Survival of neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Survival and engraftment of dopaminergic neurons manufactured by a Good Manufacturing Practice-compatible process. (ca.gov)
BACKGROUND AIMS: We have previously reported a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compatible process for generating authentic dopaminergic neurons in defined media from human pluripotent stem cells and determined the time point at which dopaminergic precursors/neurons (day 14 after neuronal stem cell [NSC] stage) can be frozen, shipped and thawed without compromising their viability and ability to mature in vitro. (ca.gov)
One important issue we wished to address is whether dopaminergic precursors/neurons manufactured by our GMP-compatible process can be cryopreserved and engrafted in animal Parkinson disease (PD) models. (ca.gov)
METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of freshly prepared and cryopreserved dopaminergic neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat PD model. (ca.gov)
Histologic analysis at the end point of the study (6 months post-transplantation) showed robust long-term survival of donor-derived tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)(+) dopaminergic neurons in rats transplanted with day 14 dopaminergic neurons. (ca.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: Dopaminergic neurons manufactured by a GMP-compatible process from human ESC survived and engrafted efficiently in the 6-OHDA PD rat model. (ca.gov)
In addition, the bax null mutation failed to rescue expression of the dopaminergic phenotype in a subset of NG and PG neurons. (nih.gov)
Here, we report that GABAergic (GABA) and dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated with different temporal patterns during acute and chronic itch. (iasp-pain.org)
Several academic and industry efforts are well under owned subsidiary Cyto Therapeutics, it had received way to produce dopaminergic neurons from stem approval by the Australian government to conduct a cells under conditions compliant with use in patients. (lu.se)
Without this, the patient cells lost in PD could be replaced by grafted community is left trying to interpret complex scien- immature human dopaminergic neurons [3, 5]. (lu.se)

To determine how artemin affects sensory neuron properties, transgenic mice that overexpress artemin in skin keratinocytes (ART-OE mice) were analyzed. (jneurosci.org)
Analysis of sensory neuron physiological properties using an ex vivo preparation showed that cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors of ART-OE mice had reduced heat thresholds and increased firing rates in response to a heat ramp. (jneurosci.org)
A newly recognized family of transcription factors that appear to have important roles in sensory neuron biology is the Sox family of high-mobility group (HMG) domain proteins. (pitt.edu)
Subsequent investigators emphasized the loss of larger dorsal root ganglion cells, thereby establishing a sensory neuron component. (medscape.com)

Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes. (wikipedia.org)
The complex, apart from the "proper" survival of motor neuron protein, includes at least six other proteins (gem-associated protein 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. (wikipedia.org)
Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Whole blood survival motor neuron protein levels correlate with severity of denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. (harvard.edu)
Artemin, a neuronal survival factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family, binds the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein GFRα3 and the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. (jneurosci.org)
The genetic defect is well-characterised and attempts to replace or reduce the severe depletion of the key Survival of Motor Neurone (SMN) protein are ongoing. (abdn.ac.uk)
However, even when protein levels in motor neurones are increased and improvements in motor parameters are reported, survival is not increased. (abdn.ac.uk)
The SMN1 gene provides instructions for making the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
This protein is one of a group of proteins called the SMN complex, which is important for the maintenance of specialized nerve cells called motor neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
Some research findings indicate that a shortage of this protein impairs the formation and function of axons and dendrites, leading to the death of motor neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative, inherited disease caused by an insufficient amount of functional Survival of Motor Neurone protein (SMN), though the exact mechanism underlying this is not fully understood. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
Motor neurons need a protein called SMN (survival motor neuron) to work. (kidshealth.org)
When this gene mutates (changes in some way), it can't make enough protein for the motor neurons to work properly. (kidshealth.org)
Li et al demonstrated nuclear inclusions in the spinal motor neurons of patients with KD that stained positively for androgen receptor protein when immunohistochemical methods are used. (medscape.com)

Barde, Y.A. (1989) Trophic factors and neuronal survival. (karger.com)

