Synthesis ecological effects. Medical search. Frequent questions

Fahrig studies effects of landscape structure-the arrangement of forests, wetlands, roads, cities, and farmland-on wildlife populations and biodiversity, and is best known for her work on habitat fragmentation. (wikipedia.org)
Fahrig argues that the effects of fragmentation (breaking of habitat into small patches) on biodiversity should be estimated independently of the effects of habitat loss, showing that the combined effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are almost entirely due to the effects of habitat loss alone. (wikipedia.org)
Fahrig's later work on habitat fragmentation found that effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, independent of effects of habitat loss, are more likely to be positive than negative. (wikipedia.org)
Fahrig has also worked on habitat connectivity, road ecology, and effects of cropland heterogeneity on biodiversity. (wikipedia.org)
What evidence exists regarding the effects of photovoltaic panels on biodiversity? (environmentalevidence.org)
What evidence exists on the effect of the main European lowland crop and grassland management practices on biodiversity indicator species groups? (environmentalevidence.org)
Forests are valued not only for their economic potential, but also for the biodiversity they contain, the ecological services they provide, and the recreational, cultural, and spiritual opportunities they provide. (routledge.com)
We developed a nested suite of conceptual models at multiple scales of effects pathways for biodiversity monitoring in the Oil Sands Areas, especially with respect to human impacts on migratory bird populations, at multiple scales from ecosystem to individual species. (essa.com)
The impacts to be considered were i) to what extent there are emerging methodological approaches to assess the indirect effect of plant protection products on individuals or populations, and ii) to what extent current risk assessment is sufficient to evaluate the direct effect of individual plant protection products on biodiversity. (lu.se)

With little direct observational or experimental data available on the effects of wave, tidal, and offshore wind devices on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes, researchers have developed the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) to provide preliminary assessments of these risks and to act as a framework for integrating future data on direct interactions of ocean energy devices with the environment. (springer.com)
ERES also examines the effect that environmental regulations have on the deployment and operation of ocean energy devices. (springer.com)
2010. Environmental and ecological effects of ocean renewable energy development: a current synthesis. (springer.com)
Welcome to the Environmental Evidence list of Evidence Syntheses in progress. (environmentalevidence.org)
Aside from the detrimental environmental effects of this, loss of these green spaces and time spent in them could have hugely negative effects on people's mental health and well-being. (froglife.org)
Our objective was to compare the effects of commercial fisheries, age structure and environmental variability on population growth rate. (int-res.com)
We review the strengths and limitations of risk of bias assessments, in particular, for reviews of observational studies of environmental exposures, and we also comment more generally on methods of evidence synthesis. (nih.gov)
Evidence synthesis (or evidence integration) is widely used to summarize findings of epidemiologic studies of environmental and occupational exposures. (nih.gov)
Researchers at UC Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis (NCEAS), along with colleagues from UCSB's Bren School for Environmental Science, UC Santa Cruz's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, among others, have recently published their findings from a study conducted on the effects of marine heatwaves on ecological communities, both within and outside of marine protected areas (MPAs). (dailynexus.com)
Decline of eastern hemlock may have far-reaching effects because of the unique suite of environmental characteristics associated with hemlock-dominated forests. (fordham.edu)
Process-Based Models: A Synthesis of Models and Applications to Address Environmental and Management Issues. (routledge.com)
Ecological elements are central to conservation conflict, and changes in their dynamics - for instance due to anthropogenic environmental change - are likely to influence the emergence of serious human-wildlife impacts and, consequently, social conflict. (stir.ac.uk)

The dynamic duo comprises the two postdoctoral fellows Simon Escobar Steinvall , a material scientist from the Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, and Zehan Yao , a spectroscopy expert from the Chemical Physics Division. (lu.se)

That being in nature produces this as a universal innate connection, promoting the physiological effects of lower blood pressure, heart rate and increases attention which in turn blocks negative thoughts and emotions (Ulrich et al, 1991). (froglife.org)

