• An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the conclusion of today's session participants will be able to describe the current status of influenza activity in the United States, explain the circulating influenza strains seen this season and implications for clinicians, discuss antiviral treatment of influenza and implications for patient evaluation, testing and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • The data and findings in this report reinforce the importance of the use of up-to-date multivalent influenza vaccines that protect against several different specific virus strains that may become common in the coming influenza season. (health.mil)
  • VERMILLION, S.D. -- As the influenza virus continues to spread rapidly across the country, infecting millions of people from coast to coast, a University of South Dakota researcher is working to help scientists predict the severity of lethal flu strains to better prepare for future outbreaks. (usd.edu)
  • To improve vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza viruses, the strains used in the influenza vaccine need to be updated regularly based on the surveillance findings. (health.mil)
  • The most important strategy for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality is vaccination of persons in high-risk groups with vaccine closely matched to circulating strains. (cdc.gov)
  • In collaboration with state and local health departments, CDC conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Results for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata viruses suggested that circulating viruses of this subtype and lineage, respectively, had undergone antigenic and/or genetic changes, consistent with the decision by WHO to change recommended strains for the 2015 Southern Hemisphere vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • Based on data and advice from the 5 collaborating centres and other experts, the WHO makes biannual recommendations on suitable influenza strains to be included in the next seasonal vaccine (in February for the Northern Hemisphere and in September for the Southern Hemisphere). (health.gov.au)
  • In addition, influenza-positive original clinical samples were directly inoculated into eggs as potential vaccine strains. (health.gov.au)
  • One reason is that the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses requires continuous global monitoring and frequent reformulation of the vaccine strains. (who.int)
  • The information provided by GISN through its participating institutions has identified new influenza threats, substantially helped define the epidemiology of influenza and the molecular evolution of the viruses, and formed the basis for selecting new influenza vaccine strains and for updating diagnostic tests. (who.int)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks of the Lerma marshes revealed that hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences were related to waterfowl, swine, and poultry IAV strains previously isolated in the United States and Mexico. (authorea.com)
  • In conclusion, the co-circulation of three IAV subtypes in wild ducks close to backyard farms in Mexico, as well as, the local identification of HA gene sequences genetically related to Mexican livestock IAV strains and also to North American waterfowl IAV strains, highlight the importance of the Lerma marshes for influenza surveillance given the close interaction among wild birds, poultry, pigs, and humans. (authorea.com)
  • Influenza peaks were observed in October each season, with variant predominant strains. (atlantis-press.com)
  • The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
  • The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
  • ABSTRACT Information on the prevalence of influenza, circulating virus subtypes and seasonality is essential for selecting strains for annual vaccines and for planning immunization programmes. (who.int)
  • contribute ever, at the 8 sentinel sites for selecting hemispheres, influenza activity has been to global influenza surveillance and vac- SARI cases a cluster random sampling well described showing that annual win- cine strain selection by submitting virus technique was used for enrolment and ter epidemics are associated with excess strains to the WHO Global Influenza sampling. (who.int)
  • To complicate things even more, there are variants within each subtype, since influenza viruses are permanently evolving and new strains are constantly emerging (this explains why the vaccine changes each year). (pasteur.fr)
  • Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends which strains should be used to compose the vaccine (three in France and four in other countries) on the basis of the information it receives from the different countries on the viruses circulating there. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hospitals also send us influenza virus strains from severe cases or treatment failures so that we can analyze their sensitivity to antiviral drugs. (pasteur.fr)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • It is one of the most common strains of the flu virus and is known to mutate frequently, making it difficult to predict and vaccinate against. (daddydontblog.com)
  • If a flu spike is caused by the H3N2 strain, it can lead to more severe symptoms compared to other flu strains. (daddydontblog.com)
  • Getting an annual flu vaccine can also help protect against the flu, although it may not provide complete protection against all strains of the virus. (daddydontblog.com)
  • It was first identified in humans in 1968 and has since become one of the most common strains of the flu virus. (daddydontblog.com)
  • H3N2 flu is concerning because it has a higher rate of hospitalization and death compared to other flu strains, especially in older adults and young children. (daddydontblog.com)
  • H3N2 flu, like other flu strains, has the potential to cause pandemics. (daddydontblog.com)
  • In summary, H3N2 flu is concerning because it has a higher rate of hospitalization and death compared to other flu strains, can mutate and change its surface proteins, and has the potential to cause pandemics. (daddydontblog.com)
  • The discovery helped overturn the prior commonly held belief that previous exposure to a flu virus conferred little or no immunological protection against strains that can jump from animals into humans, such as those causing the so-called swine flu or bird flu. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The team analyzed health records that the Arizona Department of Health Services routinely obtains from hospitals and private physicians to track flu cases to study how different strains of the flu virus affect people at different ages. (scitechdaily.com)
  • To understand the discrepancy, the researchers dug into the evolutionary relationships between influenza virus strains. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In other words, if you were a child and had your first bout of flu in 1955, when the H1N1 but not H3N2 virus was circulating, an infection with H3N2 was much more likely to land you in the hospital than an infection with H1N1 last year, when both strains were circulating," Worobey says. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • Two low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus strains, A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8) and A/mute swan/Hungary/5973/07 (H7N7), isolated as part of the National Surveillance Program in Hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. (slu.se)
  • This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
