• Morpholino oligos are often used to investigate the role of a specific mRNA transcript in an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the cis -elements in its 3′UTR and trans -acting factor Staufen, posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires deposition of exon junction complex (EJC) in its first exon through splicing ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Consistent with this finding, core components of EJC (eIF4AIII, Barentsz, Tsunagi, and Mago nashi) are critical for oskar mRNA localization ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2001 , 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular link between splicing and mRNA localization/local translation has also been demonstrated in mammalian neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, both the accumulation of splicing factors at sites of pre-mRNA synthesis as well as pre-mRNA splicing are dramatically reduced, demonstrating that IGC disassembly perturbs coordination between transcription and pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cell nuclei. (rupress.org)
  • First-strand complementary deoxyribonucleic acidity (cDNA) was synthesized in the poly-A formulated with messenger RNA (mRNA) as indicated below. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Throughout these described changes in expression, DmFKBP12 mRNA remain stable, which indicates that protein dynamics are attributed to regulation at the mRNA to protein translation level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings revise theories of labour division between the major RNA polymerases, and identify nucleolar Pol II as a major factor in protein synthesis and nuclear organization, with potential implications for health and disease. (nature.com)
  • Morpholinos block access of other molecules to small (~25 base) specific sequences of the base-pairing surfaces of ribonucleic acid (RNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the tests described in this specific article, we used gene microarray evaluation to correlate modifications in ribonucleic acidity (RNA) transcription in AVMs and CCMs towards the previously released abnormal protein appearance in these lesions. (health-e-nc.org)
  • The existence of mRNAs retaining both nuclear cap binding protein and EJC in the distal sites of neuronal processes suggests that some localized mRNAs have not yet undergone the "very first translation," which contribute to the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fertilized egg, through the profile as under-membrane cortex distribution concentering onto basement at cellular blastoderm, to the profile as three-gem layer localization in primitive neuronal and digestion architecture of early Drosophila gastrula. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For instance, in Drosophila melanogaster , oskar ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates endure a liquid-to-solid transition, which is essential for the polar distribution of some RNAs within the cell [ 2 ]. (keiseronlineuniversity.com)
  • Whereas oskar RNP liquidity permits RNA sequestration, its strong part precludes the incorporation of RNA whereas nonetheless permitting protein sequestration. (keiseronlineuniversity.com)
  • Traditionally, the nucleolar Pol I and nucleoplasmic Pol III are viewed as the sole mammalian RNA polymerases that directly mediate housekeeping ribosome biogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2, hereafter referred to as PIP2) either binds to intracellular proteins and directly modulates their subcellular localization and activity or acts as a precursor for the generation of other second messengers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morpholinos do not trigger the degradation of their target RNA molecules, unlike many antisense structural types (e.g., phosphorothioates, siRNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, Morpholinos act by "steric blocking", binding to a target sequence within an RNA, inhibiting molecules that might otherwise interact with the RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterogeneous population of RNA granules serve as motile units to translocate, store, translate, and degrade mRNAs in the dendrites contain cis -elements and trans -acting factors such as RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs to convey stimulus-, transcript-specific local translation. (frontiersin.org)
  • in a similar manner, causing a specific exon to be spliced out of the RNA transcript encoding a protein can help to determine the function of the protein moiety encoded by that exon or can sometimes knock down the protein activity altogether. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Morpholino, also known as a Morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA transport and regulated local translation play critically important roles in spatially restricting gene expression in neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Global gene expression profiling of mouse medulloblastomas and bioinformatics analyses of microRNA targets suggest that minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) is a likely target gene of miR-31 in suppressing cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
  • Both immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy analyses of cells overexpressing Clk/STY indicate that IGC components are completely redistributed to a diffuse nuclear localization, leaving no residual structure. (rupress.org)
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that pS2 and another active form of Pol II, phosphorylated on serine 5 (pS5), were enriched across rDNA, with the highest levels-at IGS28 and IGS38-being comparable to those at known Pol-II-transcribed loci (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Fig. 1a, d-f ). (nature.com)
  • We demonstrate that miR-31 inhibits MCM2 expression via its 3'-untranslated region, that knockdown of MCM2 in DAOY cells leads to a degree of growth inhibition comparable to that by miR-31 restoration, and that overexpression of miR-31 reduces the chromatin loading of MCM2 at the point of G1/S transition. (oncotarget.com)
  • In higher eukaryotes, dynein/dynactin requires additional components such as Bicaudal D to form an active motor complex and for regulating its cellular localization. (biologists.com)
  • DmFKBP12 is first expressed at the syncytial blastoderm stage and undergoes increased expression during the cellular blastoderm and early gastrulation stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because the members of the PIP5KI and PIP4KII families exhibit specific and distinct subcellular localization patterns, it has been postulated that local increases in PIP2 concentration by a specific kinase member may underlie its diverse signaling functions [ 5 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some of the E(spl) complex also exhibit early expression in the presumptive mesectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • The figure compares the structures of the two strands depicted there, one of RNA and the other of a Morpholino. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene knockdown is achieved by reducing the expression of a particular gene in a cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that the genomic region surrounding human miR-31 at 9p21.3 is frequently deleted in many solid tumor cell lines, and reintroducing miR-31 into DAOY cells, a line of human medulloblastoma cells devoid of miR-31, strongly suppresses cell growth, causes cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary, and inhibits colony formation in vitro and xenograft tumorigenesis in nude mice. (oncotarget.com)
  • Consequently, depletion of PLK1 has been shown to counteract the PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced instability of spindle pole-associated MT and cell resistance to arsenite. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Techniques for targeting Morpholinos to RNAs and delivering Morpholinos into cells have recently been reviewed in a journal article and in book form. (wikipedia.org)
  • Existing models suggest that RNA polymerases I and III (Pol I and Pol III) are the only enzymes that directly mediate the expression of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) components of ribosomes. (nature.com)
  • As a critical regulator of the DmRyR-FKBP complex, DmFKBP12 expression in Drosophila fluctuates temporally and geographically with the formation of organ systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The PE enhancer from the twist promoter region exhibits a similar pattern of expression. (sdbonline.org)
  • The type I target gene folded gastrulation is activated only in response to peak levels of the Dl gradient, so that expression is restricted to a subdomain of the presumptive mesoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • This enhancer contains a cluster of low-affinity Dl binding sites that restrict expression to the ventral-most regions of early embryos. (sdbonline.org)
  • A synthetic enhancer containing high-affinity Dl-binding sites and Twist binding sites exhibits expression in this region. (sdbonline.org)
  • Our results show that treatment with L-arginine increased S-glutathiolation of AR in diabetic animals and that this was associated with a decrease in sorbitol accumulation, PKC activation, and ROS generation. (californiaehealth.org)
  • TABLE 1 Overview of sufferers and lesionsa for thirty minutes, top of the aqueous stage was used in a new pipe. (health-e-nc.org)