Surgical anxiety and fear. Medical search. Frequent questions

A dental patient's fears or anticipations of an upcoming procedure and the associated pain can often be more paralyzing than the actual treatment and real pain experienced. (hypnosis.edu)
Many patients experience irrational fear during the Pre-Surgical Phase of an upcoming dental procedure. (hypnosis.edu)
The patient then works backwards and implements the steps necessary to achieve the desired outcome, including but not limited to the surgical procedure and subsequent recovery. (hypnosis.edu)
Mucogingival surgery is a plastic surgical procedure designed to correct defects in the morphology, position, and dimensions of the gingiva surrounding the teeth. (upenn.edu)
If you and your doctors have determined that a surgical procedure is necessary for you, you would surely like it to be as pain free as possible. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
You also know that anesthesiologists are highly trained professionals, and that the whole surgical team will monitor your every breath and heart beat throughout the procedure. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
With the latest advancements in today's technological medications, patients can be sedated much faster and are awake as soon as the surgical procedure is complete which is normally less than three minutes. (womenscenter.com)
Dr. Pendergraft acquired training during his surgical internship, ten years of training in the emergency room and continuous training with analgesic and anesthetic medications that allow patients to be 100% comfortable during their abortion procedure. (womenscenter.com)
These techniques have been passed on and learned by other Physicians who work at the Women's Centers and they are able to apply their skills for providing patients the same level of comfort during the surgical procedure. (womenscenter.com)
Having a surgical abortion procedure performed should not be an uncomfortable experience. (womenscenter.com)
In addition to helping patients not remember the procedure, it relieves anxiety and allows patients to be comfortable during the abortion procedure. (womenscenter.com)
It is completely normal to have feelings of fear and worry leading up to a surgical procedure. (laservue.com)
The chose of this theme is due to, mainly, by the large range of feelings that the surgical procedure can awake in the life of a determined individual, in as much as the surgery is a non-expected event, which breaks the normal developing and life cycle of an individual. (bvsalud.org)
The use of conscious sedation such as laughing gas, as part of anxiety-free dentistry, can work wonders to make this procedure more comfortable for the patient. (1stsedationdentist.com)
She underwent dilation and curettage, the surgical procedure that health care providers use following a miscarriage. (medlineplus.gov)

Chronic periodontitis is one of the most common diseases in clinical dentistry, which requires various surgical interventions to treat the moderately to severely destructed supporting periodontium. (upenn.edu)
Finally, we discuss the scalable potential of Empowered Relief and other single-session interventions in surgical populations, their importance during extended perioperative periods, practical and scientific limitations, and new directions for future research on this topic. (frontiersin.org)
The perioperative period is a critical time to apply non-pharmacological interventions that target pre-surgery anxiety, help patients set reasonable expectations for surgery, and support lifestyle behaviors that facilitate recovery after surgery, including adaptive skills to self-manage acute post-operative pain. (frontiersin.org)
Given pre-existing patient need for integrated perioperative care coupled with COVID-related surgical delays, we underscore the importance of accessible (e.g., online) and low burden perioperative pain interventions. (frontiersin.org)
Pain is a common symptom in renal cancer and may result from tumor-related pressure or surgical interventions. (madeformedical.com)
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of family-centered educational interventions in the children's and adolescents' anxiety, pain, and behaviors and their parents' anxiety during the perioperative period. (bvsalud.org)
Expected Results: This review will provide guidance on how family-centred educational interventions can be used as a resource to manage anxiety, pain, and behavior in children, adolescents and their relatives during the perioperative processes. (bvsalud.org)

2. Trait anxiety measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Trait Anxiety Scale, at baseline. (who.int)
3. State anxiety measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) State Anxiety Scale, at baseline, 24 hours before breast surgery, 24 hours after breast surgery, 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. (who.int)

An informed subconscious mind aids with pain and anxiety management, promoting and supporting the patient's medical compliance. (hypnosis.edu)
In this video (available online only), Dr. Cohn discusses the use of healthy visualization exercises to enhance the patient's surgical experience -- including minimally invasive mitral valve repair operations. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
Assess the patient's emotional response to the diagnosis, which may include anxiety, depression, or fear. (madeformedical.com)

