• Most anatomical compartments, including mucosal surfaces and solid organs, host large populations of tissue-resident lymphocytes which are uniquely placed to provide local networks for immune surveillance and defence against infection ( Fan and Rudensky, 2016 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The A and B clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stric- maintenance of these clonal complexes in natural bacterial to, distinguished by outer surface protein C ( ospC ) gene populations ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Ixodes ricinus ticks ( 11 ) and is carried by a large variety of ize genetic variations of natural populations of a bacterial hosts, including birds and small- to medium-sized mam- pathogen ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, he is interested in deciphering bacterial responses towards antibiotics that are enabled by phenotypic heterogeneity in otherwise clonal populations. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Antigenic variation not only enables the pathogen to avoid the immune response in its current host, but also allows re-infection of previously infected hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bordetella pertussis , the causative agent of whooping cough, is a highly clonal pathogen of the respiratory tract. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigenic variation can result from gene conversion, site-specific DNA inversions, hypermutation, or recombination of sequence cassettes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, the surface lipoprotein VlsE can undergo recombination which results in antigenic diversity. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that successive recombination events within genes encoding surface antigens and acquisition of quinolone resistance mutations possibly played a role in the emergence of CC4821 as an epidemic clone in China. (cdc.gov)
  • We incorporate diverse approaches in experimental evolution, mathematics, systems microbiology, engineering and instrumentation to understand how interactions between cells shape bacterial community behaviours, the value of environmental sensing and phenotypic variation in fluctuating environments, and how phenotypes broadly respond to mutation. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. (osti.gov)
  • Such additional abortive embryos can be exploited in culture for clonal propagation. (cbsetuts.com)
  • Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Phase variation can also influence the affinity of pathogens for different host anatomical niches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures. (bvsalud.org)
  • In callus culture, the explant undergoes cell division and forms an unorganized and undifferentiated mass of cells called Callus. (cbsetuts.com)
  • The result is that even a clonal population of pathogens expresses a heterogeneous phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • This limitation might be overcome by phase variation, as observed for other mucosal pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The apparent scarcity of variation in the B. pertussis genome is unusual among bacterial pathogens, in which extensive genomic plasticity is thought to contribute to host immune evasion [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cause of oral melanoma or melanoma of any mucosal surface remains unknown, and the incidence has remained stable for more than 25 years. (medscape.com)
  • Such genetic changes give rise to strains with novel capsular or other major surface antigens that evade existing population immunity ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These studies reveal a wide range of genetic tumor heterogeneity in both spatial and temporal dimensions, encompassing diverse single-nucleotide mutations, insertions, deletions and copy number variations ( 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Four ospC clonal complexes dence of genetic endemism, recent migration events, and (A, B, I, and K groups) were found to be more likely than recombinant genomic types. (cdc.gov)
  • Together, our work provides the scientific community with a powerful new genetic lineage tracing approach as well as a single cell transcriptomic atlas of hiPSCs undergoing cardiac differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • Antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response, making it one of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigenic variation can occur by altering a variety of surface molecules including proteins and carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of the proteins known to show antigenic or phase variation are related to virulence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigenic variation is employed by a number of different protozoan parasites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many processes in parasite biology involve changes at the chromatin level, including regulation of transcription along a complex life cycle, delimitation of functional elements in the genome, and antigenic variation. (plos.org)
  • The expansion of hypervirulent sequence type 4821 clonal complex (CC4821) lineage Neisseria meningitidis bacteria has led to a shift in meningococcal disease epidemiology in China, from serogroup A (MenA) to MenC. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we obtained a well-resolved polymorphism type of intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence phylogeny of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto clonal complexes (corresponding to the ospC- A and -B groups) is associated by using multilocus sequence typing at housekeeping loci with hematogenous dissemination in patients with early as well as loci under adaptive evolution. (cdc.gov)
  • Using this method, allelic diversity and phase variation were demonstrated at several B. pertussis loci. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We sought to describe the overall bacterial diversity on the surface of tomato fruit and the effect of two different water sources (ground and surface water) when used for direct crop applications by generating a 454-pyrosequencing 16S rRNA dataset of these different environments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In primary tumors, mutations in driver genes frequently provide a survival advantage and give rise to a dominant clonal population. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
  • UNIT-1 Laboratory requirements for tissue culture-culture media and their constituents-cell culture types and applications of cell culture-cell and organ differentiation-somoclonal variation tissue culture technology in India-protoplast cultureregeneration. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • However, the tumour cells have undergone hypermutation, 21 23 a feature of the GC reaction during B-cell activation and differentiation. (bmj.com)
  • This heterogeneity is referred to as 'polymorphism', as tumor cells rapidly undergo mitosis, resulting in the formation of numerous subclones and uncertainty regarding the state of the genome. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Segments of the silent cassettes recombine with the vlsE gene, generating variants of the surface lipoprotein antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • During development of the immune system the pro-B cells in the bone marrow undergo gene segment rearrangements, bringing V and J segments together for Ig light chain production, and V,D and J segments together for Ig heavy chain production. (stackexchange.com)
  • Despite this prototypical TCR repertoire gene usage, in recent years it has become apparent that there are variations within the iNKT cell repertoire that ultimately impact the antigen recognition capacity and consequently the functional outcomes during an immune response. (elifesciences.org)
  • During all stages of tumor progression, cancer cells are subjected to inappropriate extracellular matrix environments and must undergo adaptive changes in order to evade growth constraints associated with the loss of matrix attachment. (elifesciences.org)
  • Both fruit surface environments had a high representation of Gammaproteobacteria, and within this class the genera Pantoea and Enterobacter were the most abundant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The earlier recognition of PHPT has increased the number of parathyroidectomies performed for PHPT, considering that about one tenth of all patients with PHPT undergo surgery in an early phase of disease. (snmjournals.org)
  • found extensive genomic variation among 22 CC4821 invasive and carriage isolates from 12 provinces in China during 2005-2011 ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Phase variation is one means by which B. pertussis might adapt to host immune surveillance and vaccine-induced immune responses without loss or acquisition of genomic fragments [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To resolve phylogenetic relationships among ries of bacterial clonal complexes by using concatenated isolates, we sequenced 68 isolates from Europe and North sequences of housekeeping genes when within-loci and America at 1 chromosomal locus (16S-23S ribosomal RNA between-loci recombinations are infrequent ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Oral blue nevi are not reported to undergo malignant transformation. (medscape.com)
  • Although rare, malignant transformation of nevi to melanoