• A new study now finds that cellular survival after radiation exposure depends on behavior of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 over time. (sciencedaily.com)
  • So, the team explored whether manipulating p53 dynamics could increase tumor vulnerability, focusing on human colon cancer cell lines with unmutated, functional p53. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Initiating the experiment in the operating room, Olson's team placed the excised tumor cells in a laboratory dish and exposed the cells to cyclopamine. (fredhutch.org)
  • This new approach enables many drugs to be compared directly on patient tumor cells, rapidly accelerating the discovery of new, effective drugs. (fredhutch.org)
  • We recently showed that the drug targeting specific histone enzyme, named GSK-J4, delay tumor growth and increase survival of mice implanted human DIPG cells. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • The major challenge for GSK-J4 in clinical development is that GSK-J4 is a drug that is rapidly changed to the active drug GSKJ1, which has limited to enter the tumor cells in the brain. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • UR-8 showed greater anti-tumor activity and survival benefit than that obtained by GSK-J4 treatment in human DIPG animal models. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • A: "Double-phase" refers to direct killing of tumor cells while improving body immune function and "broad spectrum" means that different kinds of tumors are quickly responded to KLT treatment with satisfactory therapeutic effect. (kanglaite.com)
  • The combination treatment consists of highly focused radiation therapy targeted specifically to the tumor and strategies that lift the brakes and activate the body's immune system, allowing anti-cancer drugs to attack the tumor. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The combination treatment described in the July 11 issue of PLOS One consists of highly focused radiation therapy targeted specifically to the tumor and strategies that lift the brakes and activate the body's immune system, allowing anti-cancer drugs to attack the tumor. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • One of the immunotherapies is an antibody that binds to and blocks an immune checkpoint molecule on T cells called CTLA-4, allowing the T-cells to infiltrate and fight tumor cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The second immunotherapy, known as 4-1BB, supplies a positive "go" signal, stimulating anti-tumor T cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The researchers speculate that when radiation destroys tumor cells, the dead tumor cells may release proteins that help train immune cells to recognize and attack the cancer, said Michael Lim , M.D., an associate professor of neurosurgery, oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and member of Johns Hopkins' Institute of NanoBiotechnology. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Traditionally, radiation is used as a definitive therapy to directly kill cancer cells," said Lim, who also serves as director of the Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program and director of the Metastatic Brain Tumor Center at Johns Hopkins Medicine. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • When brain tumor cells were re-introduced under the skin of the animals, their immune systems appeared to protect them against the development of a new brain tumor. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Drake said since the immune system usually doesn't generate a memory when foreign (tumor) cells are still present in the body. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The new cells are abnormal and form a tumor. (flo.health)
  • Tumor diagnosis is based on several methods: mammography, biopsy, and investigation of cells. (flo.health)
  • Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells or shrink the tumor. (flo.health)
  • Tumor suppressor genes typically slow down cell growth and division. (healthline.com)
  • If a mutation causes a tumor suppression gene to turn off, it can no longer control cell growth. (healthline.com)
  • Called conditional reprogramming, the technique can be used to rapidly establish cell cultures of normal and tumor cells from patient samples. (cancer.gov)
  • The electron microscopy image shows a section of a dividing DNA molecule isolated from tumor cells. (cas.cz)
  • The test measures the number of tumor cells circulating in a sample of blood and can immediately inform physicians if a patient's treatment is working or needs modification. (imaginis.com)
  • Autophagy provides energy to tumor cells for survival and metabolic reprogramming, in order to accommodate rapid cell growth and proliferation ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that autophagy is induced by a number of stressors in tumor cells, such as starvation, growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, damage stimulation and therapeutic drugs, and is an important survival mechanism in response to cellular stress ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, Beclin 1 gene deletion results in tumor cell apoptosis, specifically in hypoxic regions ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mushrooms are being studied to find out how they affect the immune system and if they stop or slow the growth of tumors or kill tumor cells. (cigna.com)
  • In laboratory studies, tumor cells are used to test a substance to find out if it is likely to have any anticancer effects. (cigna.com)
  • Radiation therapy , which involves beaming radiation into the tumor to kill cancerous cells. (hoag.org)
  • Advanced immunotherapy and biologics , use a patient's own cells and immune system to find and destroy tumor cells. (hoag.org)
  • Researchers have recently debated the notion that some therapies are not capable of eradicating cancer because they do not target the cancer stem cells responsible for tumor development. (medindia.net)
  • To test this hypothesis, Dr. Vasko, along with scientists from the CRTRC Institute for Drug Development in San Antonio and from the Johns Hopkins University, set out to measure both stem cells markers and tumor volume before and after treatment in a mouse model. (medindia.net)
  • These treatments were not enough to completely inhibit tumor growth, and the cancer stem cell markers were still present," Dr. Vasko said. (medindia.net)
  • Use of the agents Velcade and Docetaxel led to the most significant increase in stem cell markers within the treated tumor, while ifosfamide and Avastin inhibited expression of the markers in this cancer subtype. (medindia.net)
  • We hypothesize that the tumor escapes from chemotherapy by induction of stem cell marker expression," he said. (medindia.net)
  • The small number of cells that survive the treatment could then generate another tumor that metastasizes. (medindia.net)
