Synaptic transmitter hippocampal synaptic glutamate binds. Medical search. Frequent questions

In the maturing and adult CNS, reelin modulates several aspects of excitatory synaptic function and morpho-functional plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
A role for zinc in modulating synaptic plasticity has been inferred, but whether zinc has a particular role in experience-dependent plasticity has yet to be determined. (mdpi.com)
Ramón y Cajal's observations align with the traditional view of astrocytes as support cells and the more recent lines of evidence revealing astrocytes as active regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (nature.com)
We then examine how these mechanisms could modulate synaptic function by focusing on three key features of synaptic information transmission: synaptic strength, synaptic variability, and short-term plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Our results indicated that the activation of cyclinD1-CDK4 is required for short-term synaptic plasticity and mGluR-dependent LTD, and suggested that this cyclin-dependent kinase may have different roles during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, using physiologically relevant patterns of MF stimulation in acute mouse hippocampal slices, we found that disrupting postsynaptic Ca 2+ dynamics increases MF-PTP, strongly suggesting a form of Ca 2+ -dependent retrograde suppression of this form of plasticity. (eneuro.org)
Under physiological conditions, both Best1-mediated glutamate release and tonic GABA release from astrocytes modulate neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. (en-journal.org)

Synaptogenesis is particularly important during an individual's critical period, during which there is a certain degree of synaptic pruning due to competition for neural growth factors by neurons and synapses. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, deprivation did not alter either miniature EPSC amplitude in L2/3 neurons or the amplitude of quantal L4-L2/3 synaptic responses measured in strontium, indicating that postsynaptic responsiveness was unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
Indeed, we show that uncleaved α 2 δ−1 inhibits presynaptic calcium transient-triggered action potential (AP) in hippocampal neurons and that this effect is reversed by the cleavage of α 2 δ−1. (elifesciences.org)
PNNs are supposed to control synaptic transmission and are frequently associated with neurons firing at high rates, including principal neurons of auditory brainstem nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)
These ECM baskets potentially contribute to control of synaptic transmission at IHCs and might be functionally related to PNNs of neurons in the CNS. (biomedcentral.com)
A specialized form of the ECM are the perineuronal nets (PNNs), a pericellular cover that tightly enwraps somata, proximal dendrites, and axon initial segments of specific neurons thereby leaving meshes occupied by synaptic terminals. (biomedcentral.com)
Best1 protein is observed in cortical and hippocampal astrocytes, in cerebellar Bergmann glia and lamellar astrocytes, in thalamic reticular neurons, in meninges and in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (en-journal.org)
Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes propagate intercellular Ca 2+ waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters ) in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. (atozwiki.com)
[6] Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca 2+ -dependent release of glutamate . (atozwiki.com)
However, in some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus , neurons are arranged in such a way that they all receive synaptic inputs in the same area. (wikidoc.org)
Because these neurons are in the same orientation, the extracellular signals from synaptic excitation don't cancel out, but rather add up to give a signal that can easily be recorded with a field electrode. (wikidoc.org)
Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)

Chemical synapses release synaptic vesicles (SVs) at specialized presynaptic membranes, so-called active zones (AZs), which are characterized by electron-dense structures, reflecting the presence of extended molecular protein scaffolds. (sdbonline.org)
Kohgaku Eguchi, Setsuko Nakanishi, Hiroshi Takagi, Zacharie Taoufiq and Tomoyuki Takahashi (2012) Maturation of a PKG-Dependent Retrograde Mechanism for Exo-Endocytic Coupling of Synaptic Vesicles. (oist.jp)
Zinc is highly concentrated in synaptic vesicles throughout the mammalian telencephalon and, in particular, the hippocampal dentate gyrus. (mdpi.com)
Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
Quantal size can then be defined as the synaptic response to the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle, while quantal content is the number of effective vesicles released in response to a nerve impulse. (wikidoc.org)
We have identified a novel mechanism by which dynamin and actin coordinate a series of membrane events that culminate in the formation of bulk endosomes from which new synaptic vesicles emanate at the neuromuscular junction. (edu.au)
We also developed a new technique sdTIM, Subdiffractional tracking of internalised molecules, to be able to visualise small synaptic vesicles in living hippocampal nerve terminals (Joensuu et al. (edu.au)
It revealed diffusive and transport states of synaptic vesicles in resting and stimulated conditions. (edu.au)