To our knowledge, this study is the first to link both ecological and genetic factors with flower abundance in a species with a presumed masting strategy. (csic.es)
An invasion of an exotic species of lady beetle is likely to have important future effects on pest control and conservation of native species in agricultural landscapes. (msu.edu)
During planning, managers frequently are expected to anticipate effects of management actions on wildlife species. (frames.gov)
Based on scoping meetings and dialogue with public lands managers from throughout the United States, we provide detailed, species-level, summary tables for project biologists and fire managers trying to anticipate the effects of fire and fire-surrogate treatments on local wildlife species. (frames.gov)
These studies clearly showed that many species consistently respond positively to fire, supporting the assumption that these species have evolved with and are dependent on fire (of varying severities and extents) as a regular ecological process. (frames.gov)
Low temperature effects on ubiquinone content, respiration rates and lipid peroxidation levels of etiolated seedlings of two differentially chilling-sensitive species. (scialert.net)
A recent paper by lead-author Diva Amon of UC Santa Barbara's Marine Science Institute and colleagues discusses the recent finding that with the escalating effects of climate change, the distribution of multiple tuna species will shift significantly, ultimately leading to overlap with areas currently designated for deep-sea mining. (dailynexus.com)
He is researching the differential effect that gophers have on native plants versus invasive species. (sciencedaily.com)
We review the literature to measure and map species richness and endemism, the contributions of regional faunas, and ecological characteristics of Indochina's amphibians (Anura, Caudata), and reptiles (Serpentes, Sauria, Testudines, Crocodylia). (amnh.org)
We also tested the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution of the four studied deciduous species over the entire period examined. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Occurrence and abundance of American beech have increased substantially over the past three decades, whereas the occurrence and abundance of three other deciduous species have decreased in all ecological provinces of the north-eastern USA, except the Midwest Broadleaf ecological province. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Some objectives of our research are to examine how forest composition regulates the effects of the HWA on species diversity and productivity, and to examine the effects of changes in productivity on resource transfer between trophic levels. (fordham.edu)
While much of our research focuses on the impacts of invasive species, climate change, and urbanization on plants, and on the interactive effects of physiology and development in regulating plant responses to the environment, student projects also addresses a variety of other topics, reflecting the various interests of the students in my lab. (fordham.edu)
2017. A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality. (fordham.edu)

These physiological effects are all a counter to the physical effects stress causes in the body and are what happens when you relax. (froglife.org)
The study consisted of observing the physiological and ecological effects of an alkaline treatment on two 'phytoplankton functional group representatives,' Emiliania huxleyi and Chaetoceros. (dailynexus.com)
2018. CO 2 and temperature effects on morphological and physiological traits affecting drought-induced mortality. (fordham.edu)

This study area is a complex social-ecological system for which there is an abundance of specific information, but a relatively weak understanding about system behavior. (essa.com)

With this knowledge, today's risk assessment models to predict ecological impacts of petroleum activity should not be limited to selective short-term effects of oil spills and tests of acute toxicity in laboratory tolerant taxonomic groups, but should also include long-term effects of an accident. (bellona.no)
This is a comprehensive assessment of ecological forest management. (routledge.com)
Health effects assessment of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this work is to contribute an assessment of wellbeing effects to the literature by studying the effects of coral bleaching on the biological standard of living, measured in height and height-for-age. (lu.se)

In our synthesis of the project, we provide insights from the ecological, socioeconomic, and political sciences in the context of human-environment interactions in mountain regions. (indiana.edu)
Featuring contributions from experts on the three main forest types-boreal, temperate, and tropical-this book presents in-depth coverage of important issues in ecological forest management and includes case studies addressing ecological and socioeconomic issues. (routledge.com)

What are the effects of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems? (environmentalevidence.org)
Although genetic diversity within stands of trees is known to have community-level consequences, whether such effects are present at an even finer genetic scale is unknown. (mdpi.com)

He is a member of the editorial advisory board of Ecological Modelling and the International Journal of Forestry Research , and is also associate editor of Ecoscience . (routledge.com)