By applying the conscious sedation technique in outpatient units, periodontists have become able to manage their patients successfully with less anxiety or fear. (upenn.edu)
Anxiety control using IV sedation was very helpful in performing various periodontal reconstructive and advanced surgical procedures in implant dentistry. (upenn.edu)
We find that the majority of patients who experience only minimal fear and anxiety do very well with our regular IV sedation. (womenscenter.com)
Our regular IV Sedation is included in the surgical abortion fee. (womenscenter.com)
Sedation dentists interested in practicing anxiety-free dentistry know these also work very well as temporary relief of a tooth ache. (1stsedationdentist.com)

Fear of general anesthesia is very common, and understandably so. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
But if rational explanations of the benefits of general anesthesia and reassurances about the safety of the procedures are not enough to allay your fears, what can you do to feel more relaxed about undergoing anesthesia? (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Fear of General Anesthesia is an audio hypnosis session which works by allowing you to enter a state of profound relaxation in which you can reprogram particular instinctive responses. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Fear of General Anesthesia will teach you how to naturally calm down your fears and feel increasingly comfortable around the idea of using anesthesia appropriately for your surgical needs. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Download Fear of General Anesthesia and discover just how comfortable you can be. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Fear Of General Anesthesia has been purchased by 305 customers . (hypnosisdownloads.com)
The use of general anesthesia for the surgical abortion is clearly a better choice for patients who want to be completely asleep and who are experiencing a very high level of anxiety. (womenscenter.com)

Prior to modern anesthetic medications, surgical abortion procedures were associated with moderate morbidity and mortality due to the use of anesthetic agents from the past. (womenscenter.com)
These vasoconstrictor drugs have been associated with anesthetic salts and have directly acted on the system of blood vessels of the area anesthetized, resulting in the vasoconstriction as main effect, but exerting a side effect on blood pressure and/or heart rate 3 , in addition to the pain and anxiety during anesthetic application 18 . (bvsalud.org)

Post-operative follow-up is indicated for the first five years after curative surgical resection. (biomedcentral.com)
Homeopathic treatment also serves to arrest supposed surgical cases and finally, if surgery is necessary, it can help in managing surgical cases with pre and post-operative homeopathic medicines. (hpathy.com)
Members of the control group receive only post-operative physiotherapy in the surgical ward. (who.int)

Yet somehow these rational understandings of the benefits of anesthesia and the skills of the doctors don't seem to be enough to quell your fears. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
And there is no better way to get in touch with your own unconscious processes and influence them positively to overcome fear of anesthesia than through hypnosis. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
However, there are some women who are able to undergo a surgical abortion without anesthesia. (womenscenter.com)
Without appropriate anesthesia for the individual with high anxiety and fear, they may be prone to move around on the surgical table which can increase their risk from mild to very serious morbidity. (womenscenter.com)

Propranolol is a beta blocker, also used to treat high blood pressure and performance anxiety. (handlebar-online.com)
Performance anxiety' is a common problem. (shaaditimes.com)
The best way to treat erectile dysfunction caused by performance anxiety , depression, a poor relationship, or stress may be with a combination of ED drug treatment and sex therapy , individual therapy, or couples therapy from sexual health professionals. (everydayhealth.com)

Guided Imagery work will also relieve and prevent common symptoms of pre-surgery stress such as frustration, muscular tension, depression, anxiety, shortness of breath, and problems with concentration. (hypnosis.edu)
Having a family member with major depression and anxiety, I was looking for information on her medications. (drugwatch.com)
Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of surgical repair of obstetric fistula on the severity of depression and anxiety in women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia. (biomedcentral.com)
Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scales. (biomedcentral.com)
On admission, the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms were 91 and 79% respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
The study concluded that the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms decrease post-obstetric fistula surgical repair. (biomedcentral.com)
Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological symptoms in patients with terminal illnesses. (medscape.com)