  • We directly sequenced the genomes of 154 H3N2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of H3N2 strains and to inform the H3N2 vaccine selection process. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Antigenic analysis demonstrated that viruses in the emerging subclade 3C.3 and subgroup 3C-2012/13 were not well inhibited by antisera generated against the 3C.1 vaccine strains used for the 2012/13 (A/Victoria/361/2011) or 2013/14 (A/Texas/50/2012) seasons. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • 1.2 change to one or more new strains in each year's influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • Notably, the virus was more similar to swine IAVs than human influenza strains. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Influenza vaccine provides reasonable protection against immunized strains. (medscape.com)
  • 2 strains of influenza A and 1 of influenza B are included for trivalent vaccinees. (medscape.com)
  • The quadrivalent influenza vaccines contain an additional B strain, B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage), in addition to the 3 viral strains listed above. (medscape.com)
  • During week 44 (October 25 - November 1, 2003)*, 45 specimens tested by U.S. World Health Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) collaborating laboratories were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of 440 specimens, 135 were positive for influenza B Yamagata-like virus, 38 were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 25 were A(H3N2). (who.int)
  • The proportion of specimens testing positive for influenza during the 2010--11 season first exceeded 10%, indicating higher levels of virus circulation, during the week ending November 27, 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • The percentages of sentinel influenza-like illness (ILI), acute respiratory infection (ARI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) specimens testing positive for influenza, have also declined during recent weeks. (flutrackers.com)
  • Nationally, the percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza in clinical laboratories declined compared to the previous week. (cdc.gov)
  • Data from clinical laboratories (the percentage of specimens tested that are positive for influenza) are used to monitor whether influenza activity is increasing or decreasing. (cdc.gov)
  • The percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza each week ranged from 0.7% to 26.3% and peaked during the week ending December 10, 2022 (week 49) (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Public health laboratories tested 283,440 specimens and reported 30,993 positive specimens, with 29,552 (95.4%) positive for influenza A and 1,441 (4.6%) positive for influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, the percentage of laboratory tests positive for influenza remains at exceptionally low levels, despite the elevated levels of testing. (canada.ca)
  • Compared to the past six pre-pandemic seasons (2014-2015 to 2019-2020), an average of 4,020 tests were performed for this time period, with an average of 3.7% of tests positive for influenza ( Figure 3 ). (canada.ca)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
  • Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Huber's research also includes developing vaccines that will protect against multiple viruses within a single influenza virus subtype, for example H3N2. (usd.edu)
  • We are specifically interested in developing vaccines that will protect against viruses that circulate within both humans and pigs so that we can limit the interspecies transmissions that are often associated with pandemic events," he added. (usd.edu)
  • 1 or 2 doses depends on vaccination history as per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices annual recommendations on prevention and control of influenza with vaccines. (nih.gov)
  • The GISRS network, established in 1952, monitors changes in influenza viruses with the aim of reducing the impact of influenza through the use of vaccines and antiviral medications. (health.gov.au)
  • Among all vaccines, however, the process of making influenza vaccines is considered uniquely complicated and difficult. (who.int)
  • Since 1971, WHO has provided formal recommendations for the composition of seasonal influenza vaccines based on the information provided by the GISN. (who.int)
  • Since the development and production of influenza vaccines requires several months, these recommendations precede the period of anticipated use by up to eight months. (who.int)
  • The results of that data examination in turn allow these experts to select candidate vaccine viruses that might be included -- if they pass additional testing -- in the following season's vaccines. (who.int)
  • Therefore, WHO now reviews the available antigenic and genetic data on animal and human H5N1 viruses in addition to the analyses of seasonal vaccine stains and has developed and made H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses available to vaccine producers so they can work on developing safe and effective human H5N1 vaccines for potential productioni. (who.int)
  • Some of these H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses have been used by manufacturers to produce human influenza H5N1 vaccines, some of which have been tested in clinical trials. (who.int)
  • In addition, the lineage of 172 influenza B viruses has been determined: 158 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • It also includes the composition of the Northern Hemisphere 2023-24 influenza vaccines and a brief update on influenza activity occurring during the summer of 2023 in the Southern Hemisphere. (cdc.gov)
  • Introduction: Further understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of influenza A viruses circulating in swine (IAV-S) is important for the development of effective vaccines and our knowledge of pandemic threats. (consensus.app)
  • The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
  • However, annual seasonal influenza vaccines, also known as quadrivalent vaccines, are available against the H3N2 subtype. (inorder.in)
  • The purpose of these consultations is to recommend the composition on influenza virus vaccines for the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
  • The majority of SAEs occurred after c adverse events listed below reflect experience in both children and adults and include those a causal relation of GBS with subsequent vaccines prepared from other influenza viruses is unclear. (who.int)
  • Also, it had poor reactogenicity to the currently used human seasonal influenza vaccines. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • [ 56 ] The quadrivalent flu vaccines have an additional B virus. (medscape.com)
  • Such studies from the 1970s through the 1990s revealed that influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 circulated in the US pig population ( 8 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • According to the latest data available on the IDSP's Integrated Health Information Platform (IDSP-IHIP), a total of 3038 laboratory-confirmed cases of various subtypes of Influenza including H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported till 9th March 2023 by the States. (inorder.in)
  • H1N1 and H3N2, it turned out, belong to two separate branches, or groups, on the influenza "family tree. (scitechdaily.com)
  • 1) represent reactions that are known to occur following immunizations generally or influenza influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation. (who.int)
  • An influenza (H3N2) and (H1N1)pdm09 virus were identified simultaneously in 8 groups. (cdc.gov)
  • A(H3) predominated and, in some countries, co-circulated with A(H1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses. (flu.org.cn)
  • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the most common strain early in the season, but influenza A(H3N2) predominated later in the season. (health.mil)
  • The 2018-2019 season differed from past seasons in that it was much longer, had a later peak, and the predominant strain of influenza changed from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at the beginning of the season to influenza A(H3N2) in the middle of the season. (health.mil)
  • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 occurred actively 3 weeks thereafter, and then co-circulated highly with influenza B through the end of March 2020. (health.mil)