Using structural equation models, we tested the hypothesis that vegetation structure mediated the effects of topography and anthropogenic‐fire history on ant assemblage TD and FD, with stronger effects on the latter. (researchgate.net)
Our study uncovers the interactive effects of topography, disturbance history and vegetation structure in determining the TD and FD of ant assemblages in subtropical landscapes. (researchgate.net)

Chemical analogues and compounds with biological or physical characteristics similar to those of suspected carcinogens may also be considered, even in the absence of data on a possible carcinogenic effect in humans or experimental animals. (who.int)

I am a marine biologist with expertise in measuring and managing the impact of human activities on aquatic systems using ecological and functional approaches. (nottingham.ac.uk)

4. Internal relatedness and heterozygosity had a significant positive effect on the abundance of flowers. (csic.es)
Assessing Abundance, Biomass, and Complexity in the Context of Ecological Forest Management. (routledge.com)

This study illustrates how and where the interaction between large-scale ecological patterns and regional/short-scale processes are important for designing management regulations. (int-res.com)
The analysis of 17 global data sets, led by Benjamin S. Halpern of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara, Calif., illustrates the extent to which humans are reshaping the seas through overfishing, air pollution and commercial shipping. (org.in)
It illustrates how ecological forest management is a complex process that requires broad ecological knowledge while giving readers a deeper understanding of basic principles and applications. (routledge.com)
Our research illustrates the value of exploring socio-ecological history to understand the processes leading to conservation conflict. (stir.ac.uk)

Such syntheses are part of systematic reviews of observational epidemiologic study findings. (nih.gov)

Collectively, these stories highlight the need for long‐term studies to sort out the complexities of different types of ecological cascades. (msu.edu)
Cascades of indirect effects were also present after the oil spill, where indirect interactions lengthened the recovery process on rocky shorelines for a decade or more. (bellona.no)

While climate change is having important direct effects on boreal forests, indirect effects mediated by fire activity-severity, size, and return interval-have large cascading effects over the long term. (msu.edu)
The study, which was conducted by the UCSB National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, recognized global climate change, large-scale fishing and commercial shipping as the leading contributors to oceanic damage, but also pointed to the activities of everyday life as a source of harm. (dailynexus.com)
While this news is without doubt disheartening, it will continue to be crucial to protect and maintain MPAs for other reasons, including the ability to monitor how marine communities react to heat waves in the long term and to discern whether MPAs may facilitate recovery, as well as to continue to be able to study the effects of climate change without the presence of fishing or other human interference. (dailynexus.com)
Glen M Sproul dit MacDonald works on issues of climate change and ecological and societal responses. (ucla.edu)

More than 42 million litres of crude oil were released into the sea and caused an ecological catastrophe of unprecedented magnitude, contaminating at least 1990 km of once-pristine shoreline and significantly raising high wildlife mortality rates. (bellona.no)
1990. Evaluation of an interdigitated gate electrode field-effect transistor for detecting organophosphorus compounds. (cdc.gov)

A biogeographic synthesis of the amphibians and reptiles of Indochina. (amnh.org)

Handbook of Research on the Adverse Effects of Pesticide Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems, edited by Khursheed Ahmad Wani and Mamta, IGI Global, 2019, pp. 318-337. (igi-global.com)
Handbook of Research on the Adverse Effects of Pesticide Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems (pp. 318-337). (igi-global.com)
However, their introduction to the aquatic ecosystems resulted in ecological danger due to their toxic effects. (igi-global.com)

This research may lead to a better understanding of native ecological communities in California, and perhaps even allow for opportunities to restore native grasslands. (sciencedaily.com)
Research conducted by scientists at Santa Clara University, the Nature Conservancy, and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) at the University of California at Santa Barbara concluded crops that are bioengineered to resist insects require less chemical spraying than conventional crops. (heartland.org)

3. We assessed four ecological factors (productivity, leaf nitrogen and carbon content and herbivory) and three genetic factors (heterozygosity, relatedness and clonality) to assess three hypotheses for synchronised flowering in P. oceanica: (1) clone synchronisation (internal clock hypothesis), (2) variation in nutrient availability, potentially caused by spatial heterogeneity in herbivory rates or nutrient translocation via clonal integration (resource budget hypothesis) or (3) kin selection and sibling synchronisation. (csic.es)

