• Severe cervical spondylosis can manifest as a combination of disk degeneration, osteophyte formation, vertebral subluxation, and attempted autofusion as depicted in this sagittal MRI. (medscape.com)
  • The most common horse vertebral issues seen over a decade at one diagnostic lab were wobbler syndrome, fracture/subluxation, and abnormal spinal curvature. (thehorse.com)
  • Distribution of diseases included equine cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (n=224), fracture/subluxation (n=123), abnormal spinal curvature (n=51), osteomyelitis (n=13), intervertebral disc disease (n=7), congenital vertebral anomaly (n=5), and neoplasia (n=3). (thehorse.com)
  • CSM - also called wobbler syndrome, is compression of the spinal cord. (besthorserider.com)
  • Vertebral pathology associated with equine cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy ( wobbler syndrome ) comprised the majority of cases. (thehorse.com)
  • Any disease process that causes compression of the spinal cord in the neck causes CVM (Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy), also known as Wobbler's Syndrome. (horsesidevetguide.com)
  • Spinal stenosis (progressive narrowing of the spinal canal) is part of the aging process, and predicting who will be affected is not possible. (medscape.com)
  • Progressive narrowing of the spinal canal may occur alone or in combination with acute disc herniations. (medscape.com)
  • Short recovery time T1-weighted spin-echo sagittal MRI scan demonstrates marked spinal stenosis of the C1/C2 vertebral level cervical canal resulting from formation of the pannus (black arrow) surrounding the dens in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. (medscape.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) implies spinal canal narrowing with possible subsequent neural compression. (medscape.com)
  • The canal components that contribute to acquired stenosis include the facets (hypertrophy, arthropathy), ligamentum flavum (hypertrophy), posterior longitudinal ligament (ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament [OPLL]), vertebral body (bone spurs), intervertebral disk, and epidural fat. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral canal stenosis at any region of the spine may lead to nerve root compression. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis requires radiographs of the cervical spine (the neck), and confirmation usually requires myelogram. (horsesidevetguide.com)
  • Oblique view of the cervical spine demonstrates 2 levels of foraminal stenosis (white arrows) resulting from facet hypertrophy (yellow arrow) and uncovertebral joint hypertrophy. (medscape.com)
  • T2-weighted sagittal MRI of the cervical spine demonstrating stenosis from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, resulting in cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Stenosis of the central cervical and thoracic spine may result in myelopathy from cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Out of 183 patients seen in second opinion, where other spine surgeons previously told patients that they needed surgery, 7 patients had ND disorders: 4 had MS, 2 had ALS, and 1 had PPS. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Cervical radiculopathy is a common disabling cervical spine condition. (springer.com)
  • Endoscopic spine surgery provides more soft tissue preservation than conventional approaches. (springer.com)
  • Pre-operative and post-operative computer tomography cervical spine evaluation of foraminal length in ventro-dorsal, cephalad-caudal dimensions, sagittal foraminal area and using 3D CT reconstruction coronal decompression area were done. (springer.com)
  • Cervical radiculopathy is a common cervical spine condition which is potentially disabling with nerve root dysfunction [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Congenital and acquired spinal stenoses place the patient at a greater risk for acute neurologic injury. (medscape.com)
  • Typically, their neurological symptoms and signs reflect their underlying neurologic disorders rather than structural spinal pathology reported on magnetic resonance images (MR) or computed tomographic scans (CT). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CSM) occurs as either a static or dynamic form in young horses and described as a multifactorial disease when stenosis is observed in older horses it is primarily due to osteoarthritis of the articular process joints. (ivis.org)
  • Older patients present with more chronic or recurrent symptoms of degenerative spinal disease. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)) present with progressive neurological deterioration typically attributed to their underlying diseases rather than surgical spinal pathology. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • As technology associated with advanced imaging and diagnostic modalities progresses, more attention is being given to equine vertebral column pathology. (thehorse.com)
  • Equine submissions to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory over a 10-year period (2011-2021) were queried for diagnoses related to significant vertebral column pathology. (thehorse.com)
  • Axial cervical CT myelogram demonstrates marked hypertrophy of the right facet joints (black arrows), which results in tight restriction of the neuroforaminal recess and lateral neuroforamen. (medscape.com)
  • Prognosis depends on the age of the horse, the severity of the compression, the duration of compression (and degree of resulting spinal cord damage) and the related degree of wobbliness (ataxia). (horsesidevetguide.com)
