Synaptic pyramidal cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

She has used biophysical models of pyramidal neurons to show that dendrites of these cells integrate inputs in a sigmoidal manner, enabling the neurons to act as two-layer neural network devices. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we examined the electrophysiological properties of glutamatergic MS-DBB neurons and tested whether they provide a functional synaptic input to the hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
To visualize the glutamatergic neurons, we used MS-DBB slices from transgenic mice in which the green fluorescent protein is expressed specifically by vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive neurons and characterized their properties using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. (jneurosci.org)
However, key questions remain as to whether the glutamatergic neurons can be distinguished from other MS-DBB neurons electrophysiologically, which hippocampal cell types they target, and the functional consequence of this projection. (jneurosci.org)
The weight matrices of the DNN provide new insights into the I/O function of cortical pyramidal neurons, and the approach presented can provide a systematic characterization of the functional complexity of different neuron types. (biorxiv.org)
With the recent development of sophisticated genetical, optical and electrical techniques it has become clear that many key neuron types (e.g., cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, cerebellar Purkinje cells) are highly complicated I/O information processing devices. (biorxiv.org)
and the large and prolonged Ca 2 + spike at the apical dendrite of L5 cortical pyramidal neurons ( M E Larkum, Zhu, and Sakmann 1999 ). (biorxiv.org)
However, the basic function of the perceptron, a linear summation of its inputs and thresholding for output generation, highly oversimplifies the synaptic integration processes taking place in real neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
It is likely that constituent neurons in a cell assembly can be spread over large territories, intermixed with many other neurons ( Wallace and Kerr, 2010 ). (degruyter.com)
Here, we undertook a cross-sectional analysis of GABAergic function in deep layer pyramidal neurons of the medial PFC of wild-type and haploinsufficient heterozygous reeler mice. (frontiersin.org)
These forms of plasticity are due to increases in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and can be engaged when dentate GCs fire in bursts (e.g., during exploratory behaviors) and bring CA3 pyramidal neurons above threshold. (eneuro.org)
We filled intracellularly 50 superficial layer pyramidal neurons in the cat primary visual cortex and reconstructed the axonal tree and their synaptic boutons in 3D. (uzh.ch)
Both sets combined allowed us to outline a comprehensive biological blueprint of superficial layer pyramidal neurons. (uzh.ch)
Overall, our detailed analysis supports the hypothesis that pyramidal neurons use their lateral clusters to combine differential contextual cues, required for context-dependent processing of natural scenes. (uzh.ch)
The human brain has been estimated to contain 50â€"100 billion neurons, of which about 10 billion are cortical pyramidal cells. (theos.in)
Dendritic axon origin enables information gating by perisomatic inhibition in pyramidal neurons. (uni-tuebingen.de)
What we have achieved is to bridge these two realms with unprecedented detail, linking electrical activity in neurons with the nanoscale synaptic connections they make with one another. (neurosciencenews.com)
Here we developed an efficient channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-assisted method to map the spatial distribution of synaptic inputs, defined by presynaptic ChR2 expression, within the dendritic arborizations of recorded neurons. (janelia.org)
We expressed ChR2 in two thalamic nuclei, the whisker motor cortex and local excitatory neurons and mapped their synapses with pyramidal neurons in layers 3, 5A and 5B (L3, L5A and L5B) in the mouse barrel cortex. (janelia.org)
We imaged hippocampal pyramidal neurons to identify spines of different ages. (janelia.org)
EKAR reported ERK activation in the dendrites and nucleus of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in brain slices after theta-burst stimuli or trains of back-propagating action potentials. (janelia.org)
The cell bodies (somas) of these projection neurons are in the (superficial) layers 2/3 of cortex, and have a pyramid shape. (modeldb.science)
The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)