Symptoms of anxiety are both physical and psychological. (healthy.net)
The surgical repair of fistula can address the physical symptoms, but may not end the psychological challenges that women with fistula face. (biomedcentral.com)
The Mann-Whitney-U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Paired t-test were performed to measure the change in psychological symptoms after surgical repair. (biomedcentral.com)
Pre-Surgical Psychological Evaluations, What Are They? (gfpsychology.com)
So what is a Pre-Surgical psychological evaluation? (gfpsychology.com)

Admission rates of patients in hospitals also declined due to the fear of infection, further reducing the number of eye surgeries performed during the pandemic. (grandviewresearch.com)
The scissors segment is expected to undergo maximum growth over the forecast period as it is the most found instrument in the kit while conducting ocular surgeries.A regular surgical kit consists of three to six different types of ophthalmic scissors, especially for trabeculectomy and extracapsular cataract extraction. (grandviewresearch.com)
Increased availability of surgical instruments to perform complex surgeries, presence of skilled staff, well-equipped emergency care departments, a large number of ophthalmic hospitals in the U.S., and heavy funding to improve infrastructure are certain factors responsible for its large segment share. (grandviewresearch.com)
One report documented up to one-third of delayed elective spine surgeries remained rescheduled 8 months later, with fears of COVID-19 exposure cited as the primary reason for surgical deferment ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
The current dental surgeries have a close relationship with blood pressure changes, since patients potentially correlate dental treatment with pain 4 , resulting in fear 24 , anxiety and stress, which is a body response to negative 27 and/or stress 19,22,26 stimuli many times imperceptible to the dentist. (bvsalud.org)

The increasing prevalence of eye disease, favorable government policies, and improving eye care infrastructure to control the burden of eye diseases are the major factors boosting the growth of the ophthalmic handheld surgical instruments market in the U.S. (grandviewresearch.com)
Anxiety about impotence ranks first in order of prevalence, in all the sexual fears that men have. (shaaditimes.com)
In Brazil, there has been found a prevalence of 15% of patients with dental anxiety 10 , which can reach to 95% when tooth extraction is mentioned 11 . (bvsalud.org)

Anxiety is a feeling of dread, fear or distress over a real or imagined threat to your mental or physical well-being. (healthy.net)
Negative side effects are rare but can include headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, and feelings of anxiety or distress. (psychologytoday.com)
Disruption in care, sometimes including months-long surgical delays, have left patients with few options to manage increased pain, distress, and anxiety within the context of an extended pre-surgical timeframe. (frontiersin.org)

Indeed, brief behavioral pain treatments delivered in the perioperative period may offer patients a low burden opportunity to acquire essential pain coping strategies for enhanced surgical recovery. (frontiersin.org)

His leg was saved in 2016, allaying those fears. (toofab.com)
After my symptoms became more pronounced over the next three years, I had a surgical myectomy in 2016. (4hcm.org)

Recognizing what is stressful to your toddler while in the hospital can guide you in preparing them for the surgical experience. (chkd.org)
After finding out you have secondary bone cancer you may experience a range of emotions such as fear, anxiety, loss of control and disbelief. (cancer.org.au)
Estimates suggest that 10-40% of lumbar spine surgery patients experience persistent post-surgical pain (PPSP). (frontiersin.org)
Up to 80% of spine surgery patients experience post-surgery discomfort ( 3 ) and 20% will experience persistent post-surgical pain (PPSP). (frontiersin.org)
Anxiety and fear is known to activate the pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to an increased experience of pain. (medscape.com)
Introduction: Every year, millions of children and adolescents undergo surgery, 50%-75% of them experience fear and anxiety. (bvsalud.org)
While she still felt some anxiety from her first pregnancy experience, Alise knew she was in good hands. (medlineplus.gov)

how to manage anxiety and fear of recurrence. (humanitix.com)
Quality of life, fear of cancer recurrence, patient satisfaction, cost-effectiveness and survival are the secondary endpoints. (biomedcentral.com)

