Synapses hippocampal synaptic glutamate binds. Medical search. Frequent questions

Moreover, Schaffer collateral axons develop excitatory synapses that are scattered over the dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we show that induction by TAM allows the transgenic cNR2B fragment to bind to endogenous CaMKII in neurons. (caltech.edu)
Here, we report that neuronal activity enhances Nr4a2 expression and function in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons (both sexes) by an ionotropic glutamate receptor/Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein/CREB-regulated transcription factor 1 (iGluR/Ca2+/CREB/CRTC1) pathway. (uab.cat)
We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
In this manner the neurons strike a "balance" that allows for neurons to become activated and convey discrete synaptic signals, while preventing excessive excitation. (frontiersin.org)
Synapses are specialized subcellular interfaces between neurons that transmit electrochemical signals and serve as fundamental information processing units of the brain. (rupress.org)
Related to these observations, overexpressed Nrxn1β tagged with a biotin acceptor peptide was found to cluster at presynaptic terminals of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons ( 7 ). (rupress.org)
describe super-resolution 3D stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging in mouse hippocampal neurons and report an unexpected localization pattern of Nrxn1, namely, a nanoscale cluster-like presynaptic organization ( Fig. 1 ). (rupress.org)
In contrast, deprivation did not alter either miniature EPSC amplitude in L2/3 neurons or the amplitude of quantal L4-L2/3 synaptic responses measured in strontium, indicating that postsynaptic responsiveness was unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
Zalutsky, R.A. & Nicoll, R.A. Comparison of two forms of long-term potentiation in single hippocampal neurons. (nature.com)
neither does it changes dendrites morphology of primary cultured hippocampal neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
In the January 18 issue, Small, Beth Stevens at Boston Children's Hospital, and colleagues reported that knocking out a different retromer protein, VPS35, in hippocampal neurons in mice not only jammed neuronal endosome traffic but also caused microglia to assume shapes resembling those seen in AD. (alzforum.org)
To the authors, this suggested that VPS26b is essential for endosome recycling, especially during synaptic signaling, and that neurons carry this secondary retromer core to handle the high receptor recycling load. (alzforum.org)
Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
In particular, layer V neurons, being the main target of processed outputs leaving the hippocampal formation and sending their axons to cortical regions, play an important role in the consolidation and replay of memories, which involve hippocampal-neocortical communications. (lsuhsc.edu)
Using these techniques, we are currently studying the properties of the synaptic inputs and how they are integrated with voltage-dependent currents, the initiation of active processes in the dendrites (i.e. dendritic spikes) and their impact on the somatic output in hippocampal CA1 neurons and neurons of the deep layers of the entorhinal cortex. (lsuhsc.edu)
Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions that are required for the transfer of information between neurons. (rupress.org)
A fundamental feature of chemical synapses is that they can be modulated to alter the transfer of information between neurons ( Bredt and Nicoll, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
Additionally, an aberrant response of microglia to Aβ deposits and degenerating neurons can lead to inflammatory states that further contribute to neuronal damage [ 3 ] Thus, finding ways to preferentially enhance microglial phagocytosis of toxic deposits such as Aβ without degradation of healthy synapses or exaggerated inflammatory responses could be an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy in NDDs, such as AD (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
It is believed these toxic species of Aβ oligmomerise in the synaptic cleft between neurons in the hippocampus due to high levels of zinc and copper. (edu.au)
Indeed, we show that uncleaved α 2 δ−1 inhibits presynaptic calcium transient-triggered action potential (AP) in hippocampal neurons and that this effect is reversed by the cleavage of α 2 δ−1. (elifesciences.org)
Hippocampal GABAergic local circuit INs target distinct domains of their postsynaptic targets to gate incoming excitatory input, control firing of PNs, and pace synchronized activity among neurons in both neonatal and adult brain. (nih.gov)