Neuronal PKD1 inactivation by pharmacological inhibition or lentiviral silencing in vitro, or by genetic inactivation in neurons in vivo, strongly enhances excitotoxic neuronal death. (nature.com)
To investigate the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in differentiation of cranial sensory neurons in vivo, we analyzed development of nodose (NG), petrosal (PG), and vestibular (VG) ganglion cells in genetically engineered mice carrying null mutations in the genes encoding BDNF and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homolog Bax. (nih.gov)
To further investigate the role of Sox11 and begin to identify transcriptional targets, the level of Sox11 was assayed in the Neuro2A stem cell line (Klebe and Ruddle, 1969), primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in vivo after nerve injury. (pitt.edu)
by building up artificial retinal cell interfaces using stimulation devices and by tuning the biocompatibility of the stimulation electrodes and their surface interactions with neurons, we proposed to fabricate microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays (MEAs) as well as ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) for medical applications in vivo. (europa.eu)
Accordingly, targeted knocking down of either Nav1.7-1.9 or Jak2/Stat3 in DRG neurons in vivo alleviated the hyperalgesia in male Sprague-Dawley rats. (iasp-pain.org)
Cell culture studies indicate direct effects of both DFP and corticosterone on OPCs, and by comparison with in vivo results, we conclude that in addition to direct effects, systemic effects and interruption of neuron-glia interactions contribute to the detrimental effects of GW agents on oligodendrocytes. (cdc.gov)

Autopsy studies showed loss of large, medium, and small motor neurons. (medscape.com)
[ 9 , 10 ] Loss of small motor neurons is not a typical finding in sporadic or non-hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (medscape.com)

The mechanisms that control the differentiation of functionally distinct fusimotor neurons are unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Developmental survival, axon growth and differentiation of sensory neurons are mediated through the actions of specific sets of transcriptional signaling complexes (Anderson, 1999). (pitt.edu)
Upon retinoic acid (RA)- induced differentiation of Neuro-2A cells and upon culturing DRG neurons, Sox11 mRNA increased, suggesting Sox11 was important for expression of genes involved in Neuro2A and primary DRG differentiation and survival. (pitt.edu)
Neurotrophins are secreted molecules that promote growth, differentiation, and survival of neurons. (nyu.edu)

This regulation is sive loss of neurons and white matter that believed to positively impact these diseases can lead to brain atrophy and different by promoting normal aging and delaying types of disability. (bvsalud.org)
The selective neuronal dysfunction and subsequent loss of neurons in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and other parts of the brain can explain the clinical picture seen in cases of HD. (medscape.com)

Seeking to uncover the reason behind this retinal defect, Prof Masai's unit labelled the three different types of neurons that connect in the inner plexiform layer -- retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells and bipolar cells -- to see how they developed when strip1 was mutated. (sciencedaily.com)
NeuroLight Red is a lentiviral-based reagent that has been designed to efficiently transduce multiple types of neurons with low toxicity. (genengnews.com)

p39 −/− mice in which forebrain GABAergic neurons have lost their Cdk5 kinase activity. (elsevierpure.com)
In a screen of transcriptional activity in transgenic animals that overexpress either NGF or GDNF in the skin (NGF-OE and GDNF-OE mice), the transcription factor Sox11 was significantly increased in developing neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. (pitt.edu)
F) Survival analysis of C57BL/6 mice after intracranial inoculation with phosphate buffered saline (mock, black) or with 100 FFU of Torö-2003 (n = 8) or HB171/11 (n = 10) in 20 μL phosphate buffered saline. (cdc.gov)
Increase in c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and hyperexcitability of PVA neurons were detected in hyperalgesic mice. (iasp-pain.org)

In this article, we first provide a short history of cell therapy in Parkinson's disease and briefly describe the current state-of-art regarding human stem cell-derived dopamine neurons for use in any patient trial. (lu.se)

SMN deficiency, primarily due to mutations in SMN1, results in widespread splicing defects, especially in spinal motor neurons, and is one cause of spinal muscular atrophy. (wikipedia.org)