Having established a suitable pressure task, 2) research should assess the effects of pressure by evaluating conscious and nonconscious effects and associated coping mechanisms, which should inform the subsequent development of interventions, and 3) assess interventions to enhance understanding of the ways in which they improve coping with pressure, or may fail, and the mechanisms which may explain these outcomes. (jssm.org)
Future research should attempt to better consider the approach used to generate meaningful performance pressures and assess the consequences of pressure by evaluating conscious and non-conscious effects and coping mechanisms through which coping with pressure might be improved. (jssm.org)

Thus a combination of mainly genetic but also ecological factors causes the observed heterogeneous flowering patterns in Posidonia oceanica seascapes. (csic.es)
potential effects on habitats, and changes in processes such as sedimentation patterns and water quality, are also considered. (springer.com)

This list contains all evidence syntheses that are registered as in progress by CEE. (environmentalevidence.org)
What evidence exists on the ecological and physical effects of built structures in shallow, tropical coral reefs? (environmentalevidence.org)
There is growing evidence to suggest that being in nature has positive effects on people's mental health. (froglife.org)
Increasingly, risk of bias tools are used to evaluate epidemiologic studies as part of evidence synthesis (evidence integration), often involving meta-analyses. (nih.gov)
As is recognized in many guidelines, evidence synthesis requires a broader approach than simply evaluating risk of bias in individual studies followed by synthesis of studies judged unbiased, or with studies given more weight if judged less biased. (nih.gov)
Bias assessments are important in evidence synthesis, but we argue they can and should be improved to address the concerns we raise here. (nih.gov)
Evidence synthesis requires a broad approach that goes beyond assessing bias in individual human studies and then including a narrow range of human studies judged to be unbiased in evidence synthesis. (nih.gov)
Boxes 4 and 5 of this figure (evaluate evidence, integrate evidence) depict where risk of bias assessments come into play via evaluations of individual studies and evidence synthesis across studies, and they are the subject of this paper. (nih.gov)
Subjectivity (value-based judgment) is inevitably present in the assessments of the quality of the individual studies (including whether they suffer from biases) and in the decisions to include or exclude studies in evidence syntheses and meta-analyses. (nih.gov)

Durant JM, Hidalgo M, Rouyer T, Hjermann DØ and others (2013) Population growth across heterogeneous environments: effects of harvesting and age structure. (int-res.com)

In northeastern temperate forests, legacies of human management and disturbance affect the composition of current forests, which creates a cascade of effects that interact with the climate‐facilitated invasion of an exotic pest. (msu.edu)
Dry forests throughout the United States are fire-dependent ecosystems, and much attention has been given to restoring their ecological function. (frames.gov)
Regional coverage of studies was best for short-term effects of surface fires in eastern pine systems and high-severity fires in the interior mixed-conifer forests of the western United States. (frames.gov)

A meta-analysis yields a quantitative effect estimate, such as the strength of the association between an exposure and an outcome. (nih.gov)
Jim Reichman, director of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) at UC Santa Barbara, will present findings on North American pocket gophers, entitled "Bioturbation by subterranean mammalian herbivores and its impact on ecosystems," at the annual meeting of the Ecology Society of America in Portland, Ore., the first week in August. (sciencedaily.com)
Comprehensive Analysis of Land Tenure Effects on the Structure and Services of Regional Forest Ecosystems. (routledge.com)
This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the effects of coral bleaching on the biological standard of living of people in Indonesia, while also considering the role of different channels through which these effects materialize. (lu.se)