In the early stage of long-term potentiation, Schaffer collaterals release glutamate that binds to AMPA receptors of CA1-dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
The nuclear receptors subfamily 4 group A (Nr4a) have emerged as possible modulators of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. (uab.cat)
The results suggest that following a low amount of zinc release, similar to that associated with one or a few stimuli, zinc clearance is mainly mediated by zinc binding to the high-affinity sites on the NMDA receptors and to the low-affinity sites on the highly abundant GLAST glutamate transporters. (bvsalud.org)
The other zinc complexes considered in the model, namely those formed with sites on the AMPA receptors, calcium and K-ATP channels and with ATP molecules, have much smaller contributions to the synaptic zinc clearance. (uc.pt)
Neuronal excitation is also influenced by the amounts of neurotransmitter receptors and signaling molecules retained at particular synaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
Recent studies revealed a key role for PSD- 95, a scaffolding molecule enriched at glutamatergic synapses, in modulation of clustering of several neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules, ion channels, cytoskeletal elements and signaling molecules at postsynaptic sites. (frontiersin.org)
The postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses is characterized by an electron-dense region, referred to as the postsynaptic density (PSD), attributable to the high density of neurotransmitter receptors and associated molecules at these sites. (frontiersin.org)
Neurexins (Nrxns) are one family of presynaptic molecules that bind to postsynaptic ligands such as neuroligins, leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins, neurexophilins, dystroglycan, GABA A receptors, and GluD2-cerebellin-1 and mediate the proper assembly and functional maturation of synapses in an isoform-specific manner ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
Recent studies with the use of super-resolution microscopy techniques unveiled trans-synaptic molecular nanocolumns within the active zone that axially align presynaptic release sites and postsynaptic receptors for efficient signal transmission ( 4 - 6 ). (rupress.org)
A single packet of transmitter does not saturate postsynaptic glutamate receptors. (oist.jp)
Most importantly, these receptors impart an associativity to mossy fiber LTP such that activity in neighboring mossy fiber synapses, or even associational/commissural synapses, influences the threshold for inducing mossy fiber LTP. (nature.com)
Hollmann, M. & Heinemann, S. Cloned glutamate receptors. (nature.com)
Ito, I. & Sugiyama, H. Roles of glutamate receptors in long-term potentiation at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. (nature.com)
The latter facilitate neurotransmission by transporting internalized neurotransmitter receptors back to the synapse surface. (alzforum.org)
Morphine tolerance is an adaptive process induced by chronic morphine that has been shown to result from complex alterations at the molecular level with μ opioid receptors (MORs), as well as at the synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels. (hindawi.com)
Morphine tolerance is an adaptive process that has been proposed to result from complex alterations at the molecular level with μ opioid receptors (MORs), as well as at the synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels, in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. (hindawi.com)
Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)
Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. (neurotree.org)
At the synapse, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) from the postsynaptic membrane is thought to be the substrate for various forms of plasticity, including long-term depression (LTD). (mit.edu)
Also, decreased expression of AMPA type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) has been found in cortical and striatal BD brain tissue. (mit.edu)
The number of glutamate receptors at the post-synaptic membrane determines the strength of excitatory neurotransmission by altering the sensitivity of the post-synaptic cell to neurotransmitter release. (mit.edu)
Using a synaptic model that implements calcium-based long-term plasticity via two sources of Ca 2+ - NMDA receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) - we show in dendritic cable simulations that the interplay between these two calcium sources can result in a diverse array of heterosynaptic effects. (eneuro.org)
Background: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic channels gated by the excitatory amino acid, glutamate. (edu.au)
We generated two knockout mouse lines in which we selectively eliminated Gria2 (GluA2 KO), Gria1 , Gria2 , and Gria3 (GluA1-3 KO), genes that encode subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, in 5HT3AR-Cre-expressing CGE-derived interneurons (5HT3AR is an ionotropic serotonin receptor on a subtype of GABAergic interneurons). (nih.gov)
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play numerous roles in modulating synaptic transmission and cell excitability. (sbpdiscovery.org)
This synergistic increase in glial cAMP accumulation results in the release of adenosine, which activates presynaptic A1 adenosine receptors on neighboring SC terminals and induces a profound depression of transmission at the SC-CA1 synapse. (sbpdiscovery.org)

Therefore, Nr4a2 activation could be a therapeutical approach for brain disorders associated with dysregulated synaptic plasticity. (uab.cat)