  • Starting at surveillance week 45 (3-9 Nov. 2019), influenza B was the predominant influenza type, followed by high activity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 three weeks thereafter. (health.mil)
  • Both influenza B and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were then highly co-circulated through surveillance week 13 (22-28 March 2020). (health.mil)
  • Of the viruses successfully analysed 52% were A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • A small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses had highly reduced inhibition to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. (health.gov.au)
  • Two types of influenza cause significant disease in humans: types A and B. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, based on their surface proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Thus, currently in circulation are subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), although a number of subtypes have been known to infect humans and birds. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continue to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 948 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 13/2014, 418 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 530 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 26 546 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 15 459 (58%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 11 087 (42%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
  • however, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B/Victoria viruses also were reported. (cdc.gov)
  • Among 25,160 seasonal influenza A viruses that were subtyped, 7,465 (29.7%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, and 17,695 (70.3%) were influenza A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • however, during the weeks of low virus circulation since February, A(H1N1)pdm09 or B viruses were identified more frequently than A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Since mid-June, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been the predominant virus (Figure 2). (cdc.gov)
  • While A(H3N2) viruses were more common among all age groups, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses accounted for more than one third (38.9%) of the influenza A detections in persons 25 to 64 years old. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A virus has become a major pathogen, causing epidemics of respiratory disease in humans, which not only result in increased deaths but also raise public health organization alarms regarding the need for further understanding and control of this virus ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Another reason is that the rapid spread of these viruses during seasonal epidemics, as well as the occasional pandemic, means that each step in the vaccine process must be completed within very tight time frames if vaccine is to be manufactured and delivered in time. (who.int)
  • Influenza A and B viruses cause yearly epidemics-typically in the winter months-in the Northern Hemisphere. (texas.gov)
  • The burden of influenza in Cambodia is not well known, but it would be useful for understanding the impact of seasonal epidemics and pandemics and to design appropriate policies for influenza prevention and control. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)
  • a virus that can lead to seasonal flu epidemics. (daddydontblog.com)
  • By analyzing the frequency of each amino acid residue of the HA1 domain expressed by the viruses on annual basis, users are able to obtain evolutionary dynamics of human influenza viruses corresponding with epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They rapid spread around the globe, resulting in influenza epidemics and outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is the principal way to prevent influenza and to reduce the impact of epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously demonstrated that the evolutionary dynamics of the positively-selected surface sites could be applied for monitoring human influenza epidemics [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
  • Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)
  • Overall, the percentages of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) were lower during the 2010--11 season than the 2009--10 pandemic influenza season. (cdc.gov)
  • The father had a nasopharyngeal swab positive for swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) virus and had direct swine exposure 6 days before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Captured in 2011, this transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image depicts some of the ultrastructural details displayed by H3N2 influenza virions, responsible for causing illness in Indiana and Pennsylvania in 2011. (health.mil)
  • Influenza ("the flu") is a respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. (texas.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza illness is typically caused by influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 or H3N2, or by influenza B or C viruses. (texas.gov)
  • An influenza-associated pediatric death is a death in a child under 18 years of age resulting from a clinically compatible illness that is confirmed to be influenza by an appropriate laboratory or rapid diagnostic test. (texas.gov)
  • Most people who develop influenza illness will recover on their own with bed rest and do not need medication. (texas.gov)
  • These medications are usually prescribed to persons who have a severe illness or to those who are at higher risk for developing serious illness or complications due to influenza. (texas.gov)
  • Some people are more likely to develop complications from their influenza illness, leading to hospitalization or even death. (texas.gov)
  • The percentage visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) was 0.58% in week 44 and is below expected levels. (canada.ca)
  • Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)
  • and influenza-like illness (ILI) in 1999. (who.int)
  • Experts believe that at least five different types of respiratory viruses are causing widespread illness, ranging from mild to extreme severity, over the past couple of months. (inorder.in)
  • According to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), there is an upswing seen in influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) across the country. (inorder.in)
  • Further, the IDSP-IHIP data from health facilities indicate that during the month of January 2023, a total of 397,814 cases of Acute Respiratory Illness/Influenza Like Illness (ARI/ILI) were reported from the country which increased slightly to 436,523 during February 2023. (inorder.in)
  • H3N2 is known to cause more severe illness in young children and older adults. (inorder.in)
  • Surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ILI) notifications with laboratory confirmation, medical locum service ILI notifications and laboratory notification of influenza detections. (health.gov.au)
  • Surveillance comprises notifications of laboratory confirmed influenza, sentinel general practice (GP) surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) with laboratory testing of selected cases, and surveillance of ILI through the Melbourne Medical Locum Service (MMLS). (health.gov.au)
  • Antiviral medications can help treat H3N2 flu, especially if taken early in the course of the illness. (daddydontblog.com)
  • Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
  • size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Neuropsychiatric events: Patients with influenza, including those receiving oseltamivir phosphate capsules, particularly pediatric patients, may be at an increased risk of confusion or abnormal behavior early in their illness. (nih.gov)