Intralateral ventricular administration of these same carbonic anhydrase activators caused the rats to exhibit superior learning of the Morris water maze task, suggesting that the GABAergic synaptic switch is critical for gating the synaptic plasticity that underlies spatial memory formation. (aspetjournals.org)
These effects are accompanied by imbalances in the activity of specific prenylated proteins, Rab3 and RhoA, involved in neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity, respectively. (nature.com)
Markram's research has focused on synaptic plasticity and the microcircuitry of the neocortex, in which he has discovered fundamental principles governing synaptic plasticity and the structural and functional organization of neural microcircuitry. (epfl.ch)
In the maturing and adult CNS, reelin modulates several aspects of excitatory synaptic function and morpho-functional plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
In the hippocampus, the excitatory synapse between dentate granule cell (GC) axons, or mossy fibers (MFs), and CA3 pyramidal cells (MF-CA3) expresses robust forms of short-term plasticity, such as frequency facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). (eneuro.org)
The powerful mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapse exhibits strong forms of plasticity that are engaged during location-specific exploration, when dentate granule cells (GCs) fire in bursts. (eneuro.org)
The aim of our study was to identify molecular changes produced by prenatal exposure to WIN 55,212-2 that might contribute to late disruption in synaptic plasticity and cognition. (researchgate.net)
We show that conditional Syngap1 disruption in MGE-derived interneurons results in cell-specific impairment of firing properties of hippocampal Nkx2.1 fast-spiking interneurons, with enhancement of their AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic inputs but compromised short-term plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
Clement JP, Ozkan ED, Aceti M, Miller CA, Rumbaugh G. SYNGAP1 links the maturation rate of excitatory synapses to the duration of critical-period synaptic plasticity. (medlineplus.gov)

synaptic inhibition. (nih.gov)
This suggests that the effect of trans-ACPD was not mediated by a presynaptic action but must be mediated by direct effects on CA1 pyramidal cells or by a decrease in synaptic inhibition. (nih.gov)
These included 1) cell depolarization (with an increase in input resistance), 2) inhibition of the slow afterhyperpolarization, and 3) blockade of spike frequency adaptation. (nih.gov)
Both Na + loading and cell swelling were dampened on inhibition of TRPV4 channels. (jneurosci.org)
This phenotype consequently impacted the developmental sequence of the synaptic excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. (frontiersin.org)
Although GABAergic interneurons are the main source of synaptic inhibition in the cortex, activation of GABA(A) receptors has been shown to depolarize specific neuronal compartments, resulting in excitation. (duke.edu)
A paired-pulse protocol was used to investigate differences in synaptic inhibition between septa] and temporal poles of the hippocampus. (soton.ac.uk)
The antagonists also reduced inhibitory synaptic inputs in CA3 pyramidal cells and thereby maintained the ratio between excitation and inhibition as a whole. (scialert.net)
In this study, we investigated the effects of conditional Syngap1 disruption in medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived interneurons on hippocampal interneuron firing properties and excitatory synaptic inputs, as well as on pyramidal cell synaptic inhibition and synaptic integration. (bvsalud.org)
These changes are associated with impaired pyramidal cell synaptic inhibition and enhanced summation of excitatory responses. (bvsalud.org)
Together, these results suggest that Syngap1 plays a role in cell-specific regulation of hippocampal interneuron function and inhibition of pyramidal cells in mice. (bvsalud.org)
Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. (medscape.com)

Our data suggest that CB1 -expressing interneurons with different axonal projections have comparable physiological characteristics, contributing to a similar proportion of GABAergic inputs along the somato-dendritic axis of CA3 pyramidal cells. (nih.gov)
Synapses activated during stress are thus presumably strengthened but protected against excitatory inputs reaching the cells later. (aspetjournals.org)
Within the dendritic arborizations of L3 cells, individual inputs impinged onto distinct single domains. (janelia.org)

1 . Poirazi P, Brannon T, Mel BW (2003) Arithmetic of subthreshold synaptic summation in a model CA1 pyramidal cell. (yale.edu)

Increased excitatory synaptic activity and local connectivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Front Synaptic Neurosci. (uni-tuebingen.de)

A subpopulation of GABAergic cells in cortical structures expresses CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 ) on their axon terminals. (nih.gov)
B ) Confocal images (top three panels) and binary images (bottom panel) illustrating presynaptic GABAergic boutons co-labeled with GAD65 (magenta) and CB1R (cyan) contacting the soma of tdTomato+ pyramidal cells (gray) in controls, Nrg1 and Nrg3 conditional mutant mice. (elifesciences.org)
Using electrophysiological approaches, we showed that decreased reelin levels impair the maturation of GABAergic synaptic transmission without affecting the inhibitory nature of GABA. (frontiersin.org)
These data indicate that reelin is necessary for the correct maturation and refinement of GABAergic synaptic circuits in the postnatal PFC and therefore provide a mechanism for altered E/I balance of prefrontal circuits associated with psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)

GRs in hippocampal and prefrontal pyramidal cells increase surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and strengthen glutamatergic signaling through pathways partly overlapping with those involved in long-term potentiation. (aspetjournals.org)