Interactions between the NR2B receptor and CaMKII modulate synaptic plasticity and spatial learning. (caltech.edu)
To determine the function of these interactions, we derived transgenic mice expressing a ligand-activated carboxy-terminal NR2B fragment (cNR2B) by fusing this fragment to a tamoxifen (TAM)-dependent mutant of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain LBD(G521R). (caltech.edu)
The disruption decreases Thr286 phosphorylation of alphaCaMKII, lowers phosphorylation of a key CaMKII substrate in the postsynaptic membrane (AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor 1), and produces deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning. (caltech.edu)
Presynaptic calcium current modulation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. (oist.jp)
Whisker deprivation increased the paired pulse ratio at L4-L2/3 synapses and slowed the use-dependent block of NMDA receptor currents by MK-801 [(5 S ,10 R )-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], indicating that deprivation reduced transmitter release probability at these synapses. (jneurosci.org)
Hippocampal mossy fiber synapses show an unusual form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent of NMDA receptor activation and is expressed presynaptically. (nature.com)
Weisskopf, M.G. & Nicoll, R.A. Presynaptic changes during mossy fibre LTP revealed by NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. (nature.com)
glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1. (wikigenes.org)
Knocking it out in mice slowed glutamate receptor recycling and weakened synaptic transmission, but only in the transentorhinal cortex, hinting at why this region is so vulnerable to AD pathology in people. (alzforum.org)
Indeed, LTP weakened and glutamate receptor GluA1 expression was lower in TEC brain slices, while both were normal in the medial entorhinal cortex. (alzforum.org)
His study in Cell biology is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, Biochemistry and Hippocampal formation. (research.com)
His work carried out in the field of Neuroscience brings together such families of science as Glutamate receptor, AMPA receptor and Synaptic plasticity. (research.com)
The glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid [21] and the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine [22] are commonly used in SE models. (jle.com)
In parallel, we are working to identify functional modules in the CPG2 protein that mediate distinct protein interactions associated with glutamate receptor endocytosis. (mit.edu)
Postmortem studies have shown decreased NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) expression in cortical and hippocampal tissue from BD patients. (mit.edu)
Given the critical role that CPG2 plays in glutamate receptor internalization our working hypothesis is that genetic variations in CPG2 affect its interaction with cytoskeletal/endocytic binding partners, thus influencing the efficacy of glutamatergic transmission. (mit.edu)
We are investigating the molecular mechanisms regulating glutamate receptor surface expression in order to understand excitatory synaptic plasticity. (mit.edu)
Subunits of the glutamate receptor AMPAR differentially regulate cellular and synaptic maturation of CGE-derived hippocampal interneurons. (nih.gov)
His interests are in the complex regulation of GPCRs: their signal transduction, ligand binding, receptor desensitization, and the processes of GPCR internalization and down-regulation. (sbpdiscovery.org)
During his post-doctoral studies and work as a Research Assistant Professor at Vanderbilt University, he focused on the discovery and characterization of orthosteric and allosteric modulators of GPCRs and led pharmacology efforts characterizing novel M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists, M1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), Glycine Transporter Type 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors, and novel Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu) PAMs and NAMs. (sbpdiscovery.org)
These PAMs do not activate the receptor directly but act allosterically to potentiate glutamate responses. (sbpdiscovery.org)

In the case of higher zinc release brought about by a larger group of stimuli, most zinc binding occurs essentially to the GLAST transporters, having the corresponding zinc complex a maximum concentration that is more than one order of magnitude larger than that for the high and low affinity NMDA sites. (uc.pt)
When spatially clustered synaptic input produces a local NMDA spike, the resulting dendritic depolarization can activate VGCCs at nonactivated spines, resulting in heterosynaptic plasticity. (eneuro.org)

Transcription factors have a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and the associated modification of neuronal networks required for memory formation and consolidation. (uab.cat)
They play an essential role in synaptic plasticity, enhancing synaptic signal strength through long-term potentiation (LTP), a process thought to underlie learning and memory. (edu.au)