G) Viral replication kinetics in primary cortical neurons. (cdc.gov)
Primary cortical neurons were isolated as described previously ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
2001) had found amniotic epithelial cells conditioned medium showed neurotrophic effect on rat embryonic day 18 (E18) cortical neurons. (scielo.org.ar)
As E18 cortical neurons would not normally respond to neurotrophic factors other than Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), they hypothesized that it could be EGF. (scielo.org.ar)

Conclusions: The data support the long-term therapeutic potential of ESC-derived human striatal progenitor grafts for the replacement of degenerated striatal neurons in HD and suggest that EE can effectively accelerate the maturation and promote the integration of human striatal cells. (lu.se)

Electrical stimulation of neurons is a recognised therapeutic approach for the treatment of several neurodegenerative pathologies (Parkinson's disease, audio prosthesis, etc). (europa.eu)

Researchers have identified a gene necessary for the survival of retinal ganglion cells -- a class of neurons located in the retina that are critical for vision. (sciencedaily.com)
The region on chromosome 5q13 encompassing the disease gene is particularly unstable and prone to large-scale deletions whose characterization recently led to the identification of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. (nih.gov)
Survival Motor Neuron Gene Copy Number Analysis by Exome Sequencing: Assisting Spinal Muscular Atrophy Diagnosis and Carrier Screening. (harvard.edu)
There's another gene-based therapy for children under age 2 that uses a safe virus to deliver a new copy of the SMN gene into specific neurons to improve muscle movement. (medlineplus.gov)

However, a third of sensory neurons do not express receptors for the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
The trk receptors in general are expressed in a nonoverlapping manner by sensory neurons in combination with the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 ( Wright and Snider, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
Artemin contributes to pain by inducing expression of receptors on sensory neurons. (nyu.edu)
The presence of neurotransmitter receptors in microglia illustrates their functional connection to neurons and this receptor activation could cause microglial cells to perform different activation phenotypes ( Pocock and Kettenmann, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)

Expression of the GFRα3 receptor is primarily restricted to the peripheral nervous system and is found in a subpopulation of nociceptive sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) that coexpress the Ret and TrkA receptor tyrosine kinases and the thermosensitive channel TRPV1. (jneurosci.org)
2002). Sox11 was also increased in neurons of adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following sciatic nerve cut. (pitt.edu)
In addition to rat primary forebrain neurons, NeuroLight Red can label other primary neuronal subtypes (hippocampal, cortical, and dorsal root ganglion) as well as iPSC-dervied neurons (data not shown). (genengnews.com)

Surprisingly, the researchers found that while all three neuron types developed an incorrect form and position, only the retinal ganglion cells died. (sciencedaily.com)
Loss of Sfrs1 function resulted in the death of retinal neurons that were born during early to mid-embryonic development. (biologists.com)
Our results highlight the requirement of Sfrs1-mediated alternative splicing for the survival of retinal neurons, with sensitivity defined by the window of time in which the neuron was generated. (biologists.com)
Survival of neurons and particularly retinal cells will be evaluated on NCD diamond surfaces. (europa.eu)

This increase suggests Sox11 expression is trophic factor sensitive and that it may contribute to the transcriptional control of genes involved in the increased survival and axonal projections that has been documented in these transgenic animals (Albers et al. (pitt.edu)