  • 3 state no systemic treatment for cancer is currently available with the ability to destroy tumor cells without causing the death of at least some normal cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ovulatory surges of human CG prevent hormone-induced granulosa cell tumor formation leading to the identification of tumor-associated changes in the transcriptome. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Psyrri A. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Ovarian granulosa cell tumor and increased risk of breast cancer. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Associations of a Breast Cancer Polygenic Risk Score With Tumor Characteristics and Survival. (cancercentrum.se)
  • In the present study, we attempt to establish a resistant gastric cancer cell to CDDP, and to overcome the resistant mechanism by radiation, which will be one of potent therapies for gastric cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Drugs like cyclopamine, that block a specific pathway that is critical for medulloblastoma growth, represents the first step toward the goal of replacing toxic therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. (fredhutch.org)
  • Targeted therapies are anticancer drugs that interfere with specific pathways involved in cancer cell growth or survival. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Results published recently in prestigious journal Nature Structural and Molecular Biology will be used to understand the mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors, which lead to death in certain types of cancer cells and pave the way to new cancer therapies. (cas.cz)
  • Various therapies including radiotherapy can induce autophagy in many kinds of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to metabolic stress and anticancer therapies, autophagy is also required for cancer cells to survive [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Systemic therapies such as chemotherapy or other drug therapies are usually given to advanced breast cancer patients because they affect the entire body (as opposed to localized treatments that only affect one area). (imaginis.com)
  • Some novel therapies are already being tested against cancer stem cells, he added. (medindia.net)
  • Some cancers can become resistant to radiation therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A few other cancers are also linked to Hedgehog signaling, including rhabdomyosarcoma, a childhood muscle cancer, and basal cell skin cancer, the most common cancer in adults. (fredhutch.org)
  • The vast majority (85 percent) of lung cancers fall into the category called non-small cell lung cancer. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Like all cancers, NSCLC begins at the cellular level and causes abnormal cells in the lungs to reproduce rapidly and out of control. (yalemedicine.org)
  • NSCLCs are carcinomas, which are cancers of the cells lining the surface of the lung airways. (yalemedicine.org)
  • A triple therapy for glioblastoma, including two types of immunotherapy and targeted radiation, has significantly prolonged the survival of mice with these brain cancers, according to a new report by scientists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A 2017 study showed that as many as two-thirds of cancers occurred due to random gene changes during cell replication. (healthline.com)
  • One CAR T-Cell Therapy for Blood Cancers? (cancer.gov)
  • However, when cancers occurs, the cells of the body that are not normal keep dividing and forming more cells without control. (ostatic.com)
  • 1 2 In Japan, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 75%-85% of all lung cancers. (bmj.com)
  • Although the anus can be the site of numerous types of cancers-including adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and carcinoid, among others-this article focuses largely on squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • This may help explain why the expression of stem cell markers has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatments and poor outcome for patients with cancers including prostate, breast and lung cancers," Dr. Vasko said. (medindia.net)
  • That tells us that understanding how to target these markers and these cells could prove useful in treating these cancers. (medindia.net)
  • who are latently infected with an on- Certain pharmaceutical drugs, Immunosuppression as a medi- cogenic virus are at greatly increased ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, cal therapy is used to treat autoim- risk for developing virus-related or infection with certain viruses mune diseases such as lupus ery- cancers when they become immu- and parasites can cause immu- thematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. (who.int)
  • Head and neck cancer most commonly is of the squamous cell carcinoma type (HNSCC) and includes cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. (cdc.gov)
  • Decrease the risk of infection, demonstrated by the presence of febrile neutropenia, in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs that are likely to cause febrile neutropenia. (drugs.com)
  • Biosimilar versions of this medication including Fulphila, Fylnetra, Nyvepria, Stimufend, Udenyca and Ziextenzo, are only approved for decreasing the risk of infection in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs. (drugs.com)
  • Decrease the incidence of infection, as manifested by febrile neutropenia, in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive anti-cancer drugs associated with a clinically significant incidence of febrile neutropenia. (drugs.com)
  • Increase survival in patients acutely exposed to myelosuppressive doses of radiation (Hematopoietic Subsyndrome of Acute Radiation Syndrome). (drugs.com)
  • They are not approved for use in people acutely exposed to myelosuppressive doses of radiation. (drugs.com)
  • Administer the first dose as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to myelosuppressive doses of radiation, and a second dose one week after. (drugs.com)
  • Pegfilgrastim is a hematopoietic drug that belongs to granulocyte colony stimulated factor (G-CSF) and was approved by the FDA on January 31, 2002, for the treatment of febrile neutropenia and to increase the survival rate in patients receiving myelosuppressive doses of radiation. (mrmed.in)
  • Advances in medical imaging have resulted in increased exposure of humans to low doses of ionizing radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, ionizing radiation is used on abnormal growths in the human body such as cancer cells, in radiation therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cancer cells are fully treated with some type of radiotherapy, however some cells such as stem cell cancer cells show a reoccurrence when treated by this type of therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In medicine, medical diagnostic methods such as CT scans and radiation therapy expose the individual to ionizing radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, clinically, acquired chemo-resistant cell against an anticancer drug after therapy will be a critical problem to be solved, urgently. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Thermo-responsive Fibrinogen Nanogels: a Viable Thermo-responsive Drug Delivery Agent for Breast Cancer Therapy? (amrita.edu)