Using the calyx of Held synapse, Dr. Takahashi's group unveiled presynaptic mechanisms regulating transmitter release which had never been proved directly. (oist.jp)
Inactivation of presynaptic calcium current contribute to synaptic depression at a fast central synapse. (oist.jp)
Presynaptic long-term depression at the hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapse. (oist.jp)
Thus, whisker deprivation weakens L4-L2/3 synapses by decreasing presynaptic function, similar to known LTD mechanisms at this synapse. (jneurosci.org)
Tong, G., Malenka, R.C. & Nicoll, R.A. Long-term potentiation in cultures of single hippocampal granule cells: a presynaptic form of plasticity. (nature.com)
At chemical synapses, the presynaptic neuron forms a specialized membrane domain, termed the active zone, which contains the molecular machinery required for calcium-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling. (rupress.org)
A strong correlation between synapse size and the probability of presynaptic release has lead to speculation that the regulation of synapse size could participate in the mechanisms of neural development and activity-dependent plasticity ( Schikorski and Stevens, 1997 ). (rupress.org)
For example, activation of presynaptic group II mGlus reduces transmission at numerous hippocampal synapses including perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses and the mossy fiber synapse. (sbpdiscovery.org)
In contrast, presynaptic group II mGlus are not involved in directly regulating transmission at the Schaffer collateral - CA1 (SC-CA1) synapse. (sbpdiscovery.org)

Schaffer collaterals affect the hippocampus to develop short (Short-term Plasticity) and long term synaptic plasticity (Long-term Plasticity) in terms of storing information and changing in the efficiency of synaptic transmission following previous synaptic activity. (wikipedia.org)
We then examine how these mechanisms could modulate synaptic function by focusing on three key features of synaptic information transmission: synaptic strength, synaptic variability, and short-term plasticity. (frontiersin.org)

By adulthood, CA3 recurrent network activity is reduced, the frequency of spontaneous action potentials is decreased in Schaffer collaterals, and a single release locus synapse with one dendritic spine on a given CA1 pyramidal neuron can be developed by Schaffer collateral axons. (wikipedia.org)
Richard J. Weinberg focuses on Neuroscience, Cell biology, Postsynaptic density, Dendritic spine and Synapse. (research.com)
Neuroscience, Synapse, Dendritic spine, Cell biology and Synaptic plasticity are his primary areas of study. (research.com)
In our research, we employ electro-physiological techniques (dendritic and somatic patch clamp recordings) coupled with electrical stimulation and multi-photon imaging and uncaging of caged neurotransmitters (such as glutamate) on brain slices. (lsuhsc.edu)
The CPG2 protein is localized to an endocytic zone adjacent to excitatory synapses in dendritic spines. (mit.edu)
We also explored how simultaneously activated synaptic clusters located at different dendritic locations synergistically affect the plasticity at the active synapses, as well as the heterosynaptic plasticity of an inactive synapse "sandwiched" between them. (eneuro.org)
In this framework, synapses change their strength depending on the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ]) at the postsynaptic dendritic spine. (eneuro.org)

It is one of the most studied synapses in the world and named after the Hungarian anatomist-neurologist Károly Schaffer. (wikipedia.org)
As a part of the hippocampal structures, Schaffer collaterals develop the limbic system, which plays a critical role in the aspects of learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
Mature synapses contain fewer Schaffer collateral branches than those synapses that are not fully developed. (wikipedia.org)
The process of developing a network of CA3-to-CA1 recurrent excitatory glutamatergic synapses alters the frequency of spontaneous action potentials in Schaffer collaterals. (wikipedia.org)
Schaffer collateral synapses have been used as a sample synapse, a typical excitatory glutamatergic synapse in the cortex that has very well been studied in order to try to identify the rules of both the patterns of stimulation in electrical rules and the chemical mechanisms by which synapses get persistently stronger and which synapses get persistently weaker as well. (wikipedia.org)
Because of this weak cooperativity, VU0477573 acts as a "partial NAM" so that full occupancy of the MPEP site does not completely inhibit maximal effects of mGlu5 agonists on intracellular calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation, or inhibition of synaptic transmission at the hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse. (monash.edu)
Dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells carrying homozygous mutation of L100P exhibit decreased synaptic excitation and intact synaptic inhibition, meanwhile Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses of L100P mice display impaired synaptic plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)

These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop. (wikipedia.org)
The functional hippocampus stores long-term memories through synaptic plasticity in terms of storing information. (wikipedia.org)
Bliss, T.V. & Collingridge, G.L. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. (nature.com)
Langdon, R.B., Johnson, J.W. & Barrionuevo, G. Posttetanic potentiation and presynaptically induced long-term potentiation at the mossy fiber synapse in rat hippocampus. (nature.com)
L100P mutant slices exhibit decreased excitatory synaptic transmission (sEPSCs and mEPSCs) in dentate gyrus (DG) and impaired long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
Supportively, both CA1 region and DG of L100P mice hippocampus shows suppression of intracellular [Ca 2+ ] elevation after glutamate challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
His Synaptic plasticity research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Long-term potentiation, Perineuronal net, Hippocampus and Forebrain. (research.com)

