• Intraglomerular mesangial cells synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • These cells, which can be derived from liposuction fat and lipoaspirate saline, are sources for patient-derivable extracellular matrix (ECM), fibrinogen (Fg) and adipose tissue extracellular matrix, and may prove useful for synthesizing new bone tissue analogues in vitro. (vcu.edu)
  • Inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis was accompanied by an inhibition of laminin deposition into extracellular matrix as determined by immunostaining of cultures and by immunoblotting of cell-associated proteins. (rupress.org)
  • These elements include somatic cells (such as Leydig cells, myoid cells, and Sertoli cells), extracellular matrix (ECM) components (including laminin, collagen type IV and collagen type I), as well as growth factors and hormones [including bFGF, glial cell-derived nerve factor, glial cellderived nerve factor (GDNF), and testosterone] that are capable of forming a complex microenvironment where spermatogenesis occurs (6). (ijfs.ir)
  • Fibrosis is a physiological response to cellular injury in the liver and is mediated by the activation of hepatic stellate cells resulting in the replacement of hepatocytes with extracellular matrix comprised principally of collagen 1 to form a hepatic scar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HSCs express numerous cell surface receptors including both discoidin domain receptors (DDRs)-which are receptors for collagen I and many of the integrin subunits, which are a major family of cell surface receptors for extracellular molecules and play a critical role in many biological functions [ 7 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, four classes of proteinases are known as being capable of breaking down nearly all components of the extracellular matrix: serine proteinases, aspartatic proteases, cystein proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Free glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycan- (PG-) containing GAGs, key effectors of cell surface, pericellular and extracellular microenvironments, perform multiple functions in cancer by virtue of their coded structure and their ability to interact with both ligands and receptors that regulate cancer growth [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Collagen receptors are cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. (lookformedical.com)
  • A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. (lookformedical.com)
  • This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (lookformedical.com)
  • Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. (lookformedical.com)
  • The results showed that YQRG effectively alleviated CCl 4 -induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats, including observations of improved liver function, decreased activity of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In DNA microarray results, compared to control, CaG treated mouse group showed upregulation of 192 genes including collagen,typeI,alpha1 (Col1a1), consistent with the highly increased in vitro extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion on collagen 1 and up-regulation of heparanase (Hpse). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is synthesized as a 1051 amino acid (aa) precursor that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate a disulfide-linked 110 kDa, 843 aa extracellular heavy chain and a 30 kDa, 176 aa TM/cytoplasmic light chain (1, 4, 5, 6). (bio-techne.com)
  • The extracellular region contains one von Willebrand factor-like A domain and four cysteine-rich repeats. (bio-techne.com)
  • Similarly the dominant presence of transcripts for CYP11A1 and CYP19A1, which encode P450 side chain cleavage enzyme and aromatase, respectively, confirms the potential of both types of syncytial cell to synthesize sex steroids from cholesterol (SI Appendix, Fig. S5B).Expression of Genes Encoding Extracellular Matrix Components Distinguish ESCd >70 from STB Generated from PHTd. (ack1inhibitor.com)
  • One particular distinguishing feature is in the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix components, perhaps best illustrated by the extensive family of collagen genes (SI Appendix, Fig. S6A). (ack1inhibitor.com)
  • Peptides are compounds composed of amino acids, which form the building blocks of proteins in our skin, including collagen. (lifeextension.com)
  • Epidermolysis bullosa is due to one or multiple defective genes that normally synthesize structural proteins that are involved in the adherence of the epidermis (the superficial layer of skin) to the dermis (the deeper layer of the skin). (medicinenet.com)
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus the type and state of adsorbed proteins, including their conformational changes, are critical determinants of biocompatibility [ 518 - 523 ], so pretreatment of surfaces can be a control mechanism ( Section 15.2.2.1 ). (nanomedicine.com)
  • Anchoring fibers composed of type IV collagen extend from the basal lamina into the underlying reticular lamina and loop around collagen bundles. (wikidoc.org)
  • Fibrillar collagens (type I and III) reside in the dermis where they form well-organized, rope-like fibers that supply robust tensile strength and resistance to stretching and tearing. (lifeextension.com)
  • Aging decreases the synthesis of collagen fibers in the dermis, and causes existing collagen fibers to become disorganized, stiff, and fragmented. (lifeextension.com)
  • Because Radiofrequency (RF) energy has been shown to renew and restore spatial structural arrangement of collagen fibers, treatment of ED with RF could lead to anatomical and physiological changes at the penile tissue level and could lead to improvement in the erectile mechanism. (researchgate.net)
  • Collagen molecules are the basis of collagen fibers and reticular fibers . (amboss.com)
  • Deposition of collagen type IV was similarly affected. (rupress.org)
  • Deposition of collagen and proliferation of smooth muscle cells are the response to chronic inflammation and injury of the submucosa leading to fibrosis and thickening of the submucosa and the smooth muscle layers of the bowel wall. (bmj.com)
