Endogenous extracellular adenosine level fluctuates in an activity-dependent manner and with sleep-wake cycle, modulating synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
Hebbian-type long-term plasticity introduces intrinsic positive feedback on synaptic weight changes, making them prone to runaway dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Using model simulations, we found that the strength of weight dependence determines the ability of heterosynaptic plasticity to prevent runaway dynamics of synaptic weights imposed by Hebbian-type learning. (jneurosci.org)
Changing the weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity within an experimentally observed range gradually shifted the operating point of neurons between an unbalancing regime dominated by associative plasticity and a homeostatic regime of tightly constrained synaptic changes. (jneurosci.org)
Because adenosine tone is a natural correlate of activity level (activity increases adenosine tone) and brain state (elevated adenosine tone increases sleep pressure), modulation of heterosynaptic plasticity by adenosine represents an endogenous mechanism that translates changes of the brain state into a shift of the regime of synaptic plasticity and learning. (jneurosci.org)
However, the link between changes of brain state and modulation of synaptic plasticity and learning remains elusive. (jneurosci.org)
In model neurons, such changes of the weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity shifted their operating point between regimes dominated by associative plasticity or by synaptic homeostasis. (jneurosci.org)
Neurons6
A puzzling case is presented by cerebellar granule cells (GrC), the most numerous neurons of the brain 4 . (nature.com)
Neurons called granule cells are thought to play a central role in hippocampal pattern separation. (elifesciences.org)
In the current study, we analysed the biophysical effects of Org 34167 on HCN channels in stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and mouse layer V neurons using patch-clamp electrophysiology, and we utilised three high-throughput screens for depressive-like behaviour to assess the activity of Org 34167 in mice. (frontiersin.org)
With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Pathways2
Thus, ACh modulates network dynamics in a biphasic fashion, probably by inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission and facilitating neuronal excitability through muscarinic signaling pathways. (springer.com)
The success of proteomics experiments, such as studies of protein function and cell signaling pathways, ultimately de- pends on how well the protein content in samples is identified and annotated. (lu.se)
Presynaptic3
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) is impaired, causing a unique set of clinical characteristics, which include proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, posttetanic potentiation, and autonomic changes. (medscape.com)
However, because presynaptic stores of ACh and the postsynaptic response to ACh remain intact, rapid repetitive stimulation or voluntary activation that aids in the release of quanta will raise the endplate potential above threshold and permit generation of muscle action potential. (medscape.com)
Active zone particles (AZPs), which represent the VGCCs, are normally arranged in regular parallel arrays on the presynaptic muscle membrane. (medscape.com)
Postsynaptic5
The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
The postsynaptic membrane, apposing the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, is where transmitter-gated ion channels are concentrated. (iucr.org)
The postsynaptic membrane, by eliciting this response, plays a critical role in determining the efficacy and speed of synaptic transmission. (iucr.org)
The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)
Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)
Impulses2
In this paper, the transport phenomena of synaptic electric impulses are considered. (mdpi.com)
Rapid communication in the nervous system takes place at the chemical synapse, which acts as a fundamental unit transmitting electrical impulses between nerves and their target cells, forming circuits and underpinning virtually all functions of the brain. (iucr.org)
Neuronal cell2
Thus, ABGCs provide two temporally overlapping but functionally distinct neuronal cell populations, adding a novel level of complexity to our understanding of how life-long neurogenesis contributes to adult brain function. (elifesciences.org)
Using inferred gene co-expression for three neuronal cell types-excitatory, inhibitory, and neural progenitor-we implicate several hundred genes in risk (FDR \(\le \hspace{0.17em}\) 0.05), ~ 60% novel, with characteristics of genuine ASD genes. (springer.com)
Granule cells3
The cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) are classically described as a homogeneous neuronal population discharging regularly without adaptation. (nature.com)
Adult-born granule cells (ABGCs) are involved in certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. (elifesciences.org)
These cells, unlike the majority of nerve cells, can form at any time, and those that form in the mature brain are called adult born granule cells (ABGCs). (elifesciences.org)
Protein8
Utilizing our previous interactome perturbation predictor, we identify a set of missense variants that are likely disruptive to protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
Finally, we integrate protein interactions and cell-type-specific co-expression networks together with published association data to implicate novel genes in ASD risk in a cell-type-specific manner. (springer.com)
Disrupted protein interactions identify gene sets involved in risk for ASD. (springer.com)
Using the newly released and larger ASC dataset, we confirm these observations and take them in several new directions: (1) By defining a set of genes encoding these disrupted protein interactors in ASD subjects and another for their siblings, we evaluate their expression patterns in developing brain from fetal to early postnatal development and within general cell types of brain tissue. (springer.com)