Using animal models of acquired epilepsy and electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques, he studies the roles of excitatory neuronal circuits, inhibitory synaptic transmission, as well as neuronal network in the process of epileptogenesis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Two synapses were analyzed in conditional neuregulin mutants: inhibitory synapses formed by CCK+ basket cells onto the soma of pyramidal cells (GAD65, CB1R) and excitatory synapses made by pyramidal cells onto PV+ interneurons (VGlut1, PSD95). (elifesciences.org)
The structure of dendritic spines suggests a specialized function in compartmentalizing synaptic signals near active synapses. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to biochemical signaling cascades, the excitatory synapses of dendritic spines support electrical signaling via post-synaptic potentials. (frontiersin.org)
We here argue that electrical coupling - in addition to chemical synapses - may therefore contribute to the formation of at least some cell assemblies in adult animals. (degruyter.com)
By using a noninvasive approach to monitor the effect of individual interneurons on the pyramidal cell population, we found that rat hippocampal interneurons hyperpolarized pyramidal cells irrespective of the location of their synapses along the somato-dendritic axis. (duke.edu)
First, it was found that when a large proportion of the excitatory synaptic input to dendritic spines is carried by NMDA channels, the pyramidal cell responds preferentially to spatially clustered, rather than random, distributions of activated synapses. (mit.edu)
Lee then made ultra-thin slices of brain and captured millions of detailed images of those targeted cells and synapses, which were then reconstructed in three dimensions. (neurosciencenews.com)
Studies show that a reduction of SynGAP activity can have multiple effects in nerve cells, including pushing synapses to develop too early. (medlineplus.gov)

In contrast to the axonal origin of voltage-sensitive dye signals, hVOS signals represent predominantly post-synaptic responses. (stanford.edu)
Implemented in a biophysically realistic compartmental model network, these changes further implied altered synchrony, loss of period stability, and violation of analytical network synchrony requirements for post-synaptic potential and refractory behavior dynamics at firing times. (umich.edu)

Together, rapidFLIM enabled the spatiotemporal visualization and quantification of neuronal Na + transients at unprecedented speed and independent from changes in cell volume. (jneurosci.org)
EKAR therefore permits the measurement of spatiotemporal ERK signaling dynamics in living cells, including in neuronal compartments in intact tissues. (janelia.org)
Synapsins encode neuronal phosphoproteins that associate with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. (thermofisher.com)
Theta frequency field oscillation reflects synchronized synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the ~100-200 ms range. (nyu.edu)
Both molecules support neurite outgrowth from several neuronal cell types when presented as uniform substrates. (researchgate.net)

Correlations between the neck geometry and the amplitude of synaptic potentials and calcium transients evoked by 2-photon glutamate uncaging were also investigated. (frontiersin.org)
The opening of ion channels located in the spine, local capacitive charging of the spine head, and the electrical resistance of the neck could potentially shape the amplitude, time course, and spatial spread of synaptic potentials. (frontiersin.org)
Action potentials are initiated in the initial segment of the axon in cortical pyramidal cells. (yale.edu)
These action potentials are generated in response to the arrival of a barrage of synaptic potentials that is sufficiently depolarizing in amplitude to bring the cell above firing threshold. (yale.edu)
These action potentials then propagate down the axon and into the dendritic arbor of the cell. (yale.edu)
Information is thought to be communicated from cell to cell through the pattern of action potentials generated. (yale.edu)

To identify the inhibitory cell types expressing CB1 in this region, we recorded and intracellularly labeled interneurons in hippocampal slices. (nih.gov)
CB1 -expressing interneurons showed distinct axonal arborization, and were classified as basket cells, mossy-fiber-associated cells, dendritic-layer-innervating cells or perforant-path-associated cells. (nih.gov)
Using paired recordings, we found that pyramidal cells displayed large and fast unitary postsynaptic currents in response to activating basket and mossy-fiber-associated cells, while they showed slower and smaller synaptic events in pairs originating from interneurons that innervate the dendritic layer, which may be due to dendritic filtering. (nih.gov)
D ) Confocal images (top three panels) and binary images (bottom panel) illustrating presynaptic VGlut1+ puncta (blue) in tdTomato+ axons (red) of pyramidal cells located in close apposition to PSD95+ clusters (green) in PV+ interneurons (gray) in controls, Nrg1 and Nrg3 conditional mutant mice. (elifesciences.org)
Postnatal deletion of Nrg1 or Nrg3 from cortical pyramidal cells does not affect the density and distribution of PV+ interneurons, related to Figure 1 . (elifesciences.org)
Scholars@Duke publication: Interneurons hyperpolarize pyramidal cells along their entire somatodendritic axis. (duke.edu)
Furthermore, localization of CCK to specialized interneurons throughout the hippocampus and cortex relegated CCK to being examined primarily as a static cell type marker rather than a dynamic functional neuromodulator. (stanford.edu)
Unexpectedly, we found that the Syngap1flox allele used in this study contains inverted loxP sites and that its targeted recombination in MGE-derived interneurons induces some cell loss during embryonic development and the reversible inversion of the sequence flanked by the loxP sites in postmitotic cells. (bvsalud.org)