  • Taken with the present results, this suggests that the potential use of inhibitors of prolyl 4-hydroxylase to control excessive collagen deposition in pathological fibrosis may be limited by the need to maintain continuous inhibition of collagen hydroxylation so as to facilitate intracellular degradation of the accumulated protein. (embl.de)
  • To determine the functions of these molecules, Schwann cell-nerve cell cultures were grown in medium containing a specific inhibitor of proteoglycan biosynthesis, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside. (rupress.org)
  • Cell type and tissue specific alterations in fine GAG structure, which are strictly predetermined [ 8 - 10 ], allow these molecules to modulate with high specificity different cellular processes [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Black [ 234 ] notes that many molecules synthesized naturally in the cell have a "tail" portion that inactivates them. (nanomedicine.com)
  • On quartz at low solution concentrations, fibrinogen molecules appear to form a 46-nm long multinodular rod with 6-7 nodes each 4 nm in diameter on hydrophilic surfaces, and a 40-nm long binodular or trinodular rod with node diameter 5-9 nm on hydrophobic surfaces. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The cuticle of parasitic nematodes consists primarily of a network of collagen molecules. (embl.de)
  • Activated HSCs synthesise and secrete collagens type I and III into the ECM [ 7 ] which takes place in concert with changes to the surrounding ECM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ervasti, J.M. & Campbell, K.P. A role for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex as a transmembrane linker between laminin and actin. (nature.com)
  • Collagen receptors include discoidin domain receptors, INTEGRINS, and glycoprotein VI. (lookformedical.com)
  • The alpha3/CD49c subunit is a 130-150 kDa type I TM glycoprotein. (bio-techne.com)
  • The human beta1/CD29 subunit is a 130-140 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein (8). (bio-techne.com)
  • Fortunately, lifestyle changes and targeted nutritional interventions-particularly collagen peptides, solubilized keratin, and Polypodium leucotomos extract-can support skin, hair and nails from the inside out. (lifeextension.com)
  • HA is synthesized in the absence of a protein core at the inner face of the plasma membrane and consequently found in the form of free chains whereas other GAG types are covalently bound into protein cores to form proteoglycans (PGs). (hindawi.com)
  • The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer. (lookformedical.com)
  • Collagen is the most ubiquitous and abundant protein in humans. (amboss.com)
  • This adsorbed protein overlayer - rather than the foreign material itself - then mediates the types of cells that may adhere to the surface, which ultimately can determine the type of tissue that forms in the vicinity [ 517 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Co-expression of Ov-phy-1 with the O. volvulus homologue of protein disulfide isomerase in a baculovirus system resulted in the production of enzymatically active O. volvulus prolyl 4-hydroxylase. (embl.de)
  • Two compounds, Compound 1 (1,4-dihydrophenanthrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid) and Compound 5 [8-(N-butyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl)-1,4-dihydrophenathrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid], with comparable potencies in vivo, were chosen to investigate the effect of the inhibition of the hydroxylation of newly synthesized uterine collagen on the turnover of this protein in vivo. (embl.de)
  • This control is propagated through the alpha-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase where protein levels were previously shown to rise fivefold with increasing cell density. (embl.de)
  • Inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase in vitro and in vivo by members of a novel series of phenanthrolinones. (embl.de)
  • The µ phase is a type of hard and brittle constituent that exists in high-temperature alloys. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glycosaminoglycan, CaG can strengthen ECM by increasing activity of TIMP-2 and adhesion activity on collagen known to inhibit changes of ECM, leading to tumor cell invasion and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in LAMB2 that impact the synthesis or function of laminin α5β2γ1 (LM-521) cause Pierson syndrome (congenital nephrotic syndrome with eye and neurological defects) and its less severe variants, including isolated congenital nephrotic syndrome. (wustl.edu)
  • Robust new collagen synthesis and matrix remodeling were observed on all Fg scaffolds, the levels of which were elevated over time. (vcu.edu)
  • Of the 42 genes coding for collagen chains, 28 types of collagen triple helices can be assembled. (amboss.com)
  • Transcripts for 28 ADAM 4-Hydroxytamoxifen chemical information family genes were detected in either the ESCd >70 or PHTd cells, with the top 16 shown in SI Appendix, Fig. S7. (ack1inhibitor.com)
  • The GAPDH gene used for normalization showed some variation across cell types, as did other housekeeping genes (SI Appendix, Table S4), but this variability was not sufficient to alter interpretation of the qPCR data.olism, and this potential is also evident in the ESCd >70 and PHTd. (ack1inhibitor.com)
  • Some of these genes were sufficiently active in one cell type relative to the other, that the presence of their transcripts was virtually diagnostic, e.g. (ack1inhibitor.com)
  • The gene encoding the Ov-phy-1 open reading frame contained 11 introns, similar in structure to the gene encoding human prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoform I. Genomic Southern blot, EST and genomic PCR studies demonstrated that the O. volvulus genome contained between three and eight genes closely related to Ov-phy-1. (embl.de)
  • Other MMPs, known as membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMP), are linked to the plasma membrane either by a transmembrane domain or by a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol linkage, attached to the hemopexin domain. (periobasics.com)
