Synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates. Medical search. Frequent questions

Nucleoside monophosphate kinases. (wikipedia.org)
Gemcitabine is metabolized intracellularly by nucleoside kinases to the active diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate (dFdCTP) nucleosides. (globalrph.com)
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( EC 2.7.4.6 ) (NDK) are enzymes required for the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) other than ATP. (embl.de)
Stavudine, a nucleoside analog of thymidine, is rapidly phosphorylated by cellular kinases to its active moiety, stavudine triphosphate. (affygility.com)
In a virus-infected cell, a number of sequential, acyclovir mono-triphosphate-acyclovir conversion reactions take place under the influence of viral thymidine kinases. (myphages.com)
When phosphorylated by kinases, the nucleoside is converted into a nucleotide. (biologyonline.com)

Nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates, such as nucleoside triphosphates, nucleoside tetraphosphates, sugar nucleotides, dinucleoside pyro- and higher order polyphosphates, 2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates, and 2´-deoxynucleoside-5´-tetraphosphates in which a fluorescent label is attached to the terminal phosphate have many biological roles and have been developed into drugs. (uwaterloo.ca)
Analogs of nucleosides and nucleotides represent a promising pool of potential therapeutics. (cas.cz)
If you have questions about our Amidites, Nucleotides or Nucleosides, feel free to contact Huaren's specialists for timely support! (huarensh.com)
When the diet contains nucleotides, the body digests them by nucleotidases to produce nucleosides and phosphates. (biologyonline.com)
Cytidine, just as the other nucleosides, can give rise to nucleotides. (biologyonline.com)
nucleotides Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. (theinfolist.com)

In enzymology, a nucleoside-phosphate kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + nucleoside phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + nucleoside diphosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and nucleoside monophosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and nucleoside diphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:nucleoside-phosphate phosphotransferase. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme is also called NMP-kinase, or nucleoside-monophosphate kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleoside monophosphate binding induces further changes that render the enzyme catalytically capable of facilitating a transfer of the phosphoryl group from ATP to nucleoside monophosphate. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme mechanism is an example of catalysis by approximation: the nucleoside-phosphate kinase binds the substrates to bring them together in the correct position for the phosphoryl group to be transferred. (wikipedia.org)
Deoxy-ATP (dATP) can reach toxic levels that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme essential for synthesis of DNA precursors. (medscape.com)
Inhibition of this enzyme by the diphosphate nucleoside causes a reduction in the concentrations of deoxynucleotides, including dCTP. (globalrph.com)
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme of the purine salvage pathway as is adenosine deaminase, deficiency of which also causes immunodeficiency. (frontiersin.org)
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) is an important enzyme that generates nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) or their deoxy derivatives by terminal phosphotransfer from an NTP such as ATP or GTP to any nucleoside diphosphate or its deoxy derivative. (embl.de)
The Benner group was the first to synthesize a gene for an enzyme, and used organic synthesis to prepare the first artificial genetic systems. (thewestheimerinstitute.org)
Gemcitabine diphosphate inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reactions that generate deoxynucleoside triphosphates for DNA synthesis, resulting in reductions in deoxynucleotide concentrations, including dCTP. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Grupo de enzimas que catalizan la hidrólisis de enlaces difosfato en compuestos tales como nucleósidos difosfatos y trifosfatos, y anhídridos que contienen grupos sulfonilo, como el adenililsulfato (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992). (bvsalud.org)

Caruthers, M.H. A brief review of DNA and RNA chemical synthesis. (nature.com)
Caruthers, M.H. The chemical synthesis of DNA/RNA: our gift to science. (nature.com)
New chemical synthesis of OYA1 as a triphosphate nucleoside analog suitable for in vitro studies on the viral replication mechanism was also described. (cbs42.com)
We provide chemical synthesis services and specialize in custom synthesis and contract research. (santiago-lab.com)
SELEX starts by chemical synthesis of a library of random sequences of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). (encyclopedia.pub)