Spatial Representations of Granule Cells and Mossy Cells of the Dentate Gyrus. (uni-tuebingen.de)
Diamantaki M, Frey M, Berens P, Preston-Ferrer P*, Burgalossi A* Sparse activity of identified dentate granule cells during spatial exploration. (uni-tuebingen.de)
We propose that manipulation of the spatial ordering of afferent synaptic connections onto the dendritic arbor is a possible biological strategy for pattern information storage during learning. (mit.edu)

Both synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms underlie the different properties of population bursts in the hippocampal CA3 area of immature versus adult rats. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethane-anesthetized rats. (nyu.edu)

4 . Polsky A, Mel BW, Schiller J (2004) Computational subunits in thin dendrites of pyramidal cells. (yale.edu)
In contrast, cyclic depolarizations in dendrites corresponded to the positive phase of the pyramidal layer field theta (i.e. the hyperpolarizing phase of somatic theta). (nyu.edu)
The external plexiform layer contains the passing dendrites of mitral cells and a few tufted cells, which are similar in size to mitral cells. (medscape.com)

Electrophysiological evidence using focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate that CA1 pyramidal cells receive excitatory synaptic input from the subiculum. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
We then used two-photon glutamate uncaging, whole-cell recording, and Ca(2+) imaging to analyze the properties of nascent spines and their older neighbors. (janelia.org)
These cells release glutamate, the most common excitatory neurotransmitter. (modeldb.science)

Whereas our understanding of its pathophysiology is limited, postmortem studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with deficits of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, a number of findings from postmortem brain studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with deficits of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

In the cerebellar cortex, tenascin-C mRNA in Golgi epithelial cells was down-regulated 3 days after the lesion and returned to control values 80 days after the lesion. (researchgate.net)
After a lesion, the density of cells containing tenascin-R transcripts increased significantly in the inferior olivary nucleus and in the white matter of the cerebellar cortex. (researchgate.net)
The objective of this study is to determine the effects of overexpressed STK32B in cerebellar DAOY cells. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: Here, we overexpressed STK32B RNA in human cerebellar DAOY cells and used an RNA-Seq approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profile of these cells to one of the control DAOY cells. (bvsalud.org)

Here we describe the application of 2-photon microscopy combined with stimulated emission depletion (STED-2P) to the biophysical study of the relationship between synaptic signals and spine morphology, demonstrating the utility of combining STED-2P with modern optical and electrophysiological techniques. (frontiersin.org)

These are intratelencephalic (project to the cortex, possibly the other hemisphere, or the basal ganglia) however intratelencephalic cells can also have their cell bodies in deeper cortical layers. (modeldb.science)

The identification of the molecular components underlying this prolonged postnatal development is necessary to understand the synaptic properties of defective circuits participating in these psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)

B ) mRNA expression of Nrg1 and Nrg3 in pyramidal cells across cortical layers at P56. (elifesciences.org)

C ) Quantification of the density of GAD65+/CB1R+ boutons formed onto pyramidal cell somas in Nrg1 and Nrg3 conditional mutant mice. (elifesciences.org)

These data indicate that distal dendritic depolarization of the pyramidal cell by the entorhinal input during theta overlaps in time with somatic hyperpolarization. (nyu.edu)

Specific synaptic deficits in cortical pyramidal cells lacking Nrg1 or Nrg3. (elifesciences.org)

These cells pass signals to each other via around 100 trillion synaptic connections. (theos.in)

Recent observation of reduced amplitude in the theta-frequency oscillation of total synaptic current in the hippocampus of AD mice models that overexpress the amyloid-ß peptide has not been explained in terms of cell and network level changes. (umich.edu)

The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)