The synthesis of 14 years of Exxon Valdez oil spill studies documents the contributions of delayed, chronic and indirect effects of petroleum contamination in the marine environment. (bellona.no)
A narrative aggregate synthesis identified intervention studies that provided an educational focus ( n = 9), consultancy sessions ( n = 6), simulation training ( n = 5) and emotion regulation strategies ( n = 3). (jssm.org)
There are few studies investigating the effect altitude may have specifically on COVID-19 mortality [ 21 , 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This paper is a product of a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation funded Long‐Term Ecological Research ( LTER ) network addressing the LTER core research area of "populations and communities. (msu.edu)
In Antarctica, declining sea ice creates a cascade of effects including declines in Adèlie and increases in Gentoo penguins, changes in phytoplankton, and consequent changes in zooplankton populations. (msu.edu)
To predict the effects of fisheries and climate on marine populations, there is a need for improved understanding of how they affect key ecological processes such as population growth. (int-res.com)
My lab is interested in measuring, understanding, and predicting the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of populations when they encounter novel environments, particularly environments with multiple disturbances or stressors. (ucla.edu)

This means that being in a natural outdoor environment can have positive mental health effects due to the physical processes elicited in the body. (froglife.org)
We used mixed-effects models to examine the drivers of historic spatio-temporal dynamics in numbers of Greenland barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) on the Scottish island of Islay to identify the ecological processes that have shaped the environment in which conflict between goose conservation and agriculture has been triggered. (stir.ac.uk)

These concepts-habitat connectivity and wildlife movement corridors - are widely used in large-scale conservation planning, in municipal and regional greenways planning, and in mitigation of road effects on wildlife. (wikipedia.org)

2. In this study, we assessed the importance of ecological and genetic factors in shaping seascape-level spatial heterogeneity in flowering of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. (csic.es)
A Dutch study showed that residents with a higher area of green spaces within a 3km radius had a better relationship with stressful life events (Van den Berg et al, 2010) which was soon to be increasingly important in recent years with the effects of COVID-19. (froglife.org)
Human activities are affecting every square mile of the world's oceans, according to a study by a team of American, British and Canadian researchers who mapped the severity of the effects from pole to pole. (org.in)
A new study reported in the July 8 issue of Science magazine shows crops genetically modified to resist insects and other pests are having a beneficial effect on the environment. (heartland.org)
This is an ecological study examining province-level data. (biomedcentral.com)

This document represents a synthesis of existing knowledge on wildlife responses to fire and fire-surrogate treatments, presented in a useful, management-relevant format. (frames.gov)
A key area of research is disentangling effects of plant age and plant developmental stage on responses to the environment. (fordham.edu)

The relevant literature was mapped using a systematic search for literature to avoid bias in the selection of literature, and an inventory of emerging methods to assess indirect effects in other countries. (lu.se)

Conclusions for endogenous vitamin D synthesis. (who.int)

2021. Cascading effects: insights from the U. S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. (msu.edu)

Our Eco therapy style project is based on scientific research that suggests being outdoors and connecting with nature, have hugely positive effects on individuals. (froglife.org)
The research focused on the effects of human activity on particular marine ecosystems along the western seaboard of the United States. (dailynexus.com)
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univ. (nimbios.org)
More research is needed to understand why altitude may have a protective effect against COVID-19 mortality and how this may be applicable in a clinical setting. (biomedcentral.com)

Synthesis and applications. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
Ecological Applications 27:297-308. (fordham.edu)

To realize visions of regional ecological and economic sustainability-extant the ecological economics literature-a unified understanding and philosophy of the region is needed. (umsystem.edu)
Herein, we undertake the first biogeographic synthesis of the regional herpetofauna since the first half of the 20th century. (amnh.org)
Dividing Indochina into 19 subregions defined by topography and geology, we estimate the similarity among the regional faunas and appraise the effects of area and survey effort on these comparative analyses. (amnh.org)

The Ecological Forest Management Handbook provides a comprehensive summary of interrelated topics in the field, including management concepts, forest models, and ecological indicators. (routledge.com)
Moreover, the conceptual models have the ability to represent and communicate additional dimensionality associated with each effects pathway, and may include assignment of direction, strength of effect, uncertainty, predictability, and ecological and/or management importance of specific pathways. (essa.com)
Drawing from 2 existing models, we describe 7 methodological phases in the process of translating and implementing EBIs in communities to reach these vulnerable groups: establish infrastructure for translation partnership, identify multiple inputs (information gathering), review and distill information (synthesis), adapt and integrate program components (translation), build general and specific capacity (support system), implement intervention (delivery system), and develop appropriate designs and measures (evaluation). (cdc.gov)