Kohgaku Eguchi, Setsuko Nakanishi, Hiroshi Takagi, Zacharie Taoufiq and Tomoyuki Takahashi (2012) Maturation of a PKG-Dependent Retrograde Mechanism for Exo-Endocytic Coupling of Synaptic Vesicles. (oist.jp)
Similar weakening occurred when deprivation began at older ages (P20), when synapses are mostly mature, indicating that weakening is unlikely to represent a failure of synaptic maturation but instead represents a reduction in the strength of existing synapses. (jneurosci.org)
In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)
Our data indicate that the proteolytic maturation increases the association of α 2 δ−1 with Ca V channel complex and is essential for its function on synaptic release. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we investigate the impact of the proteolytic maturation of α 2 δ−1 on synaptic release. (elifesciences.org)

Our findings suggest that the existence of abnormal synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal network may disrupt declarative information processing and contribute to recognition deficits in DISC1 L100P mutant mice. (biomedcentral.com)

1996). This preparation, the calyx of Held synapse in rodents, is now recognized as a gold model of mammalian central synapse, after frog neuromuscular junction and squid giant synapse. (oist.jp)
Although Ankyrin is not required for the localization of the Spectrin skeleton to the neuromuscular junction, it contributes to Spectrin-mediated synapse development. (rupress.org)

Excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain is predominantly mediated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, while inhibitory transmission is mediated mainly by the neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). (frontiersin.org)
The role of GTP-binding protein activity in fast central synaptic transmission. (oist.jp)
Synaptic transmission is observed in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms and underlies their behaviour. (nature.com)
Finally, in addition to confirming disrupted pathways and identifying novel hits in neuronal structure and synaptic transmission, our data indicate aberrant myelination, inflammation, and vascular disruption. (biomedcentral.com)
Among the three families of Ca V channels (Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and Ca V 3), the Ca V 2 family and more specifically Ca V 2.1 and Ca V 2.2 channels (generating P/Q and N-type currents, respectively) are particularly important for synaptic transmission in central and peripheral nervous systems ( Dolphin, 2012 ). (elifesciences.org)
Thus, we define a novel genetic landscape by which diverse, unrelated autism risk genes may converge to commonly affect the robustness of synaptic transmission. (sdbonline.org)
The group II mGlus play important roles in regulating transmission through the hippocampal formation. (sbpdiscovery.org)

Nr4a2 activation mediates Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and increases expression of iGluRs, thereby affecting long-term depression (LTD) at CA3-CA1 synapses in acute mouse hippocampal slices (both sexes). (uab.cat)
Ca 2+ image analysis reveals suppression of glutamate-evoked elevation of cytoplasmic [Ca 2+ ] in L100P hippocampal slices. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Nr4a2-mediated hippocampal synaptic plasticity are not completely known. (uab.cat)
Lysosomes are membrane bound acidic intracellular organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that normally function as recycling centers within cells by breaking down damaged cellular macromolecules. (stanford.edu)
The strength of individual synapses is modulated to compensate for changes in other synapses, on the same neuron, that would otherwise alter overall cellular activity. (frontiersin.org)
Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
It is currently believed that miRNAs, as important regulatory factors of epigenetics, may be widely involved in the regulation of various cellular activities including neurobiological responses, such as neuronal growth, metabolism, apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Hits common to both data sets indicate disrupted cellular metabolism, calcium signaling, protein stability, DNA binding, and cytoskeletal cell structure. (biomedcentral.com)

In this review we will highlight mechanisms that control targeting of PSD-95 at the synapse, and discuss how this molecule influences the retention and clustering of diverse synaptic proteins to regulate synaptic structure and strength. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we studied the synaptic expression mechanisms for deprivation-induced weakening of L4-L2/3 inputs and assessed its similarity to LTD, which is known to be expressed presynaptically at L4-L2/3 synapses. (jneurosci.org)
In this study, we further analyzed the cognitive and affective behaviors of L100P homozygotes and their WT littermates, and explored the underlying synaptic mechanisms as well. (biomedcentral.com)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs of approximately 20 nucleotides in length that block gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by partial complementary binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mRNA of target genes in animals, resulting in mRNA degradation or translation inhibition [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
At the synapse, NMDARs mediate neuroprotective signaling pathways including the regulation of calcineurin activity and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3). (edu.au)