  • Patients with localized prostate cancer are generally treated with radical prostectomy or radiation therapy. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • According to Olson, current treatment options of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are better today, yet a number of children still die from these tumors and often the therapy permanently damages many of those who survive. (fredhutch.org)
  • For children under age three, the outcome remains about 30 percent even after highly aggressive therapy that sometimes includes multiple rounds of chemotherapy combined with infusions hematopoetic stem cells. (fredhutch.org)
  • It is also indicated to increase the survival rate in patients receiving radiation therapy that suppresses bone marrow activity. (mrmed.in)
  • Treatments for NSCLC include surgery , chemotherapy , radiation therapy and targeted therapy. (yalemedicine.org)
  • KLT can be used alone or combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy or applied peri-operationally. (kanglaite.com)
  • GBM worldwide incidence is about two to three per 100000 adults per year, and the standard treatment encompasses surgical debulking with subsequent radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. (benthamscience.com)
  • Mice with implanted, mouse-derived glioblastoma cells lived an average of 67 days after the triple therapy, compared with mice that lasted 24 days when they received only the two immunotherapies. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Half of the mice who received the triple therapy lived 100 days or more and were protected against further tumors when new cancer cells were re-injected under the animals' skins. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Lim says if further studies affirm the value of the triple therapy in animals and humans, the radiation could be delivered a few days before or after the immunotherapies and still achieve the same results. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer demonstrate a low overall survival even despite the established multimodal therapy as the current standard of care. (bvsalud.org)
  • Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays (such as X-rays) to destroy cancer cells. (flo.health)
  • Some patients with extensive small cell lung cancer also receive radiation therapy. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Radiation therapy can reduce symptoms from cancer that has spread outside of the lungs, and also helps to manage cancer that has spread to the brain (brain metastases). (yourcancercare.com)
  • Radiation therapy to the head may also be used preventively to reduce the likelihood of brain metastases. (yourcancercare.com)
  • A team of researchers has developed a potential new therapy that may work in two distinct ways to attack tumors, by directly killing cancer cells and immune cells that can suppress the anti-cancer immune response. (cancer.gov)
  • Long-term results from an NCI-sponsored clinical trial suggest that adding androgen deprivation therapy to radiation therapy can improve survival for some men with recurrent prostate cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Altamofen is prescribed as oral therapy in women as well as men who have developed breast tumors which are dependent on estrogen for their growth and survival in the body. (mytestopay.com)
  • Past treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy . (cancer.gov)
  • Radiation therapy may be used, depending on the extent to which the cancer has spread throughout an organ. (imaginis.com)
  • The purpose of radiation therapy in cases of metastatic breast cancer is usually to shrink the cancer and provide pain relief. (imaginis.com)
  • If diagnosed with leukemia, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or bone marrow transplants are all possible alternative for treatments of leukemia. (ostatic.com)
  • 3 Although there have been no randomised controlled trials to compare surgery with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, observational studies have suggested that surgery is the most curative treatment for lung cancer. (bmj.com)
  • Hoag is also a leader in the use of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (SRS) and conformal focused radiation therapy. (hoag.org)
  • Drug therapy, including to help regulate the amount of hormones in the blood caused by tumors near the pituitary gland. (hoag.org)
  • Learn more about immunotherapy and cell therapy at Hoag. (hoag.org)
  • Adoptive cell therapy (i.e. (hoag.org)
  • Our experiments suggest that some treatments could be producing more cancer stem cells that then are capable of metastasizing, because these cells are trying to find a way to survive the therapy," said one of the study's investigators, Vasyl Vasko, M.D. Ph.D., a pathologist at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Md. (medindia.net)
  • Is receiving any other anticancer or experimental therapy. (who.int)
  • Hence, this study's aim was to perform a literature review addressing the main complications arising form radiation therapy while emphasizing the conduct of dental surgeons in the face of these changes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because a high percentage of these cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, the treatment is increasingly invasive, including surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy applied in isolation or in association with other treatment, depending on the tumor's site, histological degree, clinical stage, and the patient's physical condition 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Approximately 60% of the patients receive radiation therapy to treat head and neck cancer and most receive the combined therapy so that the development of a series of changes is expected to affect the oral cavity 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • As a consequence, non-neoplastic cells exposed to radiation are subjected to destruction, a fact that limits the dosage to be used in cancer therapy 6 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In an exploratory analysis of the final reporting of the ABRAZO trial -a phase 2 study of talazoparib following platinum or multiple cytotoxic regimens in metastatic BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations-among those who received talazoparib after platinum-based therapy, anticancer activity appeared to be greater in patients who were further away from receiving platinum therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer cell lines were selected from lung and cervical cancer cell line that are commonly used for stereotactic body radiotherapy and effective with methotrexate. (frontiersin.org)
  • We examined expression levels of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1B7, and organic anion transporter (OAT)1 as solute carrier transporters and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)1 and MRP2 as ATP-binding cassette transporters, using real-time polymerase chain reaction and accumulation of 3 H-MTX in cancer cells after 10-Gy irradiation, assuming stereotactic body radiotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chemoradiotherapy combines chemotherapy with anticancer drugs and radiotherapy to treat cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • they include rest cycles because chemotherapy targets both healthy and cancerous cells. (imaginis.com)