Channel gating kinetics and synaptic efficacy: a hypothesis for expression of long-term potentiation. (escholarship.org)
A kinetic model of the glutamate DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor/channel complex was used to test whether changes in the rate constants describing channel behavior could account for various features of long-term potentiation (LTP). (escholarship.org)

The trans-synaptic dialogue between Nrx-1 and Nlg1 aids in the initial assembly, specification and maturation of synapses, and is a key component in the modification of neuronal networks. (sdbonline.org)
Astrocytes are fundamental components of brain information processing and possess the ability to respond to synaptic signaling with increases in cytoplasmic calcium and modulate neuronal activity with the subsequent release of neuroactive transmitters. (nature.com)
Neuromodulatory regulation of ion channels affects how ion channels respond to voltage deflections on short and long time scales, thus affecting how certain features of synaptic input are transformed into neuronal output. (frontiersin.org)
The proteoglycans bind to hyaluronan that is anchored in the neuronal membrane and forms the scaffold of the PNNs [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

O1 O2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Based on voltage-clamp recordings of GABAA receptor-mediated currents in rat hippocampal slices (Otis and Mody, Neuroscience 49: 13-32, 1992), this model was fit directly to experimental recordings in order to obtain the optimal values for the parameters (see Destexhe, Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996). (yale.edu)

Assembly and maturation of synapses at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) depend on trans-synaptic Neurexin/Neuroligin signalling, which is promoted by the scaffolding protein Syd-1 binding to Neurexin. (sdbonline.org)
Retrograde control of synaptic transmission by postsynaptic CaMKII at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. (neurotree.org)
The BMP homolog Gbb provides a retrograde signal that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. (neurotree.org)
In invertebrates , glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the neuromuscular junction . (wikidoc.org)
In the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates, EPP ( end-plate potentials ) are mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which is also the main transmitter in an invertebrates´ central nervous system. (wikidoc.org)

Using electrophysiological approaches, we showed that decreased reelin levels impair the maturation of GABAergic synaptic transmission without affecting the inhibitory nature of GABA. (frontiersin.org)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
Whereas our understanding of its pathophysiology is limited, postmortem studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with deficits of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, a number of findings from postmortem brain studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with deficits of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and both neurotransmitter and enzyme are found in these inhibitory interneurons. (biomedcentral.com)
The most prominent feature of Best1 is its significant permeability to glutamate and GABA in addition to chloride ions because glutamate and GABA are important transmitters in the brain. (en-journal.org)
These properties of Best1, including the permeation and release of glutamate and GABA and its redistribution in reactive astrocytes, promise us exciting discoveries of novel brain functions to be uncovered in the future. (en-journal.org)

However, how presynaptic scaffold assembly and maturation are controlled and coupled spatiotemporally to the postsynaptic assembly of neurotransmitter receptors remains largely unknown, although trans-synaptic signalling via Neurexin-1 (Nrx-1)-Neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) adhesion molecules is a strong candidate for a conserved 'master module' in this context, based on Nrx-Nlg signalling promoting synaptogenesis in vitro, synapses of rodents, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila (Muhammad, 2015). (sdbonline.org)
In Drosophila, the Syd-1-PDZ domain binds the Nrx-1 C terminus and couples pre- with postsynaptic maturation at nascent synapses of glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in Drosophila larvae. (sdbonline.org)
A single packet of transmitter does not saturate postsynaptic glutamate receptors. (oist.jp)
Here we show that the voltage fluctuations associated with dendrosomatic synaptic activity propagate significant distances along the axon, and that modest changes in the somatic membrane potential of the presynaptic neuron modulate the amplitude and duration of axonal action potentials and, through a Ca21- dependent mechanism, the average amplitude of the postsynaptic potential evoked by these spikes. (yale.edu)
Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
These non-peptidergic fibres terminate primarily in inner lamina II (LIIi) of the dorsal horn in complex synaptic glomeruli, where they represent the central element and are often postsynaptic to inhibitory interneurons [ 8 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. (wikidoc.org)