We have applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics to investigate the effects of parkin dysfunction on the mitochondrial proteome in human isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons with and without PARK2 knockout (KO). (ox.ac.uk)
This adds valuable insight into the effect of parkin dysfunction in human neurons and provides knowledge of disease-related pathways that can potentially be targeted for therapeutic intervention. (ox.ac.uk)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a frequent autosomal recessive disease characterized by degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord causing proximal paralysis with muscle atrophy. (nih.gov)
Spinal muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a childhood form of Motor Neurone Disease. (abdn.ac.uk)
There is an increasing appreciation that this is not a classical motor neurone disease, but rather a systemic disease in which motor neurones are either most vulnerable or that defects in them are most clinically relevant. (abdn.ac.uk)
Gamma motor neurons (γ-MNs) selectively innervate muscle spindle intrafusal fibers and regulate their sensitivity to stretch. (biomedcentral.com)
Fusimotor axons originate either from gamma motor neurons (γ-MNs), which only innervate intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle, or from alpha motor neurons (α-MNs), which innervate extrafusal muscle and also send a β-skeletofusimotor collateral axon to innervate the muscle spindle [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord that tell skeletal muscles to tense (contract), which allows the body to move. (medlineplus.gov)
This condition is characterized by a loss of motor neurons that leads to weakness and wasting (atrophy) in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) that worsens with age. (medlineplus.gov)
A lack of mature mRNA, and subsequently the proteins needed for normal cell functioning, has damaging effects on motor neuron development and survival. (medlineplus.gov)
The loss of motor neurons leads to the signs and symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy. (medlineplus.gov)
Recognizes human Survival of Motor Neuron 1, Telomeric and Survival of Motor Neuron 2, Centromeric. (antibodies-shop.com)
SMN, together with several mRNA binding proteins, has been linked to neural transport of mRNA towards areas of growth in Motor neurons for local translation of transcripts. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
These nerves (called motor neurons ) are in the spinal cord and lower part of the brain. (kidshealth.org)
The motor neurons break down and can't send signals to the muscles. (kidshealth.org)
KD is an inherited disorder characterized by degeneration of both motor and sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
It involves loss of lower motor neurons supplying the limb and bulbar musculature. (medscape.com)
[ 12 , 13 ] In contrast to prior studies suggesting upper motor neuron involvement in KD based on transcranial magnetic stimulation studies, one study found differences in cortical excitability between KD and ALS. (medscape.com)
That was so because 47 percent more motor neurons survived there than in untreated model animals. (medindia.net)
We intentionally targeted the motor neurons in this region since we knew that, as in ALS, their death results in respiratory decline," he added. (medindia.net)
Excess glutamate overstimulates the motor neurons that spark muscle movement, causing death. (medindia.net)
This targeted cell delivery to the cervical spinal cord is a promising strategy to slow that loss of motor neurons in ALS. (medindia.net)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases are characterized by steady, relentless, progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts, anterior horn cells, bulbar motor nuclei, or a combination. (msdmanuals.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease (MND). (msdmanuals.com)
Upper MNDs (eg, primary lateral sclerosis) affect neurons of the motor cortex, which extend to the brain stem (corticobulbar tracts) or spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). (msdmanuals.com)
Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a motor and cognitive neurodegenerative disorder due to prominent loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). (lu.se)
We examined the survival, maturation, self-organization and integration of the graft as well as its impact on lesion-dependent motor alterations up to 6 months post-graft. (lu.se)

Expression of artemin caused a 20.5% increase in DRG neuron number and increased the level of mRNA encoding GFRα3, TrkA, TRPV1, and the putative noxious cold-detecting channel TRPA1. (jneurosci.org)
It functions as a translational regulator that plays a major role in the control of maternal CPE-containing mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic CPE-containing mRNA in neurons. (nih.gov)

Petersén Å, Emgård M and Brundin P.Brain Research Bulletin 50: 275-281 (1999)AbstractThe survival of grafted embryonic striatal tissue, dissected from the lateral ganglionic eminence, depends on the status of the host striatum. (lu.se)

Structural and functional analyses revealed an increase in mitochondrial area and the presence of elongated mitochondria as well as impaired glycolysis and lactate-supported respiration, leading to an impaired cell survival in PARK2 KO neurons. (ox.ac.uk)

Cell replacement using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derivatives may offer new therapeutic opportunities to replace degenerated neurons and repair damaged circuits. (lu.se)

Neuron 36 , 241-263 (2002). (lu.se)

Dr. Nicholas Maragakis, an associate professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins who led the research team, says that the new work supports the hypothesis that artificially outnumbering unhealthy cells with healthy ones in targeted parts of the spinal cord preserves limb strength and breathing and can increase survival. (medindia.net)