  • Chemotherapy is the treatment(s) of cancer with drugs that can attempt to destroy cancerous cells. (ostatic.com)
  • 95, 679-84, 2004), Thus, several reports mentioned that chemosensitivity to an anticancer drug in a kind of cancer cell will be enhanced by another drug after molecular modification in some mechanism inside the cell. (aacrjournals.org)
  • And, radiation may be modifying some acquired resistant mechanism to CDDP in gastric cancer cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • KLT will also be approved as an anticancer new drug since active substance, molecular structure, anticancer mechanism at molecular level, clinical efficacy and safety have been scientifically defined, extensively studied, carefully evaluated and strictly examined before approval. (kanglaite.com)
  • therefore, uncovering the underlying mechanism of metastasis and screening for antimetastatic drugs is urgently needed. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Previously, Lahav and colleagues revealed the dynamic behavior of p53 over time and how it affects cancer drug efficacy, cell fate, and more. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Insulin decreased drug efficacy of oxaliplatin in HT29 cells, which could be mediated by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. (amegroups.org)
  • Monoterpenes are one of the main chemical constituents of EOs that have appeared in a large number of studies, and their anticancer efficacy has been documented between 2015-2020. (benthamscience.com)
  • In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of ACY-1215, a histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor (HDAC6i), to attenuate MUM cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. (biorxiv.org)
  • Given its heterogenicity, its intracranial location and the onset of multidrug resistance mechanisms, new tailored approaches, such as immunotherapy and drug delivery systems, have recently gained increasing interest. (benthamscience.com)
  • CAR-T cells) is a form of immunotherapy where immune cells are removed from a patient's bloodstream, reprogrammed to attack a protein found in brain tumors and reintroduced to destroy cancer. (hoag.org)
  • KLT can directly inhibit and kill cells of various tumors, control lesions, and prevent metastasis. (kanglaite.com)
  • Altamofen tablets are suggested as anti-cancer treatment after the completion of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to prevent the metastasis of the cancer cells to the other parts of the body and also to lower the chances of the recurrence of tumors. (mytestopay.com)
  • Then, can it repress the cancer cells' metastasis potential? (scielo.br)
  • Thus, we conclude that As2O3 can reduce metastasis potential of NPC cells, involving inhibition of MMP-9 expression. (scielo.br)
  • The epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves vital roles in the angiogenesis, cell invasion and metastasis of various malignant tumors, including bladder cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Retroperitoneal nodal metastasis in primary and recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Administration of insulin increased colon cancer cell proliferation and polyp formation in Azoxymethane (AOM)-induced cancer model ( 19 , 20 ). (amegroups.org)
  • The activation of PI3K/Akt pathway can increase cell survival, cell growth and proliferation ( 22-24 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Treatment of OMM2.5 MUM cells with ACY-1215 resulted in a significant ( p = 0.0001), dose-dependent reduction in cell survival and proliferation in vitro , and in vivo regression of primary OMM2.5 xenografts in zebrafish larvae. (biorxiv.org)
  • Most cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming that support their survival and proliferation. (degruyter.com)
  • By regulating the expression of several genes in host liver cells, NS5A also induces cellular proliferation, and influences the curative effect of interferon ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • For example, research has shown that the median overall survival with high dose methotrexate is 25-55 months . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) data and response to chemotherapy were analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the improvement of overall survival achieved by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy may be insufficient in consideration of the deterioration of quality of life (QOL). (bmj.com)
  • 4 5 However, surgery alone may not be a sufficient treatment because an observational study of 11 663 surgically treated patients with NSCLC showed that the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate in all patients was 69.6%, while the rates in patients with clinical stage IA, IB, IIA and IIB were 82.0%, 66.1%, 54.5% and 46.1%, respectively. (bmj.com)
  • On the other side, adding veliparib to chemotherapy did not lead to a statistically significant improvement in progression-free or overall survival in a phase 2 trial of patients with metastatic breast cancer who had germline BRCA1/2 mutations, as reported at the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. (medscape.com)
  • In the intestine, which is normally more resistant to radiation, the addition of the drug reduced cell viability and survival. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Inasmuch as artificial box C/D RNAs decreased viability of transfected human cells, we propose that natural snoRNAs as well as their artificial analogues can influence the maturation of complementary pre-mRNA and can be effective regulators of vital cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
  • In agreement, pharmacological inhibition of MITF signaling with ML329, significantly reduced OMM2.5 cell survival and viability in vitro ( p = 0.0001) and in vivo ( p = 0.0006). (biorxiv.org)
  • Radiation exposure in pediatrics has been shown to have a greater impact as children's cells are still developing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Safety measures have been introduced in order to limit the exposure of harmful ionizing radiation such as the usage of protective material during the use of these imaging tools. (wikipedia.org)
  • all hits are considered lethal Radiation exposure through ionizing radiation (IR) affects a variety of processes inside of an exposed cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radiation exposure could also occur via many other channels than just ionizing radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure to radiation can wreak indiscriminate havoc on cells, tissues, and organs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Reporting in Nature Communications on Feb. 9, they describe how cellular survival after radiation exposure depends on behavior of p53 over time. (sciencedaily.com)