Fear is like being bound - it restricts your behavior and keeps you from fully experiencing the wonderful life God provided. (bibleblender.com)

The difference between fear we enjoy and fear we loathe is the level of control we feel we have over the outcome. (bibleblender.com)

They were first worn by surgery staff in the early 1900s to prevent contamination of open surgical wounds. (cdc.gov)
A Hypnotherapist can demystify the entire surgical process by providing a complete step-by-step guide of the surgery to the patient during Hypnosis. (hypnosis.edu)
This should take place 1 or 2 days before surgery since doing it too far in advance can cause more anxiety. (chkd.org)
Elective cataract surgery postponed during the pandemic consistently led to longer wait and possible anxiety among patients. (grandviewresearch.com)
Many surgical techniques have been reported in mucogingival surgery. (upenn.edu)
Homeopathy medicines can prove very useful in surgical cases, both to avoid surgery as well as to assist speedy recovery in surgical cases. (hpathy.com)
Dr. Cohn suggests that patients educate themselves about their surgical options prior to mitral valve surgery. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
Dr. Cohn also suggests that patients take appropriate steps to manage their potential fears and anxiety prior to heart valve surgery. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
For many, instead of feeling solace, the idea of cataract surgery brings about anxiety and stress. (laservue.com)
However, in the case of cataract surgery, this fear can prove worse than the actual surgery itself. (laservue.com)
In the postoperative period, patients receive a briefing from a dietician, will start physiotherapy in the surgical ward and will receive additional improvement exercises in the form of videos two weeks after the breast surgery. (who.int)
5. Fear of surgery measured using the Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ), at baseline and 24 hours before breast surgery. (who.int)

Most patients have anxiety and fear to those surgical procedures and dentists often have problems dealing with those patients. (upenn.edu)
You may even have postponed necessary procedures because of your anxieties. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
Using a small 3-inch incision, Dr. Cohn's team can acheive surgical outcomes that are equal or better than most traditional procedures which require a 9-inch incision to the sternum. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
In Ayala's case, this build led to an infection in his right knee in 2014, with the final determination after 13 surgical procedures being to amputate. (toofab.com)
For over 20 years, Dr. Pendergraft has used some of the best medications available for allowing patients to be completely comfortable while undergoing surgical abortion procedures. (womenscenter.com)
One of Leslie's many skills is the ability to explain medical conditions and procedures in an age-appropriate manner and in a way that promotes clarity and confidence rather than fear and anxiety. (childlife.org)
Surgical procedures may also impact urinary elimination. (madeformedical.com)
Local anesthetics are a resource used in anxiety-free dentistry for the prevention and management of dental anxiety resulting from dental and surgical procedures, not to put the patient to sleep. (1stsedationdentist.com)
Surgical procedures have a history of dental pain, apprehension and fear reported by patients. (bvsalud.org)

The surgical intervention represents a threat in the life of any person, because it involves a specific and differentiated emotional charge. (bvsalud.org)

Instead they are preying on people's fears of the COVID-19 pandemic to sell them substandard protective goods or trick people out of their cash online, warned Europe's police agency Europol. (bangkokpost.com)

But hypnotherapy can have many applications as a part of treatment for anxiety , stress, panic attacks, post- traumatic stress disorder, phobias, substance abuse including tobacco, sexual dysfunction, undesirable compulsive behaviors , mood disorders, and bad habits. (psychologytoday.com)
these studies measured children and adolescents' pain, anxiety, and behaviors, as well as their parent's anxiety. (bvsalud.org)

Key focus areas include symptom management, surgical and medical treatment support, patient education, psychosocial support, and monitoring for potential complications. (madeformedical.com)

Hypnosis can assist in Pain and Anxiety Management during Mercury Detoxification. (hypnosis.edu)

Though 219 respondents were interviewed pre-obstetric fistula surgical repair, only 200 completed their follow up. (biomedcentral.com)
7 ) reported that the anxiety level of the general population in Singapore was low at the height of the SARS epidemic (55% of the respondents reported a low anxiety level). (cdc.gov)