For assessing the function of the glutamatergic projection, we used an in vitro septohippocampal preparation, electrically stimulated the fornix or chemically activated the MS-DBB using NMDA microinfusions and recorded postsynaptic responses in CA3 pyramidal cells. (jneurosci.org)
Activation of the MS-DBB led to fast, AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic responses in CA3 pyramidal cells. (jneurosci.org)
Changes in mIPSCs and sIPSCs after kainate treatment: evidence for loss of inhibitory input to dentate granule cells and possible compensatory responses. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
This issue was investigated here, with a particular focus on the role of voltage-dependent N -methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) channels in the generation of cell responses. (mit.edu)

Pyramidal cells in the superficial layers of neocortex of higher mammals form a lateral network of axon clusters known as the 'daisy' network. (uzh.ch)

Therefore we designed a series of studies aimed at testing the hypothesis that activation of this receptor modulates synaptic function in the hippocampal region. (nih.gov)

In addition to suggesting a new type of experiment and providing testable predictions, our model shows how conclusions regarding synaptic arithmetic can be influenced by an array of seemingly innocuous experimental design choices. (yale.edu)

This was designed to produce cells which would allow investigation, using patch-clamp techniques, of ionic cell currents in single neurones. (soton.ac.uk)

In addition, CB1 activation significantly reduced the amplitude of the postsynaptic currents in each cell pair tested. (nih.gov)

2 . Poirazi P, Brannon T, Mel BW (2003) Pyramidal neuron as two-layer neural network. (yale.edu)
We trained deep neural networks (DNNs) to mimic the I/O behavior of a detailed nonlinear model of a layer 5 cortical pyramidal cell, receiving rich spatio-temporal patterns of input synapse activations. (biorxiv.org)
Tenascin-R mRNA was expressed by distinct neural cell types in the unlesioned olivocerebellar system. (researchgate.net)

Unexpectedly, a GC in vivo like pattern of activity induced robust presynaptically-expressed post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) only when the postsynaptic cell was loaded with a high concentration of Ca 2+ buffer, indicating a form of Ca 2+ -dependent retrograde suppression of PTP. (eneuro.org)

These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)

This raises the threshold for subsequent induction of synaptic potentiation and promotes long-term depression. (aspetjournals.org)
When an organism experiences stress early in life or repeatedly in adulthood, the ability to induce synaptic potentiation is strongly reduced and the likelihood to induce depression enhanced, even under rest. (aspetjournals.org)

A number of electrophysiological techniques have been employed to study synaptic function in the rat hippocampal slice preparation. (soton.ac.uk)

This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)

The representation of amyloid-induced changes in the model include CA1 pyramidal cell ion channel conductance changes and selective oriens lacunosum-moleculare interneuron loss. (umich.edu)

Even now, however, cell assemblies are difficult or impossible to isolate physically, in contrast to at least some CPGs. (degruyter.com)

Immunohistochemistry for prion protein (PrP Sc ) with L42 monoclonal antibody evidenced dense synaptic/punctate deposition in thalamus (C) and intraneuronal and extraneuronal PrP Sc deposits in pons (D), accompanied by spongiform change. (cdc.gov)
2001), which clearly demonstrates that the thalamus, and in particular the T-type current mediated bursting of thalamic cells, are involved in this type of seizure activity. (scholarpedia.org)

The resulting abnormalities disrupt the synaptic changes in the brain that underlie learning and memory, leading to cognitive impairment and other neurological problems characteristic of SYNGAP1 -related intellectual disability. (medlineplus.gov)

Knock-out mice lacking the gene for the T-type calcium current in thalamic relay cells display a resistance to absence seizures (Kim et al. (scholarpedia.org)

Anatomy37

Organisms15

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs90

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Neurons28

Plasticity9

Inhibition12

Inputs3

Subthreshold Synaptic Summation1

Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal1

Neurosci1

GABAergic4

Prefrontal pyramidal1

Inhibitory synaptic1

Synapses8

Post-synaptic2

Neuronal5

Potentials6

Interneurons8

Spatial3

Rats2

Dendrites3

Glutamate3

Transmission2

Cerebellar4

Biophysical1

Cortex1

Postnatal1

Cortical layers1

Boutons1

Depolarization1

Deficits1

Signals1

Oscillation1

Superficial layer1

Responses4

Neocortex1

Modulates1

Arithmetic1

Patch-Clamp Techniques1

Amplitude1

Neural3

Postsynaptic1

Vesicles1

Potentiation2

Function1

Receptor4

Interneuron1

Contrast1

Thalamus2

Underlie1

Calcium1