  • After radiation exposure, all four tissues expressed elevated p53 along with other markers of DNA and cellular damage as expected. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They found that by blocking MDM2 activity after radiation exposure, p53 could be forced to remain elevated in cells where it would otherwise decline. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Exposure to radiation from atomic bombs, nuclear accidents, and prior cancer treatment may affect risk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We established CDDP-resistant gastric cancer cell lines using TMK-1 and MKN-74 with long-term exposure (several months) with low concentration of CDDP (TMK-1/D and MKN-74/D). Evaluation of each cell resistance was performed with MTT method. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Radiation might have potent possibilities to re-control and overcome acquired resistance to CDDP after exposure with CDDP in gastric cancer cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Pegfilgrastim is used to reduce the risk of infection in some cancer patients and to increase your chances of surviving after exposure to high doses of radiation that affect your ability to make blood cells. (drugs.com)
  • Other risk factors include second-hand smoke, exposure to workplace carcinogens, radiation exposure, environmental pollution, family history of lung cancer and previous infection of HIV. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Environmental factors, like UV radiation or chemical exposure, can damage your DNA. (healthline.com)
  • Potential y neoplastic cel s that of the effect increases with increasing tem to respond effectively to foreign arise natural y, or that have been dose or continuing exposure - and is antigens, including surface antigens transformed by carcinogens acting usually transient: immune function on tumour cells. (who.int)
  • Long-term exposure to some drugs, especially cyclophosphamide , increases the risk of bladder cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The class of antidiabetic drugs called thiazolidinediones (such as Actos® or pioglitazone) acts by targeting PPARs-but unlike GLA, they can be deadly. (lifeextension.com)
  • Roos WP, Batista LF, Naumann SC, Wick W, Weller M, Menck CF, Kaina B. Apoptosis in malignant glioma cells triggered by the temozolomide-induced DNA lesion O6-methylguanine. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Kanzawa T, Germano IM, Komata T, Ito H, Kondo Y, Kondo S. Role of autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • All of these exist as low frequency radiation which can come from wireless cellular devices or through electrical appliances which induce extremely low frequency radiation (ELF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Irradiated cells can also induce genomic instability in neighboring un-radiated cells via the bystander effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • But in this situation we're using radiation as kind of kindling, to try to induce an immune response. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Ceramide could induce autophagy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and activation of JNK pathway was involved in ceramide-induced autophagy and LC3 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. (degruyter.com)
  • Dr. Vasko doesn't know how this happens, but theorizes that "dying cells could secrete a lot of factors that induce expression of stem cell markers in other cancer cells. (medindia.net)
  • This mini review highlights the development of compounds that target cancer cells by taking advantage of redox or metabolic alteration in cancer cells. (degruyter.com)
  • Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • LMP1-negative cell line HNE1 and LMP1-positive cell line HNE1-LMP1 were used as in vitro model. (scielo.br)
  • According to a previous study, NS5A inhibits cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study aimed to screen the sensitivity of bladder cancer to natural compounds by using six classic anti‑inflammatory and detoxifying herbs, including the ethanol extract of Paris polyphylla (PPE), Scutellaria barbata, Pulsatillae decoction, Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin decoction, Bazhengsan and Hedyotis diffusa combined with S. barbata, were used to treat bladder cancer cells in vitro. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we present data about an enhancement of TMZ treatment effect towards rat and human glioma cells in vitro by immobilizing this drug with a new nanoscale polymeric-phospholipidic delivery system. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Redirection of glutamine to cellular energetics destabilizes glutathione homeostasis in glioblastoma cells and other cancer cells [ 9 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • As Orange County's top choice for cancer care, Hoag has deep expertise in treating challenging brain tumors, including gioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, neningioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, germ cell tumors and other brain metastases and rare tumors. (hoag.org)
  • Having past treatment with chemotherapy or radiation can increase the risk of osteosarcoma. (cancer.gov)
  • G-CSF stimulates your bone marrow to produce a type of white blood cell, called neutrophils. (drugs.com)
  • Pegfilgrastim is a prescription medication used to decrease the chance of infection caused by low levels of white blood cells in patients with certain types of cancer (non-myeloid) receiving anti-cancer drugs that suppress bone marrow activity. (mrmed.in)
  • Leukemia strikes both sexes of all ages and the causes of most cases are unknown Leukemia is a form of cancer that begins in the blood -forming cells of the bone marrow, which is the soft inner part of the bones. (ostatic.com)
  • Under normal circumstances, the blood cells that are being formed of the bone marrow make leukocytes to defend the body against contagious organisms such like viruses and bacteria. (ostatic.com)
  • This is due to the overcrowding of the blood - forming bone marrow by the leukemic cells. (ostatic.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma , also called epidermoid carcinoma, is the second most common type of NSCLC, representing 25 to 30 percent of all NSCLC diagnoses. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Squamous cells, thin flat cells lining the surfaces of organs, are found in the lining of the bronchi. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma is more closely associated with smoking than any other type of lung cancer. (yalemedicine.org)
  • The term anal cancer usually refers to anal squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Previous histopathological terms for squamous cell carcinoma, including cloacogenic, large-cell keratinizing/nonkeratinizing, and basaloid carcinoma, have been removed from the most recent two World Health Organization (WHO) classification schemes. (medscape.com)
  • Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a distinct disease entity that, like cervical cancer, is primarily linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Anal squamous cell carcinoma develops at the anal squamocolumnar junction and arises from a precancerous lesion called high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN-II, AIN-III). (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma is with the combination of radiation and chemotherapy, including 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin at the beginning and at the end of a 4- to 6-week radiation regimen. (medscape.com)
