PhosphatidylserinePhospholipidsPhospholipid synthesisPhosphatidylcholine synthesisMethylationEnzymeEndogenousMitochondrialMetabolismMethyltransferaseMembraneProteinsMorphologyFatty acidNovoLiverPrecursorTriacylglycerolMembranesMethyl donorDegradationTurnoverInvolvesOccursGenesIncorporationPhosphatidateAccumulationHormonesRoleCompoundFoundCellImportantRateStepBrainMajorHuman
Phosphatidylserine9
- LPA is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid from phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Exposure of cortical neurons to neurotoxic concentrations of NMDA increased extracellular choline and activated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol by phospholipase A 2 but did not induce significant degradation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine. (jneurosci.org)
- Phosphatidylethanolamine is also synthesized from phosphatidylserine in the mitochondrial membrane by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. (smpdb.ca)
- E. coli membranes consist of ~5% cardiolipin (CL), 20-25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and 70-80% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as well as smaller amounts of phosphatidylserine (PS). (ecmdb.ca)
- Only citicoline is able to promote both acetylcholine and the three brain cell membranes, phosphatidylcholine , phosphatidylethanolamine , and phosphatidylserine ! (sportsnewshubb.com)
- For example, in human erythrocytes the cytosolic side (the side facing the cytosol ) of the plasma membrane consists mainly of phosphatidylethanolamine , phosphatidylserine , and phosphatidylinositol. (alchetron.com)
- The starting molecule for lipid biosynthesis is the fatty acid (FA) phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine, which is converted to PI in two steps. (atthaiproperty.com)
- There is usually less of it than of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. (hmdb.ca)
- Rather than just supplying a single phospholipid, Citicoline boosts the brain's production of its own array of phospholipids, including phosphatidylserine (PS), phospatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). (buy-otc.com)
Phospholipids9
- On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that excitotoxicity results from inhibition of synthesis rather than from increased degradation of phospholipids. (jneurosci.org)
- We now investigated the effect of NMDA receptor overactivation on synthesis and degradation of major membrane phospholipids in the early stages of the excitotoxic process. (jneurosci.org)
- The glycerolipid biosynthetic or Kennedy pathway is responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol and phospholipids de novo . (aocs.org)
- Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
- Diacylglycerol is the direct precursor for the production of the zwitterionic phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
- PAP controls the balance between phosphatidate, which is needed for the synthesis of acidic phospholipids, and diacylglycerol, which is used to synthesize triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively [1]. (aocs.org)
- These data suggest that Abhd2 plays a role in the synthesis, turnover, or remodeling of liver phospholipids. (bvsalud.org)
- Choline is necessary for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which are phospholipids that help maintain the structural integrity of the cell membranes. (cytoplan.co.uk)
- Phospholipids are fundamental in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the proper functioning of neural cell membranes - both highly significant factors for healthy cognitive function. (buy-otc.com)
Phospholipid synthesis3
- Nevertheless, it is involved in a wide range of activities, from phospholipid synthesis to a number of physiological responses as a lipid mediator [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These results show that membrane damage by NMDA is preceded by inhibition of phospholipid synthesis and not by phospholipid degradation in the early stages of the excitotoxic process, and that NMDA receptor overactivation decreases phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by inhibiting choline-ethanolaminophosphotransferase activity. (jneurosci.org)
- The disrupted processes include calcium homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, and mitochondrial dynamics, and are all regulated by a subcompartment of the ER that is in physical contact with mitochondria. (columbia.edu)
Phosphatidylcholine synthesis2
- One important thing to note up front is that citicoline's natural availability creates a bottleneck in phosphatidylcholine synthesis . (sportsnewshubb.com)
- Betaine may attenuate ALD by increasing the synthesis of SAM and, eventually, glutathione, decreasing the hepatic concentrations of homocysteine and SAH, and increasing the SAM-SAH ratio, which can trigger a cascade of events that lead to the activation of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, increased phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and formation of VLDL for the export of triacylglycerol from the liver to the circulation. (nebraska.edu)
Methylation4
- Endogenous synthesis of PC occurs by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (Figure 1). (balchem.com)
- The methylation pathway involves the 3 successive methylations of phosphatidylethanolamine to form phosphatidylcholine. (smpdb.ca)