  • Earlier in Denmark, an elderly patient with comorbidities experienced classical influenza-like illness (ILI). (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • In one study, symptomatic illness attributable to influenza decreased from 12% to about 4% with the use of these measures. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2 Each influenza season is different because of antigenic drift in the circulating influenza subtypes, the degree of match between vaccine subtypes and circulating subtypes, and vaccine coverage of the population. (health.mil)
  • Nevertheless, the antigenic drift through several mechanisms that include insertions, deletions, and substitutions are frequent among influenza A and different lineages of influenza B viruses [ 7 - 10 ]. (atlantis-press.com)
  • H3N2 flu virus can undergo antigenic drift. (daddydontblog.com)
  • Although WHO discloses the manner in which it has made the recommendation, usually by considering epidemiological and clinical information to analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses, most individuals do not possess an understanding of antigenic drift and when it occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although WHO discloses how to make the recommendation on vaccine composition by analyzing the antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses, most individuals do not readily understand antigenic drift and when it occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
  • In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses also circulated, and the predominant virus varied by U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) region and week. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses were predominant in Region 4 from early November through late December. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B was the predominant influenza type starting from the beginning of Nov. 2019. (health.mil)
  • Influenza A(H3N2) was the predominant virus during the 2022-23 influenza season as a whole and for each week from early October through the end of January. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A was the predominant type notified (71%), however influenza B activity continued to increase as a proportion of reported cases. (health.gov.au)
  • the vaccine had 47% efficacy against the predominant influenza A H3N2 subtype and 67% efficacy against influenza B virus infections. (medscape.com)
  • H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • She joined CDC in 1997 and worked in the National Vaccine Office on Adult Immunization and Pandemic Influenza Planning. (cdc.gov)
  • Ms. Budd first joined the Influenza Division in 1999 and managed the day-to-day functioning of the National Influenza Surveillance System and continued her pandemic influenza planning efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Campbell's current projects focus on studies of influenza antiviral treatment and antiviral effectiveness, vaccine effectiveness, pandemic preparedness and development of CDC clinical guidance related to treatment and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Before 2004, GISN primarily focused on seasonal influenza viruses for vaccine development but since 2004, has expanded its scope to include H5N1 viruses because this virus constitutes an unusually serious pandemic risk. (who.int)
  • In November IDPH determined it was swine flu, but not the pandemic H1N1 but a swine-origin H3N2. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Like the pandemic swine H1N1, which has a seasonal counterpart H1N1, this swine-origin H3N2 has a seasonal H3N2 counterpart. (scienceblogs.com)
  • September was when pandemic H1N1 was being actively transmitted and circulating in the community, so one wonders what would have happened if this swine H3N2 had appeared 6 months earlier, in virgin soil, without any competition from H1N1. (scienceblogs.com)
  • To date this season (August 28 to November 6, 2021), 67 influenza detections (38 influenza A and 29 influenza B) have been reported, which is lower than what we have seen historically in the past six pre-pandemic seasons, where an average of 592 influenza detections were reported at this point in the season. (canada.ca)
  • We also found evidence of repeated introductions of pandemic H1N1 viruses from humans into swine in Mexico and Chile since 2009, and incursions of H1 and H3 viruses from North American swine into Mexico. (consensus.app)
  • After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
  • Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • There was no influenza epidemic in Sweden during the 2020-2021 influenza surveillance season, due to a combination of factors stemming from the current COVID-19 pandemic. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Based on the ongoing pandemic and the expected increased demand for influenza vaccination, the Public Health Agency and the County Medical Officers decided that risk groups and healthcare workers would be prioritized for influenza vaccination during November. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Frequent testing is a key element of pandemic preparedness-a lesson US officials learned during the rapid spread of the H1N1 virus in 2009. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • In helping public health officials quickly identify seasonal flu as well as the flu viruses that could become pandemic, this kit can make a real difference," Dr. Lurie said. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • While the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first IAV epidemic season since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic where the H3N2 subtype predominated. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Since the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, no reports of persistent human-to-human IAVs transmission have come to light. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The researchers submitted the remaining sample material to the Danish National Influenza Center, which confirmed it was positive for the pandemic H1N1 strain. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Passive surveillance is driven by laboratory submission of samples after outbreaks of respiratory disease, whereas active surveillance is based on purposely collecting and screening field samples regardless of clinical status. (cdc.gov)
  • In Asia, outbreaks of influenza A(H3N2) were reported in Japan, Korea, and the People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
  • Although influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated less frequently worldwide, Belgium and Japan reported that A(H1N1) viruses constituted the majority of isolates and were isolated from outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. (authorea.com)
  • From August 29 to November 6, 2021 (weeks 35 to 44), 11 ILI outbreaks and no laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreaks have been reported. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • In other words, the "seasonal" influenza that causes annual outbreaks is far from being a "trivial" infection, and it is by no means harmless. (pasteur.fr)
  • To tackle these seasonal outbreaks, detailed surveillance mechanisms have been introduced at national and international level, making influenza viruses the most closely monitored viruses on the planet (see Interview below). (pasteur.fr)
  • There are three types of influenza virus in humans, A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for annual outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
  • H3N2 flu is a subtype of the influenza A virus that causes seasonal flu outbreaks. (daddydontblog.com)
  • Two subtypes of influenza virus, H3N2 and H1N1, have been responsible for seasonal outbreaks of the flu over the last several decades. (scitechdaily.com)