Presynaptic calcium current modulation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. (oist.jp)
However, long-term depression (LTD) induced either by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) agonist or by paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (PP-LFS) was impaired in CDK4 inhibitor pretreated slices both from neonatal and adolescent animals. (biomedcentral.com)
While frequency facilitation at this synapse is limited by endogenous activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), whether MF-PTP can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner is unknown. (eneuro.org)

MicrocircuitDB: Intracortical synaptic potential modulation by presynaptic somatic potential (Shu et al. (yale.edu)
Intracortical synaptic potential modulation by presynaptic somatic potential (Shu et al. (yale.edu)
2 . Shu Y, Hasenstaub A, Duque A, Yu Y, McCormick DA (2006) Modulation of intracortical synaptic potentials by presynaptic somatic membrane potential. (yale.edu)
Hikida T , Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Sasaoka T, Wang Y, Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific modulation of nucleus accumbens in reward and aversive behavior via selective transmitter receptors. (neurotree.org)

The signals that initiate post-synaptic differentiation may be neurotransmitters released directly from the axon to the myotube, or they may arise from changes activated in the extracellular matrix of the synaptic cleft. (wikipedia.org)

Acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft where it reaches acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the plasma membrane of the myofiber, the sarcolemma. (wikipedia.org)
it is to be used in conjunction with a sepearate mechanism to describe the release of transmitter and that provides the concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft (to be connected to pointer C here). (yale.edu)
Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)

However, classifying neurotransmitters as such is technically incorrect, as there are several other synaptic factors that help determine a neurotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effects. (wikidoc.org)

Testuya Hori and Tomoyuki Takahashi (2012).Kinetics of Synaptic Vesicle Refilling with Neurotransmitter Glutamate. (oist.jp)
The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)
Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. (nih.gov)
The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the amino acid glutamate , and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates . (wikidoc.org)

Activity spread depended on glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and activity restrictions did not depend on inhibitory circuits. (biomedcentral.com)
2006). Reducing the expression of GODZ by shRNA or dominant-negative constructs leads to selective loss of GABAARs at synapses, along with reduced GABAergic innervation and corresponding reductions in amplitude and frequency of miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs), as well as whole-cell currents (Fang et al. (vegfr-3inhibitor.com)

The preliminary contact formed between the motoneuron and the myotube generates synaptic transmission almost immediately, but the signal produced is very weak. (wikipedia.org)
This increased amount of AChR allows for more effective transmission of synaptic signals, which in turn leads to a more-developed synapse. (wikipedia.org)
Synaptic transmission is observed in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms and underlies their behaviour. (nature.com)
The role of GTP-binding protein activity in fast central synaptic transmission. (oist.jp)
These results indicate that synaptic activity in the dendrite and soma controls not only the pattern of action potentials generated, but also the amplitude of the synaptic potentials that these action potentials initiate in local cortical circuits, resulting in synaptic transmission that is a mixture of triggered and graded (analogue) signals. (yale.edu)
The review provides insight into the active role of astrocytes in dopaminergic signaling to both respond to dopamine with increases in calcium and modulate synaptic transmission (Fig. 1 ) and proposes the targeting of astrocytes for novel treatments of disease processes involving the mesolimbic dopamine system. (nature.com)
Positive allosteric modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole- propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ("ampakines" and functionally related compounds) constitute a relatively new class of psychoactive drugs that enhance fast, excitatory transmission in the brain. (escholarship.org)
Heterogeneity in synaptic transmission along a Drosophila larval motor axon. (neurotree.org)
Erratum: Heterogeneity in synaptic transmission along a Drosophila larval motor axon Nature Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
1. General overview of synaptic transmission. (org.es)
Chemical synaptic transmission allows nerve signals to be exchanged between cells which are electrically isolated from each other. (org.es)
Among the three families of Ca V channels (Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and Ca V 3), the Ca V 2 family and more specifically Ca V 2.1 and Ca V 2.2 channels (generating P/Q and N-type currents, respectively) are particularly important for synaptic transmission in central and peripheral nervous systems ( Dolphin, 2012 ). (elifesciences.org)
Basal synaptic transmission was normal in the presence of CDK4 inhibitor. (biomedcentral.com)
Bernard Katz pioneered the study of these spontaneous EPSPs (often called miniature end-plate potentials [1] ) in 1951 , revealing the quantal nature of synaptic transmission . (wikidoc.org)
Hikida T, Kimura K, Wada N , Funabiki K, Nakanishi S . Distinct roles of synaptic transmission in the direct and indirect striatal pathways to reward-based and aversive learning Neuroscience Research . (neurotree.org)