- Phosphatidylethanolamine funnels into the methylation pathway in which phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) then catalyzes three sequential N-methylation steps to convert phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. (smpdb.ca)
- Choline can be obtained from the diet and via de novo biosynthesis through the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. (cytoplan.co.uk)
Enzyme7
- Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (abbreviated PEMT) is a transferase enzyme (EC 2.1.1.17) which converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- The PEMT enzyme converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via three sequential methylations by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). (wikipedia.org)
- A parallel Kennedy pathway forms phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine - the only difference being a different enzyme, ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, catalyzing the second step. (smpdb.ca)
- The activity of HMG-CoA-reductase (a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis) is low in the adult brain. (doclecture.net)
- The first step of protein synthesis is transcription, which is when the RNA polymerase enzyme creates mRNA from a piece of DNA. (atthaiproperty.com)
- From these results, it appears that the source of arachidonic acid supporting constitutive eicosanoid synthesis in BAEC is alkenylacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and that the limiting enzyme activity determining the rate of eicosanoid synthesis is a plasmalogen-specific phospholipase A 2 . (elsevierpure.com)
- N-Acetyl-L-aspartate-[14C]phosphate ([14C]NAPEP) synthesis in cultures of murine splenocytes was found to be markedly stimulated by low concentrations of the bacterial enzyme N-acetyltransferase. (turkbioder.org)
Endogenous3
- In dairy cows, there is sufficient endogenous synthesis except during the transition period when fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue is great, fatty acid uptake by the liver increases dramatically, and fat accumulates in the liver. (balchem.com)
- At the onset of acute hypoxia, eicosanoid synthesis by bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) markedly decreases, reflecting a decreased release of arachidonic acid from endogenous stores. (elsevierpure.com)
- Building Paper Models For the Portable Fantasy Game, I built a half dozen or so building from Dave Graffam .Increased N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis from endogenous fatty acids in specific populations of murine lymphocytes. (turkbioder.org)
Mitochondrial2
- In these Psen1/2 double knockout (DKO) cells, the typical measures of MAM function, i.e. increased cholesteryl ester and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, calcium transport from ER to mitochondria, and co-localization of ER and mitochondria by confocal and electron microscopy, mimicked the same phenotype found in fibroblasts obtained from familial AD patients, which suggests that the presenilins are negative regulators of ER-mitochondrial apposition. (columbia.edu)
- Perturbation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis affects mitochondrial morphology and cell-cycle progression in procyclic-form Trypanosoma brucei. (consebt.pl)
Metabolism1
- Because of its wide-ranging roles in metabolism, from cell structure to neurotransmitter synthesis, choline-deficiency is now thought to have an impact on diseases such as liver disease, atherosclerosis and possibly neurological disorders. (cytoplan.co.uk)
Methyltransferase1
- Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is also known as lipid methyl transferase, LMTase, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methylase, and phosphatidylethanolamine-S-adenosylmethionine-methyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane3
- Furthermore, PC made via PEMT plays a wide range of physiological roles, utilized in choline synthesis, hepatocyte membrane structure, bile secretion, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. (wikipedia.org)
- It can be used to synthesize phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a very important membrane phospholipid. (healthmatters.io)
- Accumulation of fatty aldehydes, which are highly reactive molecules, can form covalent Schiff-base derivatives with phosphatidylethanolamine, which may influence myelin membrane properties and alter the function of membrane-bound proteins. (medscape.com)
Proteins2
- Cer is normally shipped by ceramide transportation proteins (CERT) or vesicular transportation towards the Golgi for synthesis of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) (by ceramide kinase, CERK), sphingomyelin (SM), and glucosylceramide (GluCer). (moonphase2018.com)
- In the nervous tissue nucleic acids provide the storage and transmission of genetic information and its implementation in the synthesis of cellular proteins. (doclecture.net)
Morphology1
- Over all, this study indicates that aceE gene plays a significant role in the mycolic acid synthesis and affects the colony morphology, biofilm formation of M. smegmatis and bacteria invasion of macrophage. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acid2
- The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
- Additionally, decreased concentrations of homocysteine can down-regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, which leads to the attenuation of apoptosis and fatty acid synthesis. (nebraska.edu)
Novo1