  • 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • During 2014, results were reported by reference to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-like, A/Victoria/361/2012 (H3N2)-like, B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (Victoria lineage) viruses that were recommended for the 2014 influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza B lineage information was available for 1,168 (81.1%) influenza B viruses, with all of them belonging to the Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • Data also shows that apart from swine flu, the COVID-19 virus, the influenza A subtype H3N2 virus, and the seasonal Victoria and Yamagata lineage of influenza B viruses are in circulation. (inorder.in)
  • This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 30 Number 1, March 2006, contains the Victorian Department of Human Services annual report on influenza surveillance in Victoria for 2005. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza surveillance in Victoria is conducted by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) and the Department of Human Services (DHS). (health.gov.au)
  • Laboratory confirmed influenza in Victoria is a group B notifiable disease in accordance with the Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • This report describes the results from influenza surveillance in Victoria for 2005 and comparison with previous years. (health.gov.au)
  • The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
  • Of the 29 cases reported, 19 cases were influenza B and 10 were influenza A. Of the influenza B cases, six were typed for lineage of which all were influenza B/Victoria. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • In total, 11 viruses were genetically characterised by whole genome sequencing, of which s ix were influenza A(H3N2) and five were B/Victoria. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Evidence for two distinct lineages of influenza B (Victoria and Yamagata lineages) have co-circulated worldwide. (who.int)
  • We illustrate the versatility of the method by analyzing two spatial models describing the phylodynamics of interpandemic human influenza virus subtype A(H3N2). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Huber stressed that vaccination remains the best prevention against influenza and noted that the viruses currently circulating demonstrate sensitivity to antiviral drugs like Tamiflu. (usd.edu)
  • Seasonal influenza vaccination is considered the main strategy to protect against influenza viruses, combat influenza infection, and reduce disease severity. (health.mil)
  • there have been no controlled clinical studies demonstrating a decrease in influenza disease after vaccination with AFLURIA. (drugs.com)
  • Hypersensitivity to eggs, neomycin, or polymyxin, or life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination. (drugs.com)
  • If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the decision to give AFLURIA should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks. (drugs.com)
  • Logistic regression models adjusted for influenza season, influenza vaccination status, age, and FluSurv-NET site compared odds of in-hospital severity by virus type or subtype. (cdc.gov)
  • RÉSUMÉ Les informations sur la prévalence de la grippe, les sous-types circulants du virus et la saisonnalité sont essentielles pour la sélection des souches destinées aux vaccins annuels, ainsi que pour la planification des programmes de vaccination. (who.int)
  • Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
  • The influenza vaccination campaign began in week 45 (first week of November). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the TIV-2, respectively, reported unsolicited adverse events. (who.int)
  • Not a substitute for annual influenza vaccination. (nih.gov)
  • To prevent seasonal flu, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged 6 months or older, preferably before the onset of influenza activity in the community. (medscape.com)
  • Specific recommendations for individuals who should be immunized can be obtained from the CDC, which publishes regular updates of this information (see Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Resources for Health Professionals). (medscape.com)
  • The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite evidence of reassortment in other species, swine have been most often labeled as the "mixing vessel" because avian- and mammalian-type receptors for influenza A virus have been found in pig tracheas, making swine a potential source of new viruses through reassortment ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses were the result of either double or triple reassortment between human, avian, and swine viruses ( 11 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • During February?May 2013, the initial outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China resulted in 133 cases ( 1 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
  • On the contrary, its neuraminidase and non-structural segments belonged to the clade 1C avian-like swine influenza A(H1N1) found in Eurasia. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Seventeen states have reported laboratory-confirmed influenza during October. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) virus reemerged in southern China in October 2013 and had caused 85 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection in Guangdong Province as of March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • Using data from the US population-based surveillance system, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), we aimed to assess the severity of influenza-associated outcomes in individuals hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections during the 2010-11 to 2018-19 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical records and surveillance database of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were reviewed from October 2015 to 2019. (atlantis-press.com)
  • This study included a total of 1928 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza infections. (atlantis-press.com)
  • In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
  • In 2006, 3,130 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which was one-third lower than in 2005. (health.gov.au)
  • Only 29 sporadic cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported in Sweden. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • This weekly report provides a current epidemiological update on the intensity and severity of respiratory activity in Manitoba including laboratory confirmed activity of both COVID-19 and seasonal influenza. (gov.mb.ca)
  • This week, there were sporadic laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A and B. Overall, influenza activity this season had an early start and also decreased earlier than would be expected. (gov.mb.ca)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Of the 5861 influenza virus isolates reported to CDC, more than 99% were influenza A. Of the influenza A virus isolates subtyped, 81% were influenza A(H3N2), and 19% were influenza A(H1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated most frequently in the mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions and accounted for 30% and 52% of influenza A isolates, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • All virus isolates received at the Centre were re-passaged in cell culture (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney [MDCK] cells) and virus isolation was also attempted on a selection of original clinical specimens received. (health.gov.au)
  • The antigenic properties of influenza viral isolates were analysed using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as previously described. (health.gov.au)
  • Methods: To address this gap, we sequenced and conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 69 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences from IAV-S isolates collected in swine in Mexico and Chile during 2010-2014, including the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. (consensus.app)
  • The H3N2 isolates were antigenically similar to the reference strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • The matrix gene nucleotide sequence of each Hungarian virus showed close relationship with contemporaneous Czech H3N8 mallard isolates, which belonged to distinct phylogenetic branches. (slu.se)