Developmental shift to a mechanism of synaptic vesicle endocytosis requiring nanodomain Ca 2+ . (oist.jp)
This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
This super-resolution technique was able to capture, and subsequently analyse, the dynamics of thousands of individual synaptic vesicle trajectories, to uncover the dynamics of synaptic vesicle pool mobility. (edu.au)

After about a week, a fully functional synapse is formed following several types of differentiation in both the post-synaptic muscle cell and the pre-synaptic motoneuron. (wikipedia.org)
This high concentration of AChR in the synapse is achieved through clustering of AChR, up-regulation of the AChR gene transcription in the post-synaptic nuclei, and down-regulation of the AChR gene in the non-synaptic nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
AChR experiences multimerization within the post-synaptic membrane largely due to the signaling molecule Agrin. (wikipedia.org)
Agrin binds to a muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) receptor in the post-synaptic membrane, and this in turn leads to downstream activation of the cytoplasmic protein Rapsyn. (wikipedia.org)
Rapsyn contains domains that allow for AChR association and multimerization, and it is directly responsible for AChR clustering in the post-synaptic membrane: rapsyn-deficient mutant mice fail to form AChR clusters. (wikipedia.org)

1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Here, we studied the synaptic expression mechanisms for deprivation-induced weakening of L4-L2/3 inputs and assessed its similarity to LTD, which is known to be expressed presynaptically at L4-L2/3 synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Using the calyx of Held synapse, Dr. Takahashi's group unveiled presynaptic mechanisms regulating transmitter release which had never been proved directly. (oist.jp)

Whisker deprivation increased the paired pulse ratio at L4-L2/3 synapses and slowed the use-dependent block of NMDA receptor currents by MK-801 [(5 S ,10 R )-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], indicating that deprivation reduced transmitter release probability at these synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Similar weakening occurred when deprivation began at older ages (P20), when synapses are mostly mature, indicating that weakening is unlikely to represent a failure of synaptic maturation but instead represents a reduction in the strength of existing synapses. (jneurosci.org)
The origin of this high-rate activity is found in the cochlea, where inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials, followed by faithful and indefatigable transmitter release at their ribbon synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
Taniguchi M, Yokoi M , Shinohara Y, Okutani F, Murata Y, Nakanishi S , Kaba H. Regulation of synaptic currents by mGluR2 at reciprocal synapses in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. (neurotree.org)

These modulatory events dramatically affect how synaptic information is integrated to generate patters of action potentials (APs) as well as how those APs are transformed into transmitter release at axon terminals ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)

Lysosomes are membrane bound acidic intracellular organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that normally function as recycling centers within cells by breaking down damaged cellular macromolecules. (stanford.edu)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

These data indicate that reelin is necessary for the correct maturation and refinement of GABAergic synaptic circuits in the postnatal PFC and therefore provide a mechanism for altered E/I balance of prefrontal circuits associated with psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Our data indicate that the proteolytic maturation increases the association of α 2 δ−1 with Ca V channel complex and is essential for its function on synaptic release. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we investigate the impact of the proteolytic maturation of α 2 δ−1 on synaptic release. (elifesciences.org)

The loss of IB4 binding in the dorsal horn corresponds to a bona fide loss of the central terminals of non-peptidergic fibres, as confirmed by electron microscopy (EM) [ 13 ], indicating the reliability of this marker. (biomedcentral.com)

The glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid [21] and the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine [22] are commonly used in SE models. (jle.com)
Furthermore, 2 methyl 5 HT is just not emetogenic during the pigeon, and in addition acts as an agonist at 5 HT4 binding web pages. (gabasignaling.com)

Increases in rate constants produced two other aspects of LTP: (i) an alteration of the waveform of the synaptic response and (ii) an interaction with changes in desensitization kinetics. (escholarship.org)

Ectopic expression in the giant fiber system of Drosophila reveals distinct roles for roundabout (Robo), Robo2, and Robo3 in dendritic guidance and synaptic connectivity. (neurotree.org)

This phenotype consequently impacted the developmental sequence of the synaptic excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. (frontiersin.org)

The identification of the molecular components underlying this prolonged postnatal development is necessary to understand the synaptic properties of defective circuits participating in these psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)

Inactivation of presynaptic calcium current contribute to synaptic depression at a fast central synapse. (oist.jp)

Presynaptic long-term depression at the hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapse. (oist.jp)

The aim of the current study was to determine whether vesicular zinc is important for modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an experience-dependent manner and, consequently, hippocampal-dependent behaviour. (mdpi.com)

Increasing the rate constants governing opening/closing of the channel produced an unexpected increase in the probability of the channel being open shortly after transmitter binding. (escholarship.org)

In Spn mutants, excessive AZs suffered from insufficient evoked release, which may be partly explained by their reduced size, and partly by a genuine functional role of Spn (potentially mediated via Nrx-1 binding). (sdbonline.org)
Using this method, Dr. Takahashi and his colleagues have provided fundamental information on brain synaptic functions, such as identification of voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes mediating transmitter release (Takahashi & Momiyama, 1993). (oist.jp)

Here we used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to compare the actions of CBD with those of the major central endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on human recombinant GABAA receptors (synaptic α1-6βg2 and extrasynaptic α4β2δ) expressed on Xenopus oocytes. (researchgate.net)

wishful thinking encodes a BMP type II receptor that regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. (neurotree.org)

Obtuve el título de doctor en junio de 1994, obteniendo el premio extraordinario de doctorado. (unav.edu)
Desde que defendí mi tesis doctoral en el año 1994, mi labor investigadora que he desarrollado ha sido en el campo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. (unav.edu)

All of them are present in the hippocampus, where they participate in the regulation of synaptic functionality and gene transcription [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In studies of hippocampal LTP , figures are often given showing the field EPSP (fEPSP) in stratum radiatum of CA1 in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation. (wikidoc.org)

This study shows that the conserved scaffold protein spinophilin (Spn) is able to fine-tune Nrx-1 function by binding the Nrx-1 C terminus with micromolar affinity via its PDZ domain. (sdbonline.org)
Neuromodulatory transmitters engage G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), activating intracellular signaling cascades that then can directly activate or modify the properties of ion channels. (frontiersin.org)
To test a possible downstream target of PKG, we examined changes in phospho-CRE-binding protein (phospho-CREB) immunofluorescence in the CA1 cell body area and obtained results similar to those of the electrophysiology experiments. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy43

Organisms22

Chemicals and Drugs127

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Plasticity7

Neurons19

Vesicles9

Long-term potenti2

Neuronal4

Currents in rat hippocampal slices1

Neuromuscular junction5

GABA7

Postsynaptic8

Metabotropic3

Modulation4

Extracellular1

Cleft4

Neurotransmitters1

Neurotransmitter6

Inhibitory2

Transmission15

Vesicle3

Post-synaptic5

19961

Mechanisms2

Synapses4

Axon terminals1

Membrane2

Maturation3

Terminals1

Agonist2

Kinetics1

Dendritic1

Excitation1

Circuits1

Presynaptic calcium1

Depression1

Vesicular1

Probability1

Release2

GABAA1

Drosophila1

19942

Hippocampus1

Stimulation1

Protein3