- However, de novo synthesis of choline alone is not enough to meet human requirements. (cytoplan.co.uk)
Liver2
- The Abhd2KO mice had a significant increase in liver levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. (bvsalud.org)
- SAM supplementation may attenuate ALD by decreasing oxidative stress through the up-regulation of glutathione synthesis, reducing inflammation via the down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α and the up-regulation of interleukin-10 synthesis, increasing the ratio of SAMto S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and inhibiting the apoptosis of normal hepatocytes and stimulating the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. (nebraska.edu)
Precursor1
- Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein is the precursor of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide, which is cleaved from the N-terminal region of the protein. (bvsalud.org)
Triacylglycerol1
- The entire pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis consists of four enzymatic steps, which catalyze sequential reactions starting from sn -glycerol-3-phosphate and ending with triacylglycerol (TG) ( Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
Membranes1
- Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is frequently the main lipid component of microbial membranes and the second most abundant phospholipid in mammals, comprising as much as 45% of brain lipids. (matreya.com)
Methyl donor1
- Choline is an important source of methyl groups necessary for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the universal methyl donor. (cytoplan.co.uk)
Degradation1
- In addition to the endocannabinoids and their receptors, this endocannabinoid system (thereafter called ECS) comprises synthesis and degradation enzymes and transporters [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Turnover1
- However, there was a marked decrease (~40%) in the turnover of arachidonyl alkenylacyl phosphatidylethanolamine in the hypoxic cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Involves1
- The synthesis of PI involves CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol condensation with myo-inositol. (hmdb.ca)
Occurs1
- Sphingolipid fat burning capacity Sphingolipids are crucial lipids comprising a sphingoid backbone that's ceramide (Cer) synthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (moonphase2018.com)
Genes1
- Transcriptomic analysis on 72 h-exposed fetal testis explants revealed 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including genes involved in steroid synthesis and toxic substance response. (biomedcentral.com)
Incorporation1
- The tumor promoter 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) caused a marked stimulation of inorganic [ 32 P]orthophosphate incorporation into HeLa-cell phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. (aacrjournals.org)
Phosphatidate1
- Phosphatidate is an important intermediate in the synthesis of many phosphoglycerides. (alchetron.com)
Accumulation1
- Its unique signature that distinguishes it from other forms of cell death is the formation and accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, particularly oxidized forms of polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), which drives cell death. (cdc.gov)
Hormones1
- Major site is a large protein that has an essential role in the synthesis of hormones, lipids, and nucleic acids. (atthaiproperty.com)
Role1
- The role of choline and methionine in the synthesis of phosphatifylcholine (Figure created by M. deVeth). (balchem.com)
Compound2
- In recent studies conducted by Japanese Dr. Hirokazu Kawagishi, it was discovered that the mushroom stimulates the synthesis of a very unique and important compound known as nerve growth factor (NGF). (blogspot.com)
- Patients with severe pruritus may benefit from treatment with zileuton, which blocks the synthesis of leukotriene B4, a compound that, along with its omega-hydroxy metabolite, probably gives rise to the itching. (medscape.com)
Found1
- A ubiquitously found basic protein that binds to phosphatidylethanolamine and NUCLEOTIDES. (bvsalud.org)
Cell1
- Among the existing anti-TB drugs, isoniazid, ethionamide and ethambutol target the cell wall synthesis pathways, among which isoniazid and ethambutol are the first-line anti-TB drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
Important1
- As an important intermediate metabolite, acetyl-coA not only participates in tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as the glyoxylate cycle but also provides carbon source for the synthesis of mycolic acid and lipids [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Rate2
- The rate of RNA synthesis is also very high. (doclecture.net)
- For example, strong stimuli loud sounds and strong visual stimuli and emotions lead to an increase in the rate of synthesis RNA and protein in certain brain regions. (doclecture.net)
Step1
- Once the mRNA is in the cytoplasm it can enter a ribosome, where the next step of protein synthesis takes place. (atthaiproperty.com)
Brain2
- Synthesis of cerebrosides and gangliosides proceeds with great velocity in the developing brain during myelination. (doclecture.net)
- Both cytidine and choline are needed for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid with particular benefits for brain health. (sportsnewshubb.com)
Major1
- It is the major synthesis route in animals. (smpdb.ca)
Human1
- Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. (healthmatters.io)