified immunogenic T-cell epitope. (helsinki.fi)

Flow cytometry and data analysis were performed using a BD FACSymphony™ A5 Cell Analyzer System and FlowJo™ software. (bdbiosciences.com)
Finally, we provide protocols for analyzing these cells through flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. (lu.se)

Vaccine approaches against respiratory virus infections such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions or blocking the virus's entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. (frontiersin.org)
To infect, the viral genome must enter the cell, where it hijacks the host cell's machinery and synthesizes multiple copies of virions. (lu.se)
Alternatively, following viral DNA release into a cell, cell-virus interaction leads to a dormant (so-called latent) state for a virus where its genome remains in the cell without replication which can later reactive and result in cell lysis. (lu.se)
This pressure is capable of powering ejection of the entire viral genome into a host cell nucleus, leading to infection. (lu.se)

Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (msdmanuals.com)

Find or custom design the right target-specific assays and panels to research your biological targets of interest. (qiagen.com)
In vitro assays for measuring the cytotoxic capacity of immune cells have been a staple in laboratories for many years. (jove.com)
These assays have been used to determine the ability of T cells, NK cells, or any other immune cell to kill target cells in an antigen-specific or -nonspecific manner. (jove.com)
These in vitro assays involve the mixing of different cell populations, as well as using a relatively low number of both effector and target cells. (jove.com)
In addition, HREC proliferation, migration and cell sprouting were determined using Cell Counting kit‑8, wound scratch and tube formation assays, respectively. (spandidos-publications.com)
Several assays are available to monitor apoptosis and other forms of cell death. (bmglabtech.com)
These and other assays are extremely good in evaluating apoptosis in a homogenous cell population, but are less useful when evaluating apoptosis in only one type of cell when a mixture of cells is present. (bmglabtech.com)
Scientists have been working with very specific assays for very specific targets for years, explained Magnus Jansson, Ph.D., CSO of SymCel Sverige. (genengnews.com)
He said there was a huge interest in label-free assays among the participants of the recent SMi Conference on "Cell Based Assays" in London, where he discussed SymCel's pending entry into the field. (genengnews.com)
Because the assays require no labels they are noninvasive and nondestructive to the cells, inexpensive, simple, and quick to set up and use. (genengnews.com)
SymCel calScreener sample vials in close up: calScreener offers calorimetry-based cell assays in a microtiter plate format. (genengnews.com)

This mechanism preserves the single-cell layer pattern throughout the body and prevents epithelial cells from growing in inappropriate locations. (elifesciences.org)
The mechanism by which NK cells discriminate between normal and abnormal cells is under study. (msdmanuals.com)

Finally, data analysis is dependent on the inclusion of positive and negative control target cell populations. (jove.com)
Many existing protocols for neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent cells result in heterogeneous cell populations and unsynchronized differentiation, necessitating the development of methods for labeling specific cell populations. (lu.se)
Here we describe how microRNA-regulated lentiviral vectors can be used to visualize specific cell populations by exploiting endogenous microRNA expression patterns. (lu.se)
However, current protocols for deriving neurons from human pluripotent stem cells give rise to heterogeneous cell populations both in regard to the temporal aspects and the cellular composition. (lu.se)
To track differentiating cell populations, reporter cell lines generated by homologous recombination (knock-in) or via BAC transgenes have been widely used in mouse cells (5-8 ). (lu.se)

They occur in two forms: one that is attached to a B cell , and the other, a soluble form, that is unattached and found in extracellular fluids such as blood plasma . (wikipedia.org)
During all stages of tumor progression, cancer cells are subjected to inappropriate extracellular matrix environments and must undergo adaptive changes in order to evade growth constraints associated with the loss of matrix attachment. (elifesciences.org)
A single-cell layer of epithelium is separated from the tissues beneath it by a supporting substance called the extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)
explored which genes enable epithelial cells from the human mammary gland to grow without being attached to the extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)
Moreover, PVRL4 triggers a form of signaling between the cells called integrin β4 signaling that allows them to survive without being anchored to the extracellular matrix. (elifesciences.org)
In order to overcome these limitations, this study explored the possibility to use cancer cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as drug delivery system for oncolytic adenovirus. (helsinki.fi)
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays an important role in cancer cells survival upon various conditions of intra- and extracellular stress. (aging-us.com)

We provide detailed protocols for lentiviral transduction, neural differentiation, and subsequent analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (lu.se)

Lactate production and the expression of galectin-9, a critical immunosuppression molecule, were detected after PKM2 knockdown and overexpression in HNSCC cells. (researchsquare.com)

The automated single-cell isolation and preparation system isolates, lyses, and preamplifies nucleic acid from single cells. (genomeweb.com)

A complete blood cell count (CBC) with differential should be obtained, including examination of the peripheral blood smear if the differential is abnormal. (medscape.com)
Functionally distinct T-cell subsets are broadly identified according to their differential expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. (cdc.gov)

A gain of function screen for genes that enable proliferation independently of matrix anchorage identified a cell adhesion molecule PVRL4 (poliovirus-receptor-like 4), also known as Nectin-4. (elifesciences.org)

However, the role of C1QBP in metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells have not yet been explored. (medsci.org)
C1QBP promotes the catabolism of hypoxanthine and elevates the apoptosis of RCC cells by modulating XDH-mediated ROS generation. (medsci.org)

