Risperidone upregulates fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression in hepatocyte cultures and mouse liver by targeting the hepatic SREBP-1c/FASN couple, which is also one of the mechanisms by which risperidone induces weight gain ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
Signaling pathway1
Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis showed that risperidone influences the adipocytokine signaling pathway by targeting MAPK14 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. (frontiersin.org)
Synthesis8
Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To be available for TAG synthesis, carbons from sucrose must first be converted to pyruvate through cytosolic or plastidic glycolytic pathways and at some point be imported into the plastid to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) which feeds fatty acid (FA) synthesis with carbon backbones. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a starting compound in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a cofactor for many enzyme processes. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids can be employed in energy generation but as their main function is to form the building blocks of proteins catabolising them in energy production disrupts protein synthesis and therefore tends to be used only as a last resort. (histocutup.co.uk)
Our research involves a combination of molecular biology, protein biochemistry, organic synthesis and structural studies and provides a strong training for students interested in understanding the organic chemistry of living systems and in pursuing careers in biotechnology, drug design or academia. (tamu.edu)
Ammonia is a product of the metabolism of proteins and other compounds, and it is required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. (medscape.com)
Highly conserved2
We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (smpdb.ca)
Mitochondria3
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of human placental mitochondria and protein identification by mass spectrometry: toward a human mitochondrial proteome. (nature.com)
Integrated analysis of protein composition, tissue diversity, and gene regulation in mouse mitochondria. (nature.com)
This may explain why a few mitochondrial proteins are still encoded on special mitochondria DNA which is located in the mitochondria and has its own intramitochondrial ribosomes (the majority of mitochondrial proteins are nevertheless encoded in nuclear DNA). (histocutup.co.uk)
Metabolic2
The NADH and NADPH derived from various metabolic reactions in the mitochondrial matrix interact with the proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and result in hydrogen ions (protons) being pumped out of the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. (histocutup.co.uk)
Various metabolic pathways can feed into the citric acid cycle provided that they generate acetyl CoA. (histocutup.co.uk)
Biosynthesis1
This is the committed step in CoA biosynthesis and requires ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Molecules3
In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). (hmdb.ca)
Although lipids are a distinct class of biomolecules, we shall see that they often occur combined, either covalently or through weak bonds, with members of other classes of bio-molecules to yield hybrid molecules such as glycolipids , which contain both carbohydrate and lipid groups, "and lipoproteins , which contain both lipids and proteins. (medmuv.com)
The basic skeleton of pinosylvin is composed of a B ring from a trans -cinnamoyl coenzyme A ( trans -cinnamoyl-CoA) and an A ring formed by the cyclization of three malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolism2
[13] CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-ketoglutarate to be transformed to succinyl-CoA in the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Thiamin pyrophosphate plays a key role in the stabilization of the acyl carbanion synthon in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. (tamu.edu)
Ligase1
The expression of Ptr4CL4 drastically improved the production of pinosylvin (42.5 ± 1.1 mg/L), achieving values 15.7-fold higher than that of Ptr4CL5 (another 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase from Populus trichocarpa ) in the absence of cerulenin. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbon1
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA contains two carbon atoms. (histocutup.co.uk)
protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
GapMind searches the predicted proteins for candidates by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) to find similarities to characterized proteins or by using HMMer to find similarities to enzyme models (usually from TIGRFams ). (lbl.gov)
Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam ). (lbl.gov)
A cysteine is added to 4′-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). (wikipedia.org)
Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase . (wikipedia.org)
This pathway is suppressed by end-product inhibition , meaning that CoA is a competitive inhibitor of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step. (wikipedia.org)
The re-entry of the protons occurs through the enzyme ATP synthetase. (histocutup.co.uk)
This enzyme is also part of the citric acid cycle and uses the electron carrier flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH). (histocutup.co.uk)