  • Increasing prevalence of sedentary occupation with overuse of computer technology, laptops and handheld devices may lead to higher incidence of cervical radiculopathy and cervical degeneration in the long run due to poor neck posture. (springer.com)
  • As these degenerative findings on MR and/or CT are often over-interpreted by some radiologists/neuroradiologists and spinal surgeons, they may inadvertently be advised to undergo spinal operations they do not need. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We investigate the radiological and clinical outcomes of posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy and discectomy. (springer.com)
  • A prospective clinical and radiological study with retrospective evaluation were done for 25 patients with 29 levels of cervical radiculopathy who underwent posterior endoscopic cervical discectomy from November 2016 to December 2018. (springer.com)
  • Uniportal posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy and discectomy are safe, efficient and precise choreographed set of technique in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. (springer.com)
  • Therefore, diseases that impact the vertebral column can have a significant impact on equine health and rider safety. (thehorse.com)
  • The most common disorders are Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (CSM). (besthorserider.com)
  • Epstein NE, Gottesman M. Few patients with neurodegenerative disorders require spinal surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • There are many cases of successful subsequent performance careers in horses that have had surgery. (horsesidevetguide.com)
  • notice the difference between a normal spinal cord (yellow arrows) and one that's compressed (green). (thehorse.com)
  • Note the anterior displacement of the upper cervical cord and the lower brainstem. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior approaches treatment options such as cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and cervical artificial disc replacement (ADR) are popular treatment options for cervical radiculopathy [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
  • Adjacent segment disease and pseudoarthrosis and being the commonest postoperative complications of anterior cervical surgery with an overall complication rate of anterior cervical surgery ranges from 13.2 to 19.3% [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • Most patients who present with an acute episode of back pain recover without surgery, while 3-5% of patients presenting with back pain have a herniated disc, and 1-2% have compression of a nerve root. (medscape.com)
  • The patients may experience radicular pain, weakness, and numbness along the distribution of the affected spinal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Of 254 patients seen in first opinion (e.g., had not been seen by a spinal surgeon), 9 had MS, while 2 had ALS. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Of 183 patients seen in second opinion (e.g., prior spinal surgeons recommended surgery), 4 had MS, 2 had ALS, and 1 had PPS. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We performed this study to establish how often patients with ND, seen in first or second opinion, require spinal surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We focused on whether second opinions from spinal surgeons would limit the number of operations offered to these patients. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Two of 11 patients with ND seen in first opinion required surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • However, none of the seven patients seen in second opinion, who were previously told by outside surgeons they needed spinal surgery, required operations. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Few patients with neurodegenerative syndromes (MS, ALS, PPS) and reported "significant" spondyloitic spinal disease interpreted on MR/CT studies required surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Great caution should be exercised in offering patients with ND spinal surgery, and second opinions should be encouraged to limit "unnecessary" procedures. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Over a 20-month period, prospectively, 437 patients with cervical or lumbar complaints were evaluated. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • It significantly improved clinical outcomes and achieved the objective of increasing in the cervical foramen size in our cohort of patients. (springer.com)
  • Treatment in spinal stenosis can be conservative or surgical. (medscape.com)
  • MS, ALS, or PPS) come in for first (no prior spinal surgical evaluation) or second opinions (where a previous spinal surgeon recommended surgery) regarding the need for spinal surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is most common in the cervical and lumbar areas. (medscape.com)
  • In these cases, seeking a second opinion from another spinal surgeon may avoid some of these operations. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The long nerve tracts that run the length of the spinal cord are responsible for conveying the position of the hind and front limbs to the brain. (horsesidevetguide.com)
  • However, mechanical compression may remain despite symptomatic management. (springer.com)
  • The first author, a neurosurgeon, reviewed 437 spinal consultations performed over a 20-month period. (surgicalneurologyint.com)