Less is known about artemin and its affects on sensory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable, adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with cell loss within a specific subset of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex. (medscape.com)

These data suggest that the developmentally regulated transcription factor Sox11 is induced in adult neurons after injury to promote neurite growth and axon regeneration and inhibit apoptosis by regulating genes associated with each of these distinct biological pathways. (pitt.edu)
Here we describe a medium throughput in vitro assay providing kinetic measurements of neurite dynamics in a co-culture model of neurons and astrocytes. (genengnews.com)
A co-culture model containing rat E18 primary forebrain neurons grown in co-culture with rat cortical astrocytes (NeuroPrime™ Cell Kit) was used to examine neurite dynamics while capturing important cell-cell interactions. (genengnews.com)
Neurons can be visualized in the phase image shown at the top right panel in Figure 1 , although reliable quantification of neurite length was problematic due to obscuring textures presented by astrocytes. (genengnews.com)
Labeling neurons with a flueorescent reagent such as NeuroLight Red provides a means to develop a medium-throughput assay to study neurite dynamics in a co-culture setting. (genengnews.com)
Figure 2 shows data from a 96-well assay measuring neurite length over twelve days using NeuroLight Red labeled rat forebrain neurons with rat cortical astrocytes (NeuroPrime™ Cell Kit). (genengnews.com)

For cutaneous sensory neurons, GDNF supports development of small neurons with nociceptive properties. (jneurosci.org)
Using this knowledge we characterized genetic strategies to label developing γ-MNs based on GDNF receptor expression, showed their strict dependence for survival on muscle spindle-derived GDNF and generated an animal model in which γ-MNs are selectively lost. (biomedcentral.com)
With these markers of γ-MN identity, we show after conditional elimination of GDNF from muscle spindles that the survival of γ-MNs is selectively dependent on spindle-derived GDNF during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we show that these neurons express the receptor components for glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling (RET, GFRα-1, and GFRα-2). (jneurosci.org)
GDNF, but not nerve growth factor (NGF), can prevent several axotomy-induced changes in these neurons, including the downregulation of IB4 binding, TMP activity, and somatostatin expression. (jneurosci.org)
GDNF therefore may be useful in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies and may protect peripheral neurons that are refractory to neurotrophin treatment. (jneurosci.org)
In this study we have examined the possibility that GDNF exerts a trophic action on these neurons. (jneurosci.org)
There is growing evidence that GDNF can have a trophic action on sensory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

Direct activation of PVA neurons using optogenetics and pharmacological approaches were sufficient to induce persistent mechanical hyperalgesia in naive animals. (iasp-pain.org)

In this study, they focused on the analysis of neuronal positioning of GABAergic neurons in the forebrain. (elsevierpure.com)
Fluorescence (upper left) and phase (upper right) images of a rat forebrain neuron and rat cortical astrocyte co-culture. (genengnews.com)

Neuron 25 , 515-532 (2000). (lu.se)

Genetic mosaic studies with the disconnected (disco) mutation demonstrate that survival of R-cells does not depend on the genotype of the eye, but is correlated with the presence of connections to the optic ganglia. (mcmaster.ca)

Experiments conducted on rat models of ALS, also called Lou Gehrig's disease, have shown that transplanting a new line of stem cell-like cells reduces neuron loss, and extends life, Johns Hopkins researchers have revealed. (medindia.net)
BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics), uses mesenchymal stem cells harvested from patients' own bone marrow that are engineered to secrete neurotrophic factors, proteins important for the survival and function of neurons. (medscape.com)

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an inherited disorder of the nervous system that affects the development and survival of autonomic and some sensory neurons. (medscape.com)

In the CNS, could mediate hippocampal-neuron survival. (lu.se)