Although direct identification of abnormal protein structure still was not possible, such defects could be inferred, indirectly, by demonstrating alterations in the kinetic properties of patients' enzymes (ie, rates of reaction as concentrations of cofactor or substrate were varied) or in the rate at which heating the enzyme altered its catalytic properties. (medscape.com)
Such changes allowed a strong inference of a change in the structure of the enzyme-protein. (medscape.com)
Coenzyme2
[6] All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA)-essential for metabolizing fatty acid-and to synthesize and metabolize proteins , carbohydrates , and fats . (wikipedia.org)
These include cytochromes, which are haem-containing proteins that use iron to carry electrons and coenzyme Q, which can transport both electrons and protons. (histocutup.co.uk)
Transporter1
This process is governed by the ER acetylation machinery: the cytosol:ER-lumen acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 (also known as SLC33A1), and the ER-resident lysine acetyltransferases ATase1 and ATase2 (also known as NAT8B and NAT8, respectively). (biologists.com)
Pathways1
There are many possible applications for these genes: you could try to recreate essential gene pathways in-vitro, or purify the proteins for functional studies, or create a synthetic MoClo-compatible Bacillus subtilis genome using these genes and the sgRNAs available from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center. (freegenes.org)
Acetate1
Converts acetate to acetyl-CoA so that it can be used for oxidation through the tricarboxylic cycle to produce ATP and CO(2). (smpdb.ca)
TRNA1
tRNA synthetase class II core domain (G, Seryl-tRNA synthetase N-terminal domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Membrane4
The import of membrane proteins into peroxisomes needs PEX19 for recognition, targeting and insertion via docking at PEX3. (genome.jp)
Matrix proteins in the cytosol are recognized by peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) and transported to the docking complex at the peroxisomal membrane. (genome.jp)
Binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
protein_coding" "AAC74163","flgH","Escherichia coli","flagellar protein of basal-body outer-membrane L ring [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Oxidation1
By comparison, we found that various genes associated with acyl editing, fatty acid β-oxidation, triacylglycerol assembly and oil-body formation had greater expression levels at middle developmental stage (38 DAP), which are consistent with the fast accumulation of EFA in V. galamensis developing seed, implying their fundamental roles in EFA production. (researchsquare.com)
Gene3
[2] For,proteins cannot come into being without software (DNA or gene). (questionsonislam.com)
The corresponding gene, AtWRINKLED1 ( AtWRI1, At3g54320), encodes a protein with two APETALA2-ethylene responsive element-binding protein (AP2/EREBP) motifs that is a signature for plant-specific transcription factors involved in a wide range of developmental processes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The codon table used was the FreqB table from " Design Parameters to Control Synthetic Gene Expression in Escherichia coli ", which was used because it was shown to express proteins well and was recommended to us by JCVI. (freegenes.org)
In addition, the function of many proteins is regulated by phosphorlylating serine, threonine or tyrosine amino acids. (histocutup.co.uk)
Yeast2
The recombinant NcACBP protein was expressed to verify the binding activities of NcACBP in vitro , and the heterologous expression of NcACBP in Δacbp yeast in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
Although this industrial yeast has been widely used for production of proteins (Cai et al. (springeropen.com)
Flagella basal body rod protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Flagella basal body rod protein, Flagellar basal body rod FlgEFG protein C-terminal [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
FlgD Ig-like domain, FlgD Tudor-like domain, Flagellar hook capping protein - N-terminal region [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Flagellar L-ring protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Rod binding protein, Mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
HAMP domain, Tar ligand binding domain homologue, Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) signalling domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Phosphorylation1
4] The ATP depletion is due to activation of Na+/K+ -ATPase, which, in turn, is a consequence of decreased phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Activation of the NMDA receptor is probably the cause of seizures in acute hyperammonemia. (medscape.com)
Carries1
Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. (smpdb.ca)
Peptide1
A change in structure was in those days thought to be due to a change in an amino acid somewhere in the peptide chain of the protein. (medscape.com)
Transport1
What happens if you lack the proteins to transport Acyl-Coa into the matrix? (flashcardmachine.com)
Nuclear1
Their diverse functions are enabled by a sophisticated set of protein components encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. (nature.com)
Product1
As a result, we now know many genetic defects responsible for neurological disease, but frequently we do not know much about the resulting protein product and therefore the pathophysiologic basis for the disease. (medscape.com)
Step1
Pantothenic acid is a precursor to CoA via a five-step process. (wikipedia.org)