  • The surface glycoprotein genes of the H3N8 isolate showed a close phylogenetic relationship and high nucleotide identities to H3N8 subtype isolates from Northern Europe collected in 2003-2006, and to an H3N2 isolate in Italy in 2006, extending the perceptions of this HA subtype across Northern and Southern Europe close to this period. (slu.se)
  • Newly emerged pathogens can be detected through passive or active surveillance. (cdc.gov)
  • How successfully a person can fend off the flu depends not only on the virus' notorious ability to change with the season, but also on the strain first encountered during childhood, according to new research published in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens on December 19, 2019. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Human influenza viruses are the principal viral respiratory pathogens that cause significant human morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To identify viral respiratory pathogens other than influenza viruses causing morbidity. (cdc.gov)
  • The child, whose infection with influenza A (H3N2) virus was confirmed several weeks later by serologic testing, did not have direct swine exposure, and most likely acquired infection from close contact with her father. (cdc.gov)
  • Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)
  • In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch of the Defense Health Agency utilizes electronic sources of ambulatory medical encounters, hospitalizations, and laboratory data to conduct annual influenza surveillance among all Department of Defense (DOD) beneficiaries across the world. (health.mil)
  • Thus, it is important for individuals to receive an annual influenza vaccine and for health-care providers to provide early antiviral treatment for patients with suspected influenza who are at increased risk of severe outcomes, not only when there is high influenza A H3N2 virus circulation but also when influenza A H1N1pdm09 and influenza B viruses are circulating. (cdc.gov)
  • Substantial proportions of characterised circulating virus subtypes or lineages differed antigenically from their respective northern hemisphere vaccine components. (flu.org.cn)
  • Total influenza vaccine effectiveness was low during this season in part because the A(H3N2) strain was antigenically drifted from the vaccine strain. (health.mil)
  • Since October 1, 2010, CDC has antigenically characterized 2,494 influenza viruses submitted by U.S. laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of these were antigenically and genetically similar to the WHO recommended reference strain for the 2014 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • The majority of influenza viruses tested are in the same genetic subclade as and antigenically similar to the influenza viruses included in this season's influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses were characterised by their antigenic, genetic and antiviral drug resistance properties. (health.gov.au)
  • CDC issued Interim Guidance for Clinicians to Prioritize Antiviral Treatment of Influenza in the Setting of Reduced Availability of Oseltamivir through the Health Alert Network (HAN) on December 15, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Membrane fusion events during enveloped virus entry have been associated with an innate antiviral response, but the mechanisms are unclear. (mdpi.com)
  • [ 51 ] The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2010--11 influenza season (October 3, 2010--May 21, 2011) and describes the components of the 2011--12 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Administration of CSL's 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine has been associated with increased postmarketing reports of fever and febrile seizures in children predominantly below the age of 5 years as compared to previous years. (drugs.com)
  • A total of 38 viruses were successfully isolated in eggs, of which 1 (B/Phuket/3073/2013) was included in the 2015 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • In 1998, the WHO recommendations were increased in frequency from once to twice per year so that separate recommendations could be made and timed appropriately for the northern and southern hemisphere influenza seasons. (who.int)
  • Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • The spread of influenza has been very low in the northern hemisphere and in most of the rest of the world. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
  • Of the influenza B samples, 67 per cent were B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like and 33 per cent were B/Shanghai/361/2002-like. (health.gov.au)
  • For each subtype of human influenza A virus, sequences were aligned against the reference sequences, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (YP_163735), A/California/07/2009 (ACP41953) and A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (ACC66318), respectively, by utilizing MUSCLE [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and the 1968 'Hong Kong Flu' A(H3N2). (health.gov.au)
  • Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
  • for example, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2). (health.govt.nz)
  • Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the ability of the virus to cross species barriers has raised more concern over the probability of reassortment and generation of highly transmissible viruses that might pose a threat to humans ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Because these viruses can infect humans, influenza A virus in swine should be monitored for public health reasons ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, each year some cases of influenza C are isolated from humans, but as these viruses tend not to cause severe disease, they are not a focus of surveillance. (health.gov.au)
  • More generally, this is just another reason for urgent investment in human and animal surveillance for influenza and other zoonotic diseases (a zoonotic disease is one humans get from animals). (scienceblogs.com)
  • Pandemics occur when a new strain of the virus emerges that is highly infectious and can spread rapidly between humans. (daddydontblog.com)
  • The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
  • During this time, no cases of swine-origin influenza virus occurred in humans. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • The EuroFlu bulletin describes and comments on influenza activity in the 53 Member States in the WHO European Region to provide information to public health specialists, clinicians and the public on the timing of the influenza season, the spread of influenza, the prevalence and characteristics of circulating viruses (type, subtype and lineage) and severity. (flutrackers.com)
  • In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • [ 11 ] Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Continued weekly surveillance of influenza among DOD populations is crucial to track increases in activity each season and the potential emergence of new and/or severe influenza subtypes. (health.mil)
  • The results of this study indicate that the highest burden of severe influenza infection is borne by the younger age groups. (who.int)
  • Reactions or Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Days after Administration of a new antigenic variant of the same type or subtype. (who.int)
  • ABSTRACT We monitored phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Morocco during 2014-2015 to oseltamivir and zanamivir. (who.int)
  • At least 12 genetically distinct influenza A lineages circulate in Latin American swine herds, with human-to-swine transmission, spatial migration, and genomic reassortment contributing to this diversity. (consensus.app)
  • Results: Our analysis identified multiple IAV-S lineages that appear to have been circulating undetected in swine for decades, including four novel IAV-S lineages of human seasonal virus origin that have not been previously identified in any swine populations globally. (consensus.app)