The OmpT protease resides at the surface of wild type E. coli in both K-12 and B strains, presumably helping the cells to derive amino acids from their external environment. (neb.com)

While polyclonal antibodies are secreted by many different B cell clones and recognize multiple antigenic epitopes, monoclonals originate from a single B cell clone and are specific for just one epitope. (cellsignal.com)

3. Collecting cell culture material for the ligandome affinity purification. (helsinki.fi)

The lack of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches for T cell malignancies results in part from potential risks associated with targeting broadly expressed T cell markers, namely T cell depletion and clinically significant immune compromise. (mdpi.com)
His research has involved both translational research and clinical trials including the role of B cell depletion and mesenchymal stem cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. (rochester.edu)

Unfortunately, their clinical value is limited by their rapid loss of function and failure to expand in vivo, presumably due to the lack of costimulator molecules on tumor cells and the inherent limitations of signaling exclusively through the chimeric receptor. (nih.gov)
Here, we demonstrate that NK cells (haNKs) engineered to express a PD-L1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) haNKs killed a panel of human and murine head and neck cancer cells at low effector-to-target ratios in a PD-L1-dependent fashion. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we describe the pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo study of irradiated haNK cells engineered to express a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). (elifesciences.org)
205. Prior chimeric antigen receptor therapy or other genetically modified T cell therapy 206. (who.int)

Part of this funding has been used to support research on mesenchymal stem cells in SLE. (rochester.edu)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties. (nature.com)

[ 3 ] In an attempt to improve outcomes in HNSCC, most research in the field is now focusing on the molecular biology of HNSCC in an attempt to target select pathways involved in carcinogenesis. (medscape.com)
As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)

After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
When a microRNA is present in the cell, it binds to the target sites and downregulates GFP expression, while in cells that do not express the microRNA GFP, it is expressed. (lu.se)

The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)

Another significant contribution was the description of the effects of latent CMV on T cell subsets and the importance of taking this into account when studying aging, rheumatoid arthritis and HIV. (rochester.edu)
CD4+ T-cells and other lymphocyte subsets in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)

The HER (erbB) family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases is one of the cytostatic targets in tumor cell growth and survival. (medscape.com)
This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
Another challenge is the cell entry of oncolytic adenovirus, which is mainly mediated by the Coxsackie-Adenovirus receptor and this receptor is downregulated in various cancer cells. (helsinki.fi)
T-cell numbers were derived from three measurements deter- attributable to the decrease in the number of T cells that bear mined with two different instruments, a hematology analyzer the CD4 receptor ( 5-9 ). (cdc.gov)

Lysis in the laboratory may be affected by enzymes or detergents or other chaotropic agents. (wikipedia.org)
The South San Francisco, Calif.-based biochip company last week reported a 33-percent spike in first quarter revenues, driven by sales of its C1 Single-Cell AutoPrep System, as well as increased demand for its integrated fluidic circuit chips from its agricultural and clinical laboratory clients. (genomeweb.com)

The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Ideal targets should be both specific to cancer cells and commonly found in cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Targeted molecular therapy can also act as a complement to other existing cancer therapies. (medscape.com)
The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
It was shown that in breast cancer cells, increasing concentration of estrogens induce increasing levels of granzyme B inhibitor and SerpinB9/Proteinase Inhibitor 9 (PI-9), while progressively blocking cell death induced by NK92 natural killer cells. (bmglabtech.com)
Target cells (MCF-7, human breast cancer cells) were incubated at 106 cells/mL in phenolred free MEM plus 5% CD-calf serum with BATDA for 10 min at room temperature, followed by 4 washes. (bmglabtech.com)
We demonstrate that the transformation of breast cancer cells is dependent on PVRL4. (elifesciences.org)
Despite a large number of promising inhibitors for Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, recent works show that cancer cells often develop an autophagy-dependent resistance to inhibitors of Ras pathway [ 16 ]. (aging-us.com)
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for providing the pigment to skin. (amgen.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms21

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes61

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Lead to cell lysis2

Assay16

Process called lysis2

Cytokines11

Proteins16

Specific lysis1

Reagent5

Buffer2

Bacterial cells1

Cytotoxic T cel3

Either directly or indirectly1

Inhibit3

Receptors10

Viruses6

Cytokine1

Conjugate2

Selective3

Mechanisms7

Protein12

Membrane7

Induces1

Lymphocytes9

Tumors10

Antigen-prese2

Adherent2

Retinal1

Myeloid4

Antibody5

Immune system8

Effector cells4

Dendritic cells1

Endothelial cells10

Neck Squamous Cell Carc3

Antigens5

Recognition3

Granules1

Poor prognosis1

Tumor-specific2

Malignant cells1

Cancerous cells3

Monoclonal antibodies2

Effectors1

Peptides1

Flow Cytometry2

Viral5

Microenvironment1

Assays11

Mechanism2

Populations5

Extracellular7

Subsequent1

Knockdown and overexpression1

Isolation1

Differential2

Molecule1

Apoptosis2

Coli1

Recognize1

Purification1

Depletion2

Chimeric4

Mesenchymal stem2

Biology2

Binds2

Innate1

Subsets2

Receptor4

Laboratory2

Cancer9