Its conjugation at 7- position of 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine triphosphate allows enzymatic incorporation of such adenosine triphosphate analog in primer extension reactions and PCR. (santiago-lab.com)
It is also a precursor in the enzymatic synthesis of beta-alanine. (pathbank.org)

dGTP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which is needed for synthesis of deoxynucleotides. (medscape.com)
First, gemcitabine diphosphate inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which is responsible for catalyzing the reactions that generate the deoxynucleoside triphosphates for DNA synthesis. (globalrph.com)
Stavudine triphosphate inhibits HIV replication by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine triphosphate, and by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis by acting as a terminator of chain elongation. (affygility.com)
In addition, stavudine triphosphate inhibits cellular DNA polymerases beta and gamma, and markedly reduces the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. (affygility.com)
It also inhibits viral RNA synthesis due to incorporation into the viral RNA template. (firstline.org)
Suppresses reverse transcriptase of HIV, cellular DNA polymerases (beta and gamma), inhibits the synthesis of viral and mitochondrial DNA. (closerpharmacy.com)

These are enzymes that catalyze nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. (embl.de)
These oligomeric proteins exhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity that catalyzes nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. (embl.de)

Here, we describe an oligonucleotide synthesis strategy that uses the template-independent polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). (nature.com)
Hocek, M., Polymerase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing a single chemically modified nucleobase for site-specific redox labelling. (santiago-lab.com)
BACKGROUND: The ability of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) to inhibit human mitochondrial polymerase-γ results in impaired synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation. (researchwithrutgers.com)
This is because, nucleoside triphosphates cannot reach RNA polymerase since they are degraded by Rho protein. (iasri.res.in)

[ 4 ] The immune deficiency in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency may be the result of inhibited mitochondrial DNA repair due to the accumulation of dGTP in the mitochondria. (medscape.com)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
By targeting electron transport chain complex 1 and independently of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or NF-κB, metformin blocked LPS-induced and ATP-dependent mitochondrial (mt) DNA synthesis and generation of oxidized mtDNA, an NLRP3 ligand. (lu.se)

Remdesivir triphosphate acts as an adenosine triphosphate analog and competes for incorporation into RNA chains by the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp which results in delayed chain termination during viral RNA replication. (firstline.org)

Similar catalytic domains are present in a variety of proteins, including: ATP synthase Myosin, and other molecular motor proteins G protein and other proteins involved in signal transduction Helicases for unwinding DNA and RNA Pyrimidine metabolism When a phylogenetic tree composed of members of the nucleoside-phosphate kinase family was made, it showed that these enzymes had originally diverged from a common ancestor into long and short varieties. (wikipedia.org)
Finally an entirely new approach to the synthesis of nucleoside tetraphosphates (Np4's), dinucleoside pentaphosphates (Np5N's) and nucleoside tetraphosphates in which a fluorescent dye is attached to the terminal phosphate is described employing an activated form of cyclic trimetaphosphate as a novel phosphorylating agent. (uwaterloo.ca)
Nucleoside triphosphate is a molecule that contains a nitrogen group that binds to a 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate groups that bind to the sugar. (huarensh.com)
An example of a nucleotide wherein three phosphate groups are attached to cytidine is cytidine triphosphate (CTP), one of the building blocks of RNA synthesis. (biologyonline.com)
Thus, a nucleotide is a nucleoside with a phosphate group. (biologyonline.com)
Cytidine can form cytidine monophosphate (CMP, i.e. cytidine with a single phosphate group), cytidine diphosphate (CDP, i.e. cytidine with two phosphate groups), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP, i.e. cytidine with three phosphate groups). (biologyonline.com)

All new compounds were tested as triphosphate analogs for inhibitory potency against a variety of viral polymerases. (cas.cz)
6) Nucleoside analogues can also be used to treat viral infections. (huarensh.com)
Involvement of acyclovir triphosphate in the viral DNA strand occurs, after which its synthesis is blocked by competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases. (myphages.com)
Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. (crie.ru)
1) Synthesis of new FPV modifications lacking the ability to integrate into the synthesized viral RNA molecule. (crie.ru)