  • Anal squamous cell cancer is believed to be directly linked to the presence of a complex inflammatory process most commonly caused by HPV infection (particularly with serotypes 16 and 18) in the histologically unique area of the anal squamocolumnar epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • HNSCC is the sixth oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (cdc.gov)
  • Patients usually do not increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carci- seek counseling until the tumors are large because small noma (OSCC), the head and neck cancer in which HPV is tumors cause little distress and may not be noticed by the most commonly found ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • the goal is to cause as little functional squamous cell carcinoma type (HNSCC) and includes and cosmetic damage as possible ( 6 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A growing body of research shows that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common and increasing cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (cdc.gov)
  • We focus on the role of HPV in the increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the head and neck cancer in which HPV is most commonly found ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • As an example, one of the drugs that showed promise in this manner will be tested in a national clinical trial for children with brain tumors beginning next year. (fredhutch.org)
  • In addition KLT presents significant role in relieving cancerous pain and cachexia and improving clinical symptoms so as to upgrade patient quality of life and prolong survival. (kanglaite.com)
  • Its R&D, preclinical and clinical studies have met with strict requirements and standards of a Western new drug. (kanglaite.com)
  • Atta-ur-Rahman , " Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents ", Bentham Science Publishers (2021). (benthamscience.com)
  • Clinical trials are studies that evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs or treatment strategies. (yourcancercare.com)
  • The progress that has been made in the treatment of small cell lung cancer has resulted from the development of multi-modality treatments, new anti-cancer agents and participation in clinical trials. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Future progress in the treatment of small cell lung cancer will result from continued participation in appropriate clinical trials. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Clinical trials continue to evaluate new drugs and new combinations of drugs in an effort to improve upon the treatment results achieved with standard chemotherapy regimens. (yourcancercare.com)
  • A phase III clinical trial demonstrates that adding the drug bortezomib to a commonly used two-drug regimen extends survival in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. (cancer.gov)
  • Tardive dyskinesia' is a motor disorder of the orofacial region raised due to chronic treatment with neuroleptic drugs, and is considered as a chief clinical concern in the treatment of schizophrenia. (fuqna.com)
  • The latest targeted cancer medicines offer great advantages over standard therapeutic approaches as they directly attack the cancer cells but leave normal cells relatively undisturbed. (businesswire.com)
  • This gene mutation thought to be a specific therapeutic target that could be used to make new effective drugs to help kids with DIPG get better. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • Our basic drug discovery, in combination with therapeutic testing in animal models, in turn, will therefore provide insights for testing a novel therapeutic approach for treating currently incurable pediatric brain tumors. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • However, cancer cells could present resistance to the therapeutic compounds, and these compounds also have adverse effects. (benthamscience.com)
  • Our findings provide evidence that ACY-1215 and ML329 are efficacious against growth and survival of MUM cells and are potential therapeutic options for MUM. (biorxiv.org)
  • This indicates the intricate control of metabolism and redox balance for survival of cancer cells that can be targeted by therapeutic agents. (degruyter.com)
  • The research paper presented by the American Association for Cancer Research's second International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Therapeutic Development say that anti-cancer treatments might have an opposite effect, actually expanding the small population of cancer stem cells believed to drive the disease though quite often they effectively shrink the size of tumors. (medindia.net)
  • If scientists understood the pathways cancer stem cells use to survive treatment or increase their ranks, then therapeutic targets could be developed, Dr. Vasko said. (medindia.net)
  • New Therapeutic Procedure To Eliminate Cancer Cells Infiltrated In Brain. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • Although this therapeutic modality has obtained high levels of cure and greater survival, its side effects are quite severe. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ionizing radiation has been known to cause damage to cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • NMN is converted to NAD+ within the cells which plays a vital role in essential cellular processes. (bioswikis.com)
  • This insight focused attention on development of drugs and procedures that would suppress the immune system and permit transplantation between genetically dissimilar individuals. (nyu.edu)
  • These results suggested that PPII treatment may suppress bladder cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating the expression of EMT‑associated genes and MMPs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Tumors treated this way shrunk significantly more than when given either radiation alone or the drug alone. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The proliferative rate of both cell types significantly increased 72 h after transfection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Levels of OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in box A-transfected DP cells and HWPc compared to empty plasmid-transfected cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, NS5A significantly increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclin D1 and nuclear factor-κB, but decreases p53 protein expression in HepG2 cells ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Liu et al ( 13 ) reported that Beclin 1 gene deletion by either RNA interference or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (MA) significantly enhances melatonin-induced apoptosis in mouse hepatoma H22 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Bladder cancer was more sensitive to PPE compared with the other tested herbs, and PPE significantly suppressed bladder cancer cell migration and invasion. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The results demonstrated that PPII treatment significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion, increased the expression level of E‑cadherin and decreased the levels of N‑cadherin, snail family transcriptional repressor 2, twist family bHLH transcription factor 1, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 compared with those in the control group (untreated cells). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Leukemia, which literally means "white blood" in Greek occurs when there is an excess of abnormal white blood cells in the blood. (ostatic.com)