  • Four of the MT-MMPs contain hydrophobic transmembrane domains (MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-16, MMP-24), followed by a cytoplasmic domain. (periobasics.com)
  • The second morphological component of progressive renal destruction involves the extraglomerular interstitium.4 Careful morphometric studies of human kidney tissue have shown a striking correlation between the extent of renal dysfunction and the magnitude of tubulointerstitial disease.5,6 The main morphological expression of several disease processses, such as obstructive uropathy, analgesic abuse, and pyelonephritis, is in the tubulointerstitium. (docksci.com)
  • It is flanked by the podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells that both synthesize it and adhere to it. (wustl.edu)
  • 4. What factors are integral to the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate? (abdominalkey.com)
  • As of 2004, several studies have shown that embryonic stem cells may restore the spermatogenesis and functional sperms in mouse and human, known as in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) (2-4). (ijfs.ir)
  • Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) is the key event during embryogenesis marked by the switch of control from the maternal and possibly paternal transcripts to the newly synthesized embryonic gene products [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adult and embryonic Brugia malayi are shown to be susceptible to inhibitors of vertebrate prolyl 4-hydroxylase, with exposed parasites exhibiting pathologies consistent with a disruption in cuticle biosynthesis. (embl.de)
  • Examples of a novel series of phenanthrolinones are shown to be potent competitive inhibitors of avian prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and of collagen hydroxylation, in embryonic chick tendon cells and human foreskin fibroblasts in vitro and in the oestradiol-stimulated rat uterus in vivo. (embl.de)
  • In embryonic avian tendon, cell density regulates collagen production. (embl.de)
  • The colocalisation with laminin indicates a mechanism of interaction between smooth muscle cells and mast cells that may be important in the role of mast cells in the process of fibrosis. (bmj.com)
  • This study evaluated the therapeutic effect of YQRG on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver fibrosis in rats and its molecular mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used low-, medium-, and high-dose YQRG to treat CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in rats, followed by assessment of liver injury and fibrosis according to liver appearance, body weight, liver mass index, histopathologic examination, and serum testing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings showed that YQRG improved CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis through multiple mechanisms and pathways, offering critical insight into the YQRG-related therapeutic mechanism and promoting further research into its potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different cell types generate different classes of proteinases with differing modes of gene regulation. (atsjournals.org)
  • To date, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been the most effective vector for retinal gene delivery because it elicits minimal immune response and can mediate long-term transgene expression in a variety of non-dividing retinal cell types. (molvis.org)
  • The enzyme responsible for collagen maturation is prolyl 4-hydroxylase, making this enzyme a central activity in cuticle biosynthesis and a potentially important chemotherapeutic target. (embl.de)
  • In contrast, in the submucosa, laminin was exclusively found in the basal lamina of blood vessels where many adherent mast cells were seen. (bmj.com)
  • In order to synthesize bone ex-vivo, electrospun scaffolds of fibrinogen (Fg), polydioxanone (PDO), and Fg:PDO blends were seeded with early passage ASCs, fibroblasts, or osteosarcoma cells and were maintained for 21 days in osteogenic or regular growth media. (vcu.edu)
  • Resident cells within the lung such as fibroblasts and alveolar type II cells may be induced by cigarette smoke to synthesize chemokines attracting and potentially activating inflammatory cells. (atsjournals.org)
  • The derived amino acid sequence of Ov-phy-1 encoded a peptide that was most similar to the two Caenorhabditis elegans prolyl 4-hydroxylase homologues and to the isoform II enzymes of vertebrates. (embl.de)
  • Collagen is an essential component of the structures involved in the erectile mechanism and as such, impaired collagen may hinder it. (researchgate.net)
  • A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mutations that affect the GBM's collagen α3α4α5(IV) components cause Alport syndrome (kidney disease with variable ear and eye defects) and its variants, including thin basement membrane nephropathy. (wustl.edu)
  • In some species (e.g., bovine), evidence indicates that decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 levels in estrogen-dominant preovulatory follicles are likely due, in part, to increased protease activity, whereas lower levels of IGFBP-2 are not due to increased proteolysis. (bioone.org)
  • These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
  • A full-length cDNA (Ov-phy-1) encoding a catalytically active alpha-subunit of Onchocerca volvulus prolyl 4-hydroxylase was isolated and characterized. (embl.de)
  • Human testisderived cells (hTCs) are suitable candidates for the initiation of in-vitro spermatogenesis for these types of patients. (ijfs.ir)
  • In vitro production of enzymatically active O. volvulus prolyl 4-hydroxylase should facilitate identification of specific inhibitors of the parasite enzyme. (embl.de)
  • A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens. (lookformedical.com)
  • MDhair's Regrowth serum, Regrowth Treatment Shampoo, contains Biotinoyl Tripeptide-1, the most effective biomimetic peptide type, and MDhair Restore Shampoo contains hexapeptide (a chain of 6 amino acids). (mdhair.co)
  • Stromelysins [MMP-3, MMP-10, MMP-11, and MMP-7 (also known as matrilysins)] are small proteases that degrade components of the ECM, although not the triple-helical fibrillar collagens. (periobasics.com)