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), which is widely conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, maintains a balanced pool of nucleotide triphosphates and their deoxy derivatives. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
Maintenance of the level of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) as well as their corresponding deoxy derivatives (dNTPs) is crucial to all growth and developmental processes. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including stavudine and other antiretrovirals. (wikidoc.org)
Then, their unprecedented activity was further extended to deoxyribose triphosphate and, in vitro biosyntheses could be successfully performed with several base analogues. (hal.science)

A large number of nucleoside analogs and 2'- deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) have been synthesized in order to interfere with DNA metabolism. (hal.science)

1987) Inhibition of DNA primase by nucleoside triphosphates and their arabinofuranosyl analogs. (jenabioscience.com)

Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide prodrug that is metabolized intracellularly to nucleoside triphosphate metabolite (active). (firstline.org)
We previously described the synthesis of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-glycero-3-phospho-RVn (V2043), an orally bioavailable lipid prodrug of remdesivir nucleoside (RVn, GS-441524) with broad spectrum antiviral activity against viruses with pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)

KP-1461 , a cytidine analogue belonging to the class of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has a potential use as a treatment for HIV/AIDS. (biologyonline.com)

[ 2 , 3 ] One disorder is adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, which is Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) subject number 102700, and the other is purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, which is OMIM subject number 164050. (medscape.com)
In purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, similar changes occur, resulting in elevated deoxy-GTP (dGTP) levels. (medscape.com)
In both adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiencies, thymocytes are thought to be selectively destroyed because of elevated levels of dATP and dGTP. (medscape.com)
In a further description of the mechanism of T-cell depletion in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Arpaia et al reported increased in vivo apoptosis of T cells and increased in vitro sensitivity to gamma irradiation in a murine model. (medscape.com)
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease causes combined immunodeficiency and developmental delay, hypotonia, and spasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency (OMIM 613179) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease leading to combined immunodeficiency and neurological abnormalities, which may include developmental delay, hypotonia, and spasticity ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
The term GTP is a purine nucleoside tirphosphate. (frndzzz.com)
A synthetic analog of acyclic purine nucleoside. (myphages.com)

This methodology was also used to prepare a substrate-intermediate analog of the reaction catalyzed by cytidine triphosphate synthase (CTPS) a recognized target for the development of antineoplastic, antiviral and antiprotozoal agents. (uwaterloo.ca)
7-(Ferrocene-1-yl-ethynyl)-7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine triphosphate is a ferrocene-labeled analog of natural adenosine triphosphate. (santiago-lab.com)

Second, gemcitabine triphosphate competes with dCTP for incorporation into DNA. (globalrph.com)
The reduction in the intracellular concentration of dCTP (by the action of the diphosphate) enhances the incorporation of gemcitabine triphosphate into DNA (self-potentiation). (globalrph.com)
The active metabolite, gemcitabine triphosphate, can be extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
The half-life of the terminal phase for gemcitabine triphosphate from mononuclear cells ranges from 1.7 to 19.4 hours. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

The nucleoside analogue of thymidine is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to its active form - stavudine triphosphate. (closerpharmacy.com)

1984) Kinetic interaction of 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate and its 5'-triphosphate with deoxycytidylate deaminase. (jenabioscience.com)
Active chimeras were made from two distantly related enzymes: a nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase (NDT) from lactobacilli and a 5'-monophosphate-2'-deoxyribonucleoside hydrolase (Rcl) from rat. (hal.science)
Myeloid-specific ablation of LPS-induced cytidine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2), which is rate limiting for mtDNA synthesis, reduced ARDS severity without a direct effect on IL-6. (lu.se)

Phosphodeoxyribosyltransferases: designed enzymes for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. (hal.science)
lt;p>The antiviral drug favipiravir (FVP), which is a structural analogue of guanosine, undergoes chemical transformation in infected cells by cellular enzymes into a nucleotide form favipiravir ribose triphosphate (FVPRTP). (crie.ru)
A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (bvsalud.org)