This paper addresses the cascading effects theme and includes stories from the Bonanza Creek (boreal), Kellogg Biological Station (agricultural and freshwater), Palmer (Antarctica), and Harvard Forest (temperate forest) LTER sites. (msu.edu)
8 - Biological effects of vitamin D relevant to cancer. (who.int)
The results show that being exposed to coral bleaching in the year of birth or at very young age has a causal negative effect on the biological standard of living, which suggests that coral bleaching leads to malnutrition. (lu.se)

She completed her PhD in 1987 at the University of Toronto under the supervision of Jyri Paloheimo, on the effects of animal dispersal behaviour on the relationship between population size and habitat spatial arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
Étant donné que de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux de prairies ont des préférences différentes en matière d'habitat, la gestion de prairies visant à fournir un habitat à une gamme d'espèces peut s'avérer difficile. (ace-eco.org)

Corruption, especially in developing countries, has been shown to have large persistent effects on inequality and economic growth. (umsystem.edu)
This quality of pea seeds seems to be an ecological adaptation to growth at a wide range of temperature regime. (scialert.net)

With carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions continuing to rise, it is more important than ever to find strategies to dampen the effects that carbon is having on our atmosphere, oceans and living organisms, including creating innovative ways to remove and/or sequester the carbon we are putting into the world. (dailynexus.com)
Love them or hate them, pocket gophers have an important effect on the soil and plants where they live. (sciencedaily.com)
They definitely have an important effect. (sciencedaily.com)
Since coral reefs are an important income and nutrition source for coastal communities, especially in developing countries, it seems likely that coral bleaching has a negative effect on wellbeing. (lu.se)

One of the major challenges to deploying these devices is discerning the likely effects those devices and associated systems will have on the marine environment. (springer.com)
Determining the effects each device design and deployment system may have on specific marine animals and habitats, estimating the extent of those effects upon the resiliency of the ecosystem, and designing appropriate mitigation measures to protect against degradation all pose substantial challenges. (springer.com)
Modeling Forest Carbon Budgets toward Ecological Forest Management: Challenges and Future Directions. (routledge.com)

However, tremendous gaps persist with respect to mixed-severity fire, longer term response to mixed- and high severity fire, and the effects of repeated fire (all severities) on wildlife. (frames.gov)

Considerations of Ecosystem Services in Ecological Forest Management. (routledge.com)

While both the income channel and the direct nutritional channel through subsistence fishing explain the coral bleaching effect, the results furthermore suggest that the latter might play a bigger role. (lu.se)

As the stories were prepared, themes emerged, and the stories were group into papers along five themes: state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. (msu.edu)

Altitude may have an effect on COVID-19 mortality rates. (biomedcentral.com)

Increased anticholinergic burden can have short-term side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and urinary retention as well as long-term effects including dementia, worsening physical function and falls. (bvsalud.org)

What is the effect on antibiotic resistant genes of chlorine disinfection in drinking water supply systems? (environmentalevidence.org)
He explained that ecological conditions on the planet have deteriorated, but now ecologists are learning more about how natural systems work. (sciencedaily.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs24

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care4

Biodiversity9

Environmental12

Centre1

Promoting the physiological1

Species14

Physiological3

Social-ecological1

Assessment4

Socioeconomic2

Diversity2

Modelling1

Vegetation2

Carcinogenic1

Approaches1

Abundance2

Illustrates4

Observational1

Cascades2

Climate change4

19902

Amphibians1

Aquatic3

California2

Productivity1

Mechanisms2

Patterns2

Evidence9

Heterogeneous1

Forests3

Analysis4

Studies3

Populations4

Processes2

Conservation1

Study5

Responses2

Indirect effects1

Conclusions1

Insights1

Research4

APPLICATIONS2

Regional3

Models3

Biological3

Habitat2

Growth2

Important4

Challenges3

Severity1

Forest1

Role1

Connectivity1

Mortality1

Physical1

Systems2