  • There is no current form of systemic treatment able to destroy abnormal cells without causing harm or death to normal cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • CNS lymphoma begins in immune cells called lymphocytes and weakens the body's defenses against pathogens. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Laboratory and animal studies have tested the effects of PSK on the immune system, including immune cells called natural killer cells and T-cells. (cigna.com)
  • New findings from our Czech-British research team now show that PARP inhibitors prevent the joining of short stretches of DNA during DNA copying in the cell and that intermediates of unlinked Okazaki fragments are likely to be a major source of cytotoxicity in rapidly dividing tumour cells. (cas.cz)
  • Treatment with radiation is based on the principle of cytotoxicity against malignant cells and is more effective during cell mitosis and nonspecific to all cells exposed to radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is primarily due to the decreased methylation of cell cycle genes, such as those relating to apoptosis and DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • In earlier studies, the development of snoRNA expression vectors was one of the main approaches to study the influence of box C/D snoRNAs on target genes in mammalian cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Oncologica's Next generation sequencing platform captures 764 of the leading anti-cancer targeted medicine drug combinations and immunotherapies via analysis of actionable genomic mutations across 505 genes. (businesswire.com)
  • How it happens: when changes, or mutations, take place in the genes, the regulation of cell growth breaks down and cells begin to multiply in a chaotic way. (flo.health)
  • 18,21 Early in 2010, a team of Taiwanese researchers discovered that GLA regulates the inflammatory "master molecule" nuclear factor-kappaB or NF-kB, preventing it from switching on genes for inflammatory cytokines in cell nuclei. (lifeextension.com)
  • CpG methylation of the FHIT, FANCF, cyclin-D2, BRCA2 and RUNX3 genes in Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of ovarian origin. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Introduction In patients with non-small cell lung cancer, surgical treatment with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is performed. (bmj.com)
  • Surgical staging and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of patients with adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Curiously, however, some tissues are more vulnerable to radiation damage than others. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In vulnerable tissues, p53 levels go up and remain high, leading to cell death. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In tissues that tend to survive radiation damage, p53 levels oscillate up and down. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Yet, levels of this sentinel protein are often similar in tissues with vastly different sensitivities to radiation, posing the question: How is p53 involved? (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the current study, Lahav, Weissleder, and their team looked at tissues in mice that have very different sensitivities to ionizing radiation yet are known to express comparable levels of p53 -- the spleen and thymus, which are highly vulnerable, and the large and small intestines, which are more radioresistant. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Cells and tissues are removed during a biopsy so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Even the most sophisticated non-animal methodologies cannot mimic the complicated interactions among cells, tissues and organs that occur in living beings. (nyu.edu)
  • X-rays or other types of ionizing in much higher dosage, are used to and there is excess risk of B-cel radiation, immunosuppression is maintain the functional and anatom- non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) when most pronounced if the entire body, ical integrity of foreign tissues graft- immunosuppression is accompanied rather than a limited area, is irra- ed onto another individual, such as by continuing immune stimulation diated. (who.int)
  • Most patients had 3 or more actionable mutations affecting key cancer regulatory networks including mitogenic signalling pathways, DNA-damage repair pathways and cell cycle checkpoints. (businesswire.com)
  • In contrast, infection fector cells or from blockage of intra- of action associated with oncogenic with certain pathogens, such as hu- cel ular pathways essential for anti- viruses, may escape immune sur- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 gen recognition or of other elements veillance in immunosuppressed indi- (HIV-1) or malaria parasites, is per- of the immune response. (who.int)
  • Without any treatment, the average survival length after diagnosis is 1.5 months. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Overall, treatment will lead to long-term survival in 15-20% of people with CNS lymphoma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This could lead to improved treatment outcomes beyond the current survival rate of 7% within five years of diagnosis. (businesswire.com)
  • Cyclopamine killed up to 99.9 percent of the cancer cells after one week of treatment. (fredhutch.org)
  • For a child is diagnosed with a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma so called DIPG, the options for treatment are scarce and so are the chances for survival. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • Our long-term goal is to use new compounds in combination with radiation which is used routinely for the treatment of DIPG patient. (thecurestartsnow.org)
  • This happens because some cancer cells may survive treatment. (flo.health)
  • The purpose of receiving cancer treatment may be to improve symptoms through local control of the cancer, increase a patient's chance of cure, or prolong a patient's survival. (yourcancercare.com)
  • The following is a general overview of the treatment of extensive small cell lung cancer. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer are rarely curable with currently available standard treatment strategies although many patients experience a response to treatment. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Currently the standard treatment for extensive small cell lung cancer is chemotherapy using a combination of chemotherapy drugs, typically cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide or irinotecan. (yourcancercare.com)
  • While some progress has been made in the treatment of small cell lung cancer, better treatment strategies are clearly needed, as the majority of patients still experience disease recurrence. (yourcancercare.com)