1983) Incorporation of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate into DNA. (jenabioscience.com)

The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
The 5′-triphosphate derivative (dY(NH2)TP, 1) was evaluated in vitro as a substrate for several DNA polymerases. (pasteur.fr)

Stavudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is FDA approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. (wikidoc.org)

A)The pilus is about 6 nm in diameter, and the assembly and disassembly requires the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate in the inner membrane. (kenyon.edu)

They provide NTPs for nucleic acid synthesis, CTP for lipid synthesis, UTP for polysaccharide synthesis and GTP for protein elongation, signal transduction and microtubule polymerisation. (embl.de)
Apart from nucleic acid synthesis, cytidine appears to control neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, with supplementation decreasing midfrontal/cerebral glutamate/glutamine levels. (biologyonline.com)

Each TdT molecule is conjugated to a single deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule that it can incorporate into a primer. (nature.com)
Figure 2: TdT-dNTP conjugates can extend a DNA molecule by a single nucleotide in 10-20 s, enabling stepwise DNA synthesis. (nature.com)
Termination of RNA synthesis occurs at specific base sequences within the DNA molecule. (iasri.res.in)

The formation of fatty liver is related to a disorder of the fat metabolism that the fatty synthesis of liver cells are increased and the oxidation are decreased. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)

This represents a new and convenient approach to the synthesis of this class of compounds. (uwaterloo.ca)
The invention further includes novel intermediate compounds useful for the synthesis of asymmetric benzoxanthene compounds having the general structure where substituents R3-R7 correspond to like-referenced substituents in the structure of described above, and Y2 is hydroxyl or amine. (justia.com)

Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and use of fluorinated polysiloxane oils that have densities similar to the one of water at room temperature, and when mixed with non-ionic fluorinated surfactants, can produce droplets encapsulating biochemical reactions. (thewestheimerinstitute.org)
3) Nucleoside triphosphate also acts as an energy source for cell reactions and participates in signal transduction pathways. (huarensh.com)

PNP deficiency results in the accumulation of deoxyguanosine, which is converted to deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) by deoxycytidine kinase specific to lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)

1994) A simplified procedure for synthesizing nucleoside 1-thiotriphosphates - dATP (alpha)S, dGTP (alpha)S, UTP-alpha-S, and dTTP (alpha)S. (jenabioscience.com)
The triphosphate dY(NH2)TP was preferentially incorporated as a dATP or dGTP analogue and led to misincorporations at frequencies of approximately 2 x 10(-2) per base per amplification. (pasteur.fr)

A nucleoside is a nucleobase with a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose). (biologyonline.com)
A pyrimidine nucleoside is one in which the nucleobase is a pyrimidine, such as cytosine in cytidine. (biologyonline.com)
Definition noun plural: cytidines cy·ti·dine, ˈsaɪtɪdiːn A pyrimidine nucleoside that has cytosine attached to the pentose sugar ribose Details Overview A nucleoside is a nucleobase with a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose). (biologyonline.com)

Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase) and also blocking the progression of cells through the G1/S-phase boundary. (globalrph.com)
Gemcitabine kills cells undergoing DNA synthesis and blocks the progression of cells through the G1/S-phase boundary. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

The cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine is attributed to a combination of two actions of the diphosphate and the triphosphate nucleosides, which leads to inhibition of DNA synthesis. (globalrph.com)
After this addition, there is inhibition of further DNA synthesis. (globalrph.com)
Thus, inhibition of ATP and mtDNA synthesis is sufficient for ARDS amelioration. (lu.se)

GTP has three phosphates and a ribose sugar, It acts as a source of energy for protein synthesis. (frndzzz.com)
Cytidine is a nucleoside consisting of cytosine and ribose sugar linked by β-N 1 -glycosidic bond. (biologyonline.com)

Attempts to prepare nucleoside triphosphates by subjecting unprotected ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides to activated cyclic trimetaphosphate failed. (uwaterloo.ca)
Nucleosides may be classified into ribonucleosides or deoxyribonucleosides , depending on the sugar component. (biologyonline.com)