  • A panel of real-time polymerase chain reactions was performed to detect influenza A and B. Extracted RNA from a subset of positive samples was used to determine influenza A subtypes and influenza B lineages. (atlantis-press.com)
  • No B/Yamagata virus detections were confirmed. (flu.org.cn)
  • No influenza B/Yamagata lineage viruses were identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Appropriate levels of influenza virus characterisations should be maintained until the season end and in future seasons, when surveillance is adapted to integrate SARS-CoV-2. (flu.org.cn)
  • The 2018-2019 influenza season was longer than the preceding 2 seasons. (health.mil)
  • During the 11 influenza seasons from 1977 through 1988, more than 10,000 excess deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) were reported during each of seven seasons, and approximately 45,000 deaths were reported during each of two seasons (CDC, unpublished data, 1992). (cdc.gov)
  • Additional information on the current and previous influenza seasons for each surveillance component are available on FluView Interactive . (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Influenza burden varies across seasons, partly due to differences in circulating influenza virus types or subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper, and the accompanying Diagram, describe many aspects of the influenza vaccine process including important similarities and differences in how seasonal human influenza viruses and H5N1 viruses are handled. (who.int)
  • Users are able to freely access Fluctrl to obtain the dynamical evolutionary patterns of human influenza viruses and to trace the original locations of emerging influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Melidou A, K?dm?n C, Nahapetyan K, Kraus A, Alm E,. Influenza returns with a season dominated by clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2 A(H3N2) viruses, WHO European Region, 2021/22 . (flu.org.cn)
  • In the WHO European Region, COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions continued slowing influenza circulation in the 2021/22 season, with reduced characterisation data. (flu.org.cn)
  • For more information, refer to the Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2021-2022 (Section IV.2). (canada.ca)
  • The number of children who have died of influenza during the 2021-'22 flu season has reached five, according to Flu View, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) weekly surveillance report . (aap.org)
  • The number of cases reported nationally stayed below the threshold value for epidemic start throughout the surveillance period from week 40 , 2020 , until week 20 , 2021. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • As per official records, during the 2021-22 influenza season, 16,160 cases in Denmark were due to the influenza A virus, predominantly the H3N2 subtype. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • however, a comparison to in-house sequences of swine influenza viruses from Denmark showed a close resemblance to 2021 swine IAVs. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combining features of long-term surveillance data from The Netherlands with features of influenza A (H3N2) hemagglutinin gene sequences sampled in northern Europe, key phylodynamic parameters can be estimated with ABC. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
  • Our immune response is triggered by the virus' hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins, shown in semi-transparent blue. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The intramuscular (IM) form contains 45 µg of influenza hemagglutinin per 0.5 mL. (medscape.com)
  • The intradermal dosage form contains 27 µg of influenza hemagglutinin per 0.1 mL. (medscape.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We estimated age-specific influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rates in three sentinel sites in Svay Rieng, Siem Reap and Kampong Cham provinces. (who.int)
  • We present national estimates of influenza-associated SARI hospitalization rates for Cambodia based on sentinel surveillance data from three sites. (who.int)
  • 11 189 specimens from sentinel and non-sentinel sources were tested for influenza, 1797 (16%) of which were positive: 1594 (89%) for influenza A and 203 (11%) for influenza B (Fig. 1 and 2). (flutrackers.com)
  • Since week 40/2013, sentinel and non-sentinel sources have yielded 40 088 influenza detections: 38 182 (95%) were influenza A and 1906 (5%) influenza B viruses (Fig. 2b). (flutrackers.com)
  • Data were obtained from the 13 sentinel surveillance sites throughout Egypt during 2012-2015. (who.int)
  • The average weekly rate of ILI from sentinel surveillance was 7.3 per 1,000 consultations. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2005, 74 general practitioners (GPs) from 23 metropolitan and 15 rural practices were recruited for sentinel ILI surveillance (Figures 1a and 1b), aiming to achieve a coverage of approximately one practice per 200,000 population in metropolitan Melbourne and one practice per 100,000 population in rural areas. (health.gov.au)
  • General practice sentinel surveillance was conducted for 22 weeks between 2 May and 2 October 2005 (weeks 18-39 inclusive). (health.gov.au)
  • The Public Health Agency participates in the European Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness (I-MOVE) network with data from Swedish sentinel sampling. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Virus characterisation is normally performed on a selection of the influenza-positive samples from the sentinel surveillance programme and from laboratories. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • These findings can be used to guide future strategies to reduce influenza morbidity. (who.int)
  • 1 Globally, seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic costs. (who.int)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza viruses and associated morbidity and mortality in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 Influenza-related morbidity (measured as excess hospitalisation) and mortality may result from these complications. (health.gov.au)
  • Although influenza infection affects all age groups, the rates of serious morbidity and mortality tend to be highest among those aged 65 years and over, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and those with chronic medical problems. (health.gov.au)
  • Victor Huber, Ph.D., assistant professor of Basic Biomedical Sciences at the University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, suspects that certain proteins on the surface of the virus are contributing to secondary bacterial infections, which are a leading cause of death after influenza infection. (usd.edu)
  • One potential reason for the severe secondary bacterial infections associated with these H3N2 influenza viruses could be the specific proteins that are expressed by these viruses," said Huber, who earned his Ph.D. from the Medical College of Ohio in 2001. (usd.edu)
  • There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A quadrivalent influenza vaccine is recommended to reduce the health impact associated with influenza B infections. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Global surveillance of decision to give AFLURIA QUADRIVALENT should be based on careful consideration of the potential between treatment groups, and most events were mild to moderate in severity. (who.int)
  • During week 13/2014, both the total number of specimens tested for influenza and the influenza positivity rate continued to decline, with a slightly increasing number of influenza B detections in comparison with previous weeks. (flutrackers.com)
  • In week 44, a total of 37 influenza detections (18 influenza A and 19 influenza B) were reported. (canada.ca)