  • There are several areas of active exploration aimed at improving the treatment of small cell lung cancer. (yourcancercare.com)
  • Chemotherapy is treatment with anti-cancer drugs. (imaginis.com)
  • The CTC test can help physicians monitor whether a patient's treatment by determining whether the number of cancer cells is decreasing. (imaginis.com)
  • Considering the relationships among surgical treatments, inflammation and carcinogenesis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a candidate postoperative treatment for preventing recurrence and maintaining QOL. (bmj.com)
  • In animal studies, tests are done to see if a drug, procedure, or treatment is safe and effective in animals. (cigna.com)
  • The treatment options for bladder cancer include radiation alone, chemotherapy alone, combination treatment with radiation and chemotherapy or surgery, and the selected treatment is dependent on the age of the patient, the aggressiveness of the disease and drug effectiveness ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • But analysis of stem cell expression before and after treatment revealed that even as some anti-cancer treatments shrank tumors, they increased expression of Nanog and BMI1. (medindia.net)
  • Even with aggressive treatment using surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, median reported survival is less than one year. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • This modality of treatment has resulted in high rates of cure and survival. (bvsalud.org)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human dermal papilla (DP) cells and primary human white pre-adipocytes (HWPc) were employed as mesenchymal cell models. (bvsalud.org)
  • These new genomic targeted drugs have greater specificity and reduce toxic effects for patients compared to conventional chemotherapy. (businesswire.com)
  • Scientists from Johns Hopkins and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center have discovered that blocking the growth signals from Hedgehog in laboratory experiments stops medulloblastoma tumors in mice and kills medulloblastoma cells taken from human patients. (fredhutch.org)
  • Single-agent chemotherapy improved the average survival to four months and the development of combination chemotherapy regimens has further increased the average survival to approximately nine months with some patients surviving two years or longer. (yourcancercare.com)
  • However, when UM spreads to the liver and other parts of the body, patients have a poor survival prognosis. (biorxiv.org)
  • Research has shown that if a patient typically has more than five CTCs in a blood sample, survival may be shorter compared to patients with no CTCs. (imaginis.com)
  • In this study, we investigate the effects of the perioperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil on postoperative recurrence in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. (bmj.com)
  • Patients clinically suspected of non-small cell lung cancer are randomly assigned to the flurbiprofen axetil group or the no-NSAIDs group. (bmj.com)
  • If a single-agent drug regimen fails in low-risk patients, they may continue to be eligible for an alternative single-agent regimen. (medscape.com)
  • Similar to HNSCC, in general, survival rates for patients with OSCC are poor. (cdc.gov)
  • Conservative surgery to preserve ovarian function in patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. (cancercentrum.se)
  • As the activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway increases the resistance of several cancer cell lines such ovarian, lung cancer to chemotherapeutic drugs ( 7 , 8 ), it is possible that PI3K/Akt may also play a role in the poor prognosis of obesity-associated colon cancer. (amegroups.org)
  • Pegfilgrastim is not approved for use for the mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (drugs.com)
  • Newer treatments have prolonged survival. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ultimately, virtually all new drugs and treatments must be tested on animals serving as surrogates for us as well as their own or other species of animals. (nyu.edu)
  • Surgery combined with radiation is one of the most common treatments for malignant tumors in the head and neck. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have previously demonstrated that AKT1 induces the expression of the pluripotency transcription factor Nanog in a SUMOylation-dependent manner in mouse embryonic stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • These same molecules are found in embryonic stem cells. (medindia.net)
  • What are the symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer? (yalemedicine.org)
  • Most symptoms of acute leukemia are caused by lack of normal blood cells. (ostatic.com)
  • The team found certain types of tumors in mice were more vulnerable to radiation after being given a drug that blocks p53 levels from declining and oscillating. (sciencedaily.com)
  • CDDP will be one of key drugs for combination with newly developed anticancer drug like taxanes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Named initially for how the cancer cells look under the microscope, these two account for 230,000 newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer in the U.S. each year. (yalemedicine.org)
  • The effects of radiation on cells has been found to be dependent on the dosage of the radiation, the location of the cell in regards to tissue, and whether the cell is a somatic or germ line cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pauniaho SL, Salonen J, Helminen M, Vettenranta K, Heikinheimo M, Heikinheimo O. The incidences of malignant gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in males and females: a population-based study covering over 40 years in Finland. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy in clinically early stage malignant germ cell tumour of the ovary. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Accumulated evidences suggest that a basal autophagy in normal cells is very important for providing homeostatic and housekeeping functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer cells often maintain high basal level of ROS and are vulnerable to any further increase in ROS levels beyond a certain protective threshold. (degruyter.com)
  • Together with mucus-secreting goblet cells within the stratified epithelium, melanocytic cells are found in the basal layer of the conjunctiva. (medscape.com)
  • However, the risk of primary cancer clinically as an immunosuppressant maceutical drugs ciclosporin and in the transplant recipient increases to treat certain autoimmune diseas- azathioprine. (who.int)
  • An international team of scientists led by Hana Hanzlíková from the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Keith Caldecott from the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom discovered which sites in the DNA molecule inside tumour cells represent the basis of the effect of anticancer drugs (so-called PARP inhibitors). (cas.cz)
  • The JNK1 signaling pathway has been shown to regulate autophagy in both Drosophila and mammalian cells in response not only to starvation, but also to ER stress, growth factor withdrawal, cytokine stimulation (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)