As these cells died, the other neuron types replaced them, leading to a disordered layer. (sciencedaily.com)
Consistent with the behavioral analysis, no or few TH(+) neurons were detected in animals receiving day 10 cells, although human cells were present in the graft. (ca.gov)
By contrast, Sfrs1 was not required for the survival of the neurons generated later, including later-born amacrine cells, rod photoreceptors,bipolar cells and Müller glia. (biologists.com)
These data demonstrate that BDNF signaling is required not only to support survival of cranial sensory neurons, but also to regulate local growth of afferent fibers into target tissues and, in some cells, transmitter phenotypic expression is required. (nih.gov)
We addressed this question by examining the survival of R-cells in mutant flies where R-cells do not connect to the brain. (mcmaster.ca)
Although imaginai R-cells develop normally in the absence of connections to the optic lobes, we find that their continued survival requires these connections. (mcmaster.ca)
To test this, the level of Sox11 expression was knocked down in Neuro2A cells and cultured DRG neurons by transfection of siRNAs against Sox11. (pitt.edu)
Amniotic epithelial cells transplantation in Parkinson model of rats was found to reverse the condition and prevent death in neurons (Kakishita et al. (scielo.org.ar)
2003). Similarly, when transplanted into ischemic cortical areas, they were found to differentiate into 'neuron-like' cells (Okawa et al. (scielo.org.ar)
In the mammalian brain, SLC4A10 is expressed in principal neurons and interneurons, as well as in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, the organ regulating the production of CSF. (bvsalud.org)
[ 8 ] Caspase inhibition in clonal striatal cells showed no correlation between the reduction of aggregates in the cells and increased survival. (medscape.com)

The high resolution required for vision and the stimulation of graded potential neurons requires the use of complex and very precise stimulators capable of generating signals of varying intensity. (europa.eu)
The project objectives were directed towards the development of novel approaches for electrical stimulation of neurons aiming at the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies for restoring visual sight functions. (europa.eu)

Innocuous mechanical stimuli acting on the skin are detected by sensory neurons, known as low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). (iasp-pain.org)

The fluorescent reagent, NeuroLight Red™, specifically labels both primary neurons and human iPSC derived neurons when grown in co-culture with astrocytes, allowing for quantitation using the IncuCyte NeuroTrack™ software. (genengnews.com)

neurons to the excitatory actions of ior and mental function. (lu.se)

Optogenetic manipulations of VTA GABA neurons rapidly modulated scratching behaviors through encoding itch-associated aversion. (iasp-pain.org)
In contrast, optogenetic manipulations of VTA DA neurons revealed their roles in sustaining recurrent scratching episodes through signaling scratching-induced reward. (iasp-pain.org)

What kills neurons in neurodegenerative disease? (biomedcentral.com)

NeuroLight Red enables clear visualization and quantification of neurites from primary neurons (compare same fields shown in upper left panel and upper right panel in Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)

The proteomic analysis quantified nearly 60% of all mitochondrial proteins, 119 of which were dysregulated in neurons with PARK2 KO. (ox.ac.uk)
Autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of proteins and organelles, cellular remodeling, and survival during nutrient starvation. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, despite rescue of BDNF-dependent neurons by the bax null mutation, sensory target innervation was abnormal in double null mutants. (nih.gov)

Anatomy85

Organisms15

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs59

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care16

Dopaminergic10

Sensory neuron4

Protein17

Neuronal survival1

Vivo6

Small motor neurons2

Differentiation4

Loss of neurons2

Types of neurons2

Mice4

Dopamine neurons1

SMN11

Cortical neurons4

Striatal neurons1

Parkinson's1

Gene4

Receptors4

Dorsal3

Retinal4

Transgenic1

Dysfunction2

Motor25

MRNA2

Striatum1

Cell Survival1

Embryonic1

20021

Spinal cord1

Artemin1

Specific subset1

Neurite6

GDNF8

Pharmacological1

Forebrain2

20001

Genetic1

Stem2

Development and survival1

Hippocampal1

Cells11

Stimulation2

Stimuli1

Astrocytes1

Excitatory1

Optogenetic2

Neurodegenerative1

Primary1

Proteins2

Innervation1