We report the synthesis of a new nucleoside, 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-imidazole-4-hydrazide (dY(NH2)) as a reactive monomer for DNA diversification. (pasteur.fr)

Instead nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphates were obtained in good yield with the ribonucleoside substrates. (uwaterloo.ca)

The fluorinated nucleosides were transformed to phosphoramidate prodrugs and evaluated in cell cultures against various viruses including influenza and SARS-CoV-2. (cas.cz)

ONUREG is a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor indicated for continued treatment of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia who achieved first complete remission (CR) or complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) following intensive induction chemotherapy and are not able to complete intensive curative therapy ( 1 ). (nih.gov)
Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway (which forms methionine) into the transsulfuration pathway (which forms cystathionine). (pathbank.org)

These systems have been used to direct the synthesis of artificial proteins having unnatural amino acids, in FDA-approved clinical assays for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C that improves the medical care of over 400,000 patients annually, and to support the first artificial chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution. (thewestheimerinstitute.org)

Moreover, a new universal synthetic route leading to tetradialdose d-nucleosides bearing purine nucleobases is also described. (cas.cz)
Nucleosides are degraded into their subcomponents (i.e. nucleobases and sugar) by the action of nucleosidases in the lumen of the digestive tract. (biologyonline.com)

Kosuri, S. & Church, G.M. Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis: technologies and applications. (nature.com)
Nucleosides such as cytidine can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways in the liver. (biologyonline.com)

Significant differences exist between the structures and modes of synthesis of the RNA molecules of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though the basic mechanisms of their functions are nearly the same. (iasri.res.in)

It is one of the building blocks which is needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. (frndzzz.com)

Several novel and efficient approaches to the synthesis of nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates were developed. (uwaterloo.ca)
The procedure is rapid, produces a wide variety of nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates in high yield, does not require protection and subsequent deprotection of the nucleotide donors or acceptors and can be used to activate nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates and a wide variety of acceptors. (uwaterloo.ca)

The CHS gene affects the synthesis and/or maintenance of storage/secretory granules in various types of cells. (medscape.com)

IC1 has a unique primary structure, the N-terminal part is homologous to the sequence of thioredoxin, the middle part consists of three repetitive sequences homologous to the sequence of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and the C-terminal part contains a high proportion of negatively charged glutamic acid residues. (embl.de)

Oligonucleotides are almost exclusively synthesized using the nucleoside phosphoramidite method, even though it is limited to the direct synthesis of ∼ 200 mers and produces hazardous waste. (nature.com)

Specific examples of the role of Ndk in regulating growth, NTP formation and cell surface polysaccharide synthesis in two respiratory tract pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are discussed. (embl.de)
As one of the most important organelles of hepatocytes, mitochondria are the main site of fatty acid β-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, adenine nucleoside triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and ROS formation. (goldengoosesneakersaustralia.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms9

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs174

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Kinases6

Nucleotides6

Enzyme12

Chemical synthesis5

Enzymatic2

Inhibits6

Diphosphates2

Polymerase4

Mitochondrial3

Adenosine triphosphate analog1

Phosphate6

Viral5

Derivatives2

Analogues2

Deoxynucleoside triphosphates1

Analogs1

Prodrug2

Reverse transcript1

Purine nucleoside8

Analog2

Gemcitabine triphosphate4

Thymidine1

Monophosphate3

Enzymes3

Incorporation1

Vitro2

Stavudine1

Hydrolysis1

Nucleic2

Molecule3

Metabolism1

Compounds2

Reactions2

Deoxycytidine1

DGTP2

Nucleobase3

Cells undergoing DN2

Inhibition3

Ribose2

Ribonucleosides2

Report the synthesis1

Cyclic1

Prodrugs1

Metabolic2

Proteins1

Nucleobases2

Novo2

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes1

Transcription1

Conjugates2

Gene1

Homologous1

Oligonucleotides1

Formation2