Fear, whether real or imagined, causes physiological changes to occur in our body. (bibleblender.com)
If the fear spreads, uncontrolled, it presents a danger to the survival of a society, especially when irrational decisions are made as a reaction to or result of the fear (whether the fear is real or imagined). (bibleblender.com)

Research has found that surgical patients and burn victims can achieve reduced recovery time, anxiety, and pain through hypnotherapy. (psychologytoday.com)
Fraudsters have been very quick to adapt well-known fraud schemes to capitalise on the anxieties and fears of victims throughout the crisis," the report added. (bangkokpost.com)

The amount of exposure reduction offered by respirators and surgical masks differs. (cdc.gov)
Self Hypnosis promotes relaxation and anxiety reduction. (hypnosis.edu)
I wanted to see if there was a reduction in anxiety, enough so that I could do further research and implement quality improvement projects with weighted blankets here at Parkview. (parkview.com)

Please visit our new blogs Respiratory Protection During Outbreaks: Respirators versus Surgical Masks and Proper N95 Respirator Use for Respiratory Protection Preparedness for the most up-to-date information. (cdc.gov)
With the advent of a novel H1N1 influenza outbreak in spring 2009 and the expectation of a second wave during the 2009-2010 flu season, there has been considerable interest in the use of surgical masks (facemasks) and respirators as infection control measures. (cdc.gov)
Although their appearance is often similar, respirators are designed and engineered for distinctly different functions than surgical masks. (cdc.gov)
This blog examines the scientific principles behind the design and performance of surgical masks and respirators. (cdc.gov)
Early surgical masks were constructed from layers of cotton gauze. (cdc.gov)
Today surgical masks are worn in a wide range of healthcare settings to protect patients from the wearers' respiratory emissions. (cdc.gov)
In the U.S., surgical masks are cleared for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (cdc.gov)
Since OSHA issued the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) in 1991, surgical masks have been recommended as part of universal precautions to protect the wearer from direct splashes and sprays of infectious blood or body fluids. (cdc.gov)
The FDA offers further information on surgical masks. (cdc.gov)
THE HAGUE - From trafficking dodgy surgical masks to peddling counterfeit medicines and running internet scams, criminals are finding ways to profit from the coronavirus crisis, European police warn. (bangkokpost.com)
Police around the world seized 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks in one major operation targeting so-called "corona criminals" earlier this month, Europol said in a report Friday. (bangkokpost.com)

As her surgeon enters the operating theatre, he immediately picks up on her anxiety from the awkward silence in the air and tightly crossed hands pressed into the middle of her chest. (escrs.org)

It becomes more pronounced during periods of muscular fatigue, anxiety, emotional stress, and fear or excitement. (handlebar-online.com)

Xanax, known by its proprietary name as alprazolam, is a prescription drug used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. (cfah.org)
This type of fear can not only cause anxiety, but can inadvertently lead to hysteria, panic, and paranoia. (bibleblender.com)

This results in relaxed muscles reduced anxiety, and may also cause drowsiness. (cfah.org)

Finally she agreed to see a hypnotist, who helped her overcome her fear and have the operation. (hypnosis.edu)
Thankfully, all fears can be overcome. (bibleblender.com)

We enjoy the terror we feel while watching a horror movie but dread the fear of entering a dark house. (bibleblender.com)

If you have a neurological disorder or spinal cord injury and other erectile dysfunction treatments aren't effective, two types of surgical implants could offer solutions to your ED. "An implantable pump can be used to manually create an erection by pumping fluid into cylinders placed inside the penis," explains Feloney. (everydayhealth.com)

Dental Fear Central does not provide dental or medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. (dentalfearcentral.org)
If the cause is organic or constitutional, then appropriate medical or surgical measures will have to be undertaken. (shaaditimes.com)

The data were collected on admission of the patients for obstetric fistula surgical repair and at the end of six-month post repair. (biomedcentral.com)
Randomisation is determined by the date of admission of the patient to the surgical ward. (who.int)