Auxiliary α 2 δ subunits are important proteins for trafficking of voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca V ) at the active zones of synapses. (elifesciences.org)

Testuya Hori and Tomoyuki Takahashi (2012).Kinetics of Synaptic Vesicle Refilling with Neurotransmitter Glutamate. (oist.jp)
Developmental shift to a mechanism of synaptic vesicle endocytosis requiring nanodomain Ca 2+ . (oist.jp)
Vesicle endocytosis requires dynamin-dependent GTP hydrolysis at a fast CNS synapse. (oist.jp)
The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)

Conclusions: This work highlights the importance of metals in neurodegenerative disease and demonstrates modulation of both Cu2+ and Zn2+ levels in hippocampal synapses provide valid targets for future therapeutic approaches by preventing the formation of toxic oligomeric species. (edu.au)

The synaptic action of zinc is determined both by the spatiotemporal characteristics of the zinc release process and by the kinetics of zinc binding to sites located in the cleft area, as well as by their concentrations. (bvsalud.org)
This work addresses total, free and complexed zinc concentration changes, in an individual synaptic cleft, following single, short and long periods of evoked zinc release. (bvsalud.org)

Altogether, our results indicate that the iGluR/Ca2+/CREB/CRTC1 pathway mediates activity-dependent expression of Nr4a2 which is involved in glutamatergic synaptic plasticity by increasing BDNF and synaptic GluA1-AMPARs. (uab.cat)
We are currently identifying human homologues of cpg2 and testing if naturally occurring mutations in these transcripts alter glutamatergic synaptic function. (mit.edu)
Another tantalizing link to glutamatergic synaptic function is through the effects of pharmacological treatments of mood disorders. (mit.edu)

All drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AD are symptomatic therapies that modulate neurotransmitters, either acetylcholine or glutamate. (medscape.com)

Activation of the LBD(G521R)-cNR2B transgenic protein in mice leads to the disruption of CaMKII/NR2B interactions at synapses. (caltech.edu)
Synapse proteomics data sets, such as those of the postsynaptic density (PSD) and associated protein complexes when combined with comparative genomics have provided unprecedented insights into the evolution of synapses. (nature.com)

LKB1 itself is a constitutively active kinase, which is regulated by posttranslational modifications and direct binding to phospholipids of the plasma membrane. (sdbonline.org)

Richard J. Weinberg has included themes like Neurotransmission and Silent synapse in his Neuroscience study. (research.com)
Richard J. Weinberg mostly deals with Neuroscience, Cell biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Nerve net and Synaptic plasticity. (research.com)

A central unanswered question is whether map plasticity involves activity-dependent changes in synapse strength, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). We address this question by studying the loss of cortical responsiveness to deprived sensory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
Con respecto a los modelos animales en TEA, muchos estudios se centran en la expresión génica, la migración y maduración neuronal cortical y los déficits de la red neuronal, pero muy pocos son los estudios que relacionen directamente la comunicación oral animal y la expresión génica en áreas corticales del lenguaje. (bvsalud.org)

Xu YKT, Graves AR , Coste GI, Huganir RL , Bergles DE, Charles AS, Sulam J. Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice. (neurotree.org)

We showed that elimination of AMPAR-mediated excitatory input onto CGE-derived interneurons during development alters emerging anatomical, synaptic, and circuit properties, resulting in deficits in social interaction and hippocampal-dependent learning. (nih.gov)

In the hippocampal CA1 microcircuit, CGE-derived INs are recruited by activation of glutamatergic synapses comprising GluA2-containing calcium-impermeable AMPARs. (nih.gov)

Chattarji, S., Stanton, P.K. & Sejnowski, T.J. Commissural synapses, but not mossy fiber synapses, in hippocampal field CA3 exhibit associative long-term potentiation and depression. (nature.com)
If the [Ca 2+ ] rises above a critical threshold for depression (θ D ) , LTD occurs and the synaptic strength is decreased. (eneuro.org)
The synapse is weakened when the spine [Ca 2+ ] crosses the depression threshold θ D and strengthened when the [Ca 2+ ] crosses the potentiation threshold θ P . B , VGCC hypothesis for heterosynaptic plasticity. (eneuro.org)