  • Two of the influenza detections (influenza A and B co-infections) are known and 22 are suspected to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt. (canada.ca)
  • These detections do not represent community transmission of seasonal influenza viruses. (canada.ca)
  • In week 44, 37 laboratory detections of influenza were reported (18 influenza A and 19 influenza B). Two of the influenza detections are known to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt and 22 are suspected to be associated with recent LAIV receipt. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza virus subtypes co-circulate with no reports of co-infection. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Other respiratory viruses continue to co-circulate. (gov.mb.ca)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • Huber's research focuses on keeping track of changes in the flu virus so public health workers have an earlier warning that a more lethal strain may be developing. (usd.edu)
  • The findings offer an explanation for why some patients fare much worse than others when infected with the same strain of the flu virus. (scitechdaily.com)
  • For decades, scientists and healthcare professionals were vexed by the fact that the same strain of the flu virus affects people to various degrees of severity. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Flu symptoms are easy to spot, but figuring out which strain of influenza is at work is often a complex and time consuming task. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Our data support updating the H3N2 vaccine strain to a clade 3C.2 or 3C.3-like strain or a subclade that has drifted further. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • This viral strain had several genetic and antigenic differences from other influenza A viruses detected in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Data from public health laboratories are used to monitor the proportion of circulating viruses that belong to each influenza subtype/lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • INTERPRETATION: Despite a higher burden of hospitalisations with influenza A H3N2, we found an increased likelihood of in-hospital severe outcomes in individuals hospitalised with influenza A H1N1pdm09 or influenza B virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • This will lead to more efficient testing, with cost savings for the federal government and for state and local public health agencies," said Dr. Cox, who is also Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Dr. Angela Campbell will be - will discuss neuraminidase inhibitor medications (antivirals) that are approved only for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Positive samples were inoculated in MDCK cells and virus phenotypic susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was assessed using fluorescent NA inhibition. (who.int)
  • End-of-season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated using a test-negative case-control study design. (health.mil)
  • Molecular surveillance of the influenza viruses should be enhanced continuously for a better understanding of the influenza activity and assessment of vaccine effectiveness. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Surveillance data about influenza disease inform the planning and strategy for efforts to reduce the future impact of influenza on the health and medical readiness of the Armed Forces. (health.mil)
  • 1 The health and economic impact of influenza largely arise from related complications. (health.gov.au)
  • All five cases were infected with swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • As such, it is important to conduct annual surveillance of each influenza season to identify the onset and patterns of activity, emergence of drifted or shifted subtypes, and severity of the season. (health.mil)
  • Our goal is to ultimately be able to use surveillance of influenza viruses to predict the severity of these secondary bacterial infections, which would allow us to more rapidly identify when these viruses are present. (usd.edu)
  • However, this year's surge led by Influenza subtype A H3N2 seems to be impacting people with more severity than usual, leading to hospitalisation and even death. (inorder.in)
  • The symptoms of H3N2 flu can vary in severity from mild to severe, and they can appear suddenly. (daddydontblog.com)
  • These medications work by stopping the virus from replicating in the body and can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. (daddydontblog.com)
  • One state health department reported regional influenza activity, 3 states reported local influenza activity, 19 states, New York City, and Puerto Rico reported sporadic influenza activity, and 24 states and the District of Columbia reported no influenza activity. (cdc.gov)
  • In week 44, three regions reported sporadic influenza/ILI activity. (canada.ca)
  • During week 44, WHO and NREVSS laboratories reported 674 specimens tested for influenza viruses, and 45 (6.7%) were positive. (cdc.gov)
  • Each week, we publish a bulletin with reports on the current situation concerning influenza and other respiratory tract infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • India is currently seeing a surge in viral infections, led primarily by the spread of swine flu, H3N2, and COVID-19 viruses. (inorder.in)
  • Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses circulating in different regions across the globe, and as the name suggests, infections peak during specific months. (inorder.in)
  • Then, in 2016, a team including Worobey and authors of the current study presented a paper in the journal Science showing that past exposure to the flu virus determines an individual's response to subsequent infections, a phenomenon called immunological imprinting. (scitechdaily.com)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance system in Cambodia was used to estimate the national burden of SARI hospitalizations in Cambodia. (who.int)
  • Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Globally, seasonal influenza for severe acute respiratory infection Aswan and Minya fever hospitals. (who.int)
  • This wasn't caught by the CDC NREVSS virologic surveillance system and was only noticed 2 months after the fact by public health officials in Iowa. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Lack of further documented cases isn't very persuasive when it sounds like they haven't been able to look very easily and the original case was not picked up by the virologic surveillance system. (scienceblogs.com)
  • U.S. World Health Organization (WHO) collaborating laboratories and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) laboratories, which include both clinical and public health laboratories throughout the United States, contribute to virologic surveillance for influenza (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Ms. Budd is an epidemiologist in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division of CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Campbell is a Medical Officer in the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch in the Influenza Division in CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, many countries lack influenza prevention and control policies. (who.int)
  • The core for disease prevention and control relies on strengthened surveillance activities, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the country that hosts the largest annual mass gathering event worldwide. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Although influenza strengthened in close collaboration sites, El-Gabarty polyclinic and the causes self-limiting infection and most with the World Health Organization outpatient clinics of Helwan, Embaba, people recover quickly, pregnant (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Zagazig and Damietta fever hospitals, women, the very young, the elderly and Control and Prevention (CDC) in collect data on ILI cases only. (who.int)
  • Prevention is the most effective management strategy for influenza. (medscape.com)