However, the fear mechanism cannot really tell the difference, and always responds to a more immediate threat first. (hypnosisdownloads.com)
All animals respond to fear in the same manner - they stop, face the threat, and assess the situation before deciding whether to fight or flee. (bibleblender.com)

As intensified follow-up after curative surgical resection has shown no effect on survival, patient organisations and policy makers have advocated for a more patient-centred approach to follow-up. (biomedcentral.com)
The objective of this study is to successfully implement patient-led, home-based follow-up (PHFU) in six hospitals in The Netherlands, with as ultimate aim to come to a recommendation for a patient-centred follow-up schedule for stage I-III CRC patients treated with surgical resection with curative intent. (biomedcentral.com)

Alise's doctor helped comfort her and calm some of her remaining fears. (medlineplus.gov)

electroacupuncture was shown to also decrease activation of the amygdala and hippocampus, the primal fear and memory centers.5,6 Therefore, the science of acupuncture could be altering how we interpret pain on a cognitive level. (ndnr.com)

In Germany too, "cybercriminals are exploiting people's current concerns about COVID-19 to send phishing emails with malicious content or use this fear with fraudulent intent", police said. (bangkokpost.com)

Fear and anxiety are safety mechanisms. (hypnosisdownloads.com)

This can become a vicious cycle, where the anxiety about whether or not one will have an erection becomes so intense that he is unable to become to have an erection, which leads to more anxiety, and so forth. (shaaditimes.com)
Behind the fear of failure to get an erection is a fundamental anxiety - the fear of being rejected. (shaaditimes.com)

Fear damages self-esteem and self-confidence. (bibleblender.com)

The bottom rung of fear, and the most common type, is fear of harm to one's sense of self - the fear of embarrassment, indignity, and shame. (bibleblender.com)

Among its many benefits, it has considerable potential to treat various anxiety disorders ( 4 ). (cfah.org)

Fear also causes emotional damage. (bibleblender.com)

You are the one who decides and your ability to cope together with the way your anxiety works should guide you in that. (dentalfearcentral.org)
It's this happiness and joy that helps to build resilience and confidence in these children, reduces fear and anxiety, and helps them cope with their illnesses and treatments. (insuranceadviser.net)

The South Pacific herb, Kava Kava, is a best-seller - ranking ninth in retail U.S. sales in mainstream markets in 2000 - based on its proven ability to relieve stress, anxiety and tension. (healthy.net)

However, the level of anxiety (i.e., perception of risk) among healthcare workers has yet to be evaluated in Japan. (cdc.gov)

This is an online support group for anyone who is has a severe fear of the dentist or dental treatment. (dentalfearcentral.org)
Please note that this is NOT a general dental problems or health anxiety forum! (dentalfearcentral.org)
Many patients face their dental appointment with a degree of anxiety. (1stsedationdentist.com)
the fear that at some time during their dental care treatment they are going to be hurt. (1stsedationdentist.com)

Man's ordinary response however, one which derives from our humanness and inclination to control the world around us, is to think through the fear and flee only when no other options are available. (bibleblender.com)

This is why many patients feel that surgical abortions are very painful and uncomfortable. (womenscenter.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms3

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology76

Phenomena and Processes8

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Humanities1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care18

Procedure15

Interventions7

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory2

Patient's3

Sedation5

General Anesthesia7

Anesthetic2

Post-operative3

Anesthesia4

Performance anxiety3

Depression7

Psychological5

Surgeries5

Prevalence3

Distress3

Perioperative1

20162

Experience7

Recurrence2

Behavior1

Outcome1

Surgery12

Procedures9

Intervention1

Pandemic1

Behaviors2

Psychosocial1

Pain and anxiety1

Respondents2

Real or imagined2

Victims2

Reduction3

Masks11

Surgeon1

Muscular1

Panic2

Drowsiness1

Overcome2

Dread1

Erectile dysfunction1

Medical2

Admission2

Threat2

Patient2

Calm1

Decrease1

Intent1

Mechanisms1

Erection2

Self Confidence1

Common1

Disorders1

Emotional1

Cope2

Tension1

Perception1

Dental4

Control1

Painful1