Zinc is highly concentrated in synaptic vesicles throughout the mammalian telencephalon and, in particular, the hippocampal dentate gyrus. (mdpi.com)

At this location, synaptic currents are converted from a graded voltage signal into a train of APs. (frontiersin.org)

Changes in synapse structure and function are the basis of learning and memory, while aberrant synaptic development underlies a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. (rupress.org)

Using this method, Dr. Takahashi and his colleagues have provided fundamental information on brain synaptic functions, such as identification of voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes mediating transmitter release (Takahashi & Momiyama, 1993). (oist.jp)
Under pathological conditions the prolonged and enhanced exposure of NMDARs to glutamate results in an excessive flux of calcium (Ca2+) into the cell. (edu.au)

The molecular composition of the synapse has recently been proved to be useful for studying the evolution of the brain. (nature.com)
The phylogeny of the molecular components of the synapse provides a new model for studying synapse diversity and complexity, and their implications for brain evolution. (nature.com)
In the metallothioneins, MT3 is especially enriched while in the brain, Some MT3 zinc binding web sites are redox modulated, making it possible for MT3 to accept and release zinc in response to changes in oxidative standing, Mainly because MT3 can induce or minimize zinc toxicity based on context, it could improve or reduce brain damage, based on the specific state of MT3. (ilreceptor.com)
These two events are simultaneously accompanied by progressive synaptic damage and neurodegeneration that eventually culminate into substantial brain atrophy. (biomedcentral.com)
Brain image reveals hippocampal atrophy, especially on the right side. (medscape.com)

CIBERNED_Patología molecular en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. (uab.cat)
Kandel, E. R. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. (nature.com)

Zinc, a transition metal existing in very high concentrations in the hippocampal mossy fibers from CA3 area, is assumed to be co-released with glutamate and to have a neuromodulatory role at the corresponding synapses. (bvsalud.org)
The results estimate the magnitude and time course of the concentrations of zinc complexes, assuming that the dynamics of the release processes are similar to those of glutamate. (bvsalud.org)
These include specific parameters that were chosen assuming zinc and glutamate co-release, with similar time courses. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, if zinc binding cysteine residues of MT3 are oxidized, MT3 may release zinc and result in much more cell death. (ilreceptor.com)
A role for zinc in modulating synaptic plasticity has been inferred, but whether zinc has a particular role in experience-dependent plasticity has yet to be determined. (mdpi.com)
The aim of the current study was to determine whether vesicular zinc is important for modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an experience-dependent manner and, consequently, hippocampal-dependent behaviour. (mdpi.com)

We have identified CPG2 as an F-actin binding partner that functionally mediates interaction of the spine cytoskeleton with postsynaptic endocytosis. (mit.edu)

However, the precise location and dynamics of endogenous Nrxns at the synaptic junction have remained elusive. (rupress.org)

These metals are released upon NMDAR activity from the pre- and post-synapse, respectively and can bind Aβ, increasing its rate of oligomerisation. (edu.au)

Together our results demonstrate the importance of interactions between CaMKII and NR2B for CaMKII activity, synaptic plasticity, and learning. (caltech.edu)
ICA69 regulates activity-dependent synaptic strengthening and learning and memory. (neurotree.org)
Identification of Synaptic DGKθ Interactors That Stimulate DGKθ Activity. (neurotree.org)
INs regulate all aspects of hippocampal circuit activity, and their dysregulation may contribute to numerous neural-circuit disorders. (nih.gov)

Anatomy56

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Neurons22

Receptors26

Dysregulated synaptic plasticity1

Receptor21

NMDA2

Role in synaptic plasticity2

Presynaptic9

Short-term Plasticity2

Dendritic7

Schaffer7

Hippocampus7

Maturation5

Plasticity in hippocampal1

Neuromuscular junction2

Transmission7

Slices2

Cellular6

Mechanisms3

Inhibition2

Proteins1

Vesicle4

Modulation1

Cleft2

Glutamatergic synaptic3

Modulate1

Protein2

Membrane1

Neuroscience2

Cortical2

Mice1

Alters1

AMPARs1

Depression3

Dentate gyrus1

Currents1

Neuropsychiatric disorders1

Calcium2

Brain5

Molecular2

Zinc6

Endocytosis1

Endogenous1

NMDAR1

Activity4