Here, cryo-EM is used to examine the protein-lipid architecture of this membrane in tubular vesicles obtained from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray. (iucr.org)
Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease have profound impacts on the manuscript. (discoveryinvestments.net)
The method can be used for automated detection of chemical/post- translational modifications, quality control of experiments and labelling approaches, and to control the modification settings of protein identification tools. (lu.se)
Proteins1
These approaches promise to enable researchers to assess, on a large scale, both expression level and functional state of the proteins that carry out most functions in a cell. (lu.se)
Antigens2
SCLC cells originate from neuroectoderm, share a number of antigens with peripheral nervous system tissue, and contain high concentrations of VGCCs. (medscape.com)
In patients with LEMS who have SCLC or other cancer, cancer cells presumably contain antigens that mimic VGCCs and induce production of VGCC antibodies. (medscape.com)
Patterns4
We show that GrCs in fact generate diverse response patterns to current injection and synaptic activation, ranging from adaptation to acceleration of firing. (nature.com)
Simulations showed that fine-tuning of pre- and post-synaptic parameters generated effective MF-GrC transmission channels, which could enrich the processing of input spike patterns and enhance spatio-temporal recoding at the cerebellar input stage. (nature.com)
For genes encoding the disrupted interactions, we evaluate their expression patterns across developing brains and within specific cell types, using both bulk and inferred cell-type-specific brain transcriptomes. (springer.com)
Additionally, co-expression analysis shed light on the complex relationship between gene expression patterns and PMGs, unraveling their functional relevance and potential implications in BLCA. (bvsalud.org)
Brain2
Then, when the tagged cells were aged between 3 and 10 weeks old, the electrical properties of the labeled cells were measured from thin brain slices. (elifesciences.org)
Their gene expression during brain development and within cell types highlights how they relate to ASD. (springer.com)
Clinical2
Results: PMGs exhibited increased expression levels in the high-risk cohort of BLCA patients, even in the absence of other clinical indicators, suggesting their potential as prognostic markers. (bvsalud.org)
Results: PyMGs were overexpressed in the high-risk sample in the absence of other clinical symptoms, demonstrating their predictive potential for BLCA outcome. (bvsalud.org)
Enrichment1
Across cell types, these genes affect neuronal morphogenesis and neuronal communication, while neural progenitor cells show strong enrichment for development of the limbic system. (springer.com)
Targets2
Changes in Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (HCN) channel function have been linked to depressive-like traits, making them potential drug targets. (frontiersin.org)
Notably, exploring the potential therapeutic targets within the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as PMGs and immune cell infiltration holds promise for effective BLCA management, albeit necessitating further research. (bvsalud.org)
Distinct1
Tumor cells exhibit distinct metabolic activities compared to normal cells, and the purine metabolism pathway, responsible for providing essential components for DNA and RNA synthesis, is believed to play a crucial role. (bvsalud.org)
Experimental2
Under these experimental conditions, the cells changed how they respond to input signals some time between 5 and 9 weeks after being born. (elifesciences.org)
With computational modeling, we found that simulated changes in EPSCs and the excitability of single cells mimicking the effects of ACh indeed modulated the evoked network reverberation similar to experimental observations. (springer.com)
Input2
The youngest cells (3-5 weeks old) are exceptionally sensitive to a narrow range of input signal strengths, which is useful for pattern separation. (elifesciences.org)
The oldest investigated cells (10 weeks old), on the other hand, respond incrementally to a wide range of different input signal strengths. (elifesciences.org)
Prediction1
Here, this prediction was tested experimentally by whole-cell recordings, which indeed revealed various degrees of firing adaptation and, in addition, also firing acceleration in some GrCs. (nature.com)
Muscle1
In 1901, the famous pathologist Karl Weigert noted that lymphoid cells were present in the muscle and other tissues of persons with this affliction. (medscape.com)
Significant1
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. (mdpi.com)
Change1
Unexpectedly, the switch is not directly related to the age of the cells: cells born at the same time don't necessarily change behavior at the same time, and cells born at different times may behave similarly. (elifesciences.org)
Unique1
While alkaloids often exert unique pharmacological effects on animal cells, exposure of sea urchin eggs to nicotine causes polyspermy at fertilization in a dose-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
Evaluation1
Methods: The integration of BLCA samples from the TCGA and GEO datasets facilitated the quantitative evaluation of PMGs, offering potential insights into their predictive capabilities. (bvsalud.org)
Conditions1
The present article deals with the properties of the solutions of the FitzHugh-Rinzel system in an attempt to achieve, by means of a suitable "energy function", conditions ensuring the boundedness and existence of absorbing sets in the phase space. (mdpi.com)
Small1
To resolve this, the researcher typi- cally defines a small set of modifications for inclusion in the matching process. (lu.se)
Activities1
Is this property defined by the fate (i.e. a predetermined program) of the cell, or by the cell's experiences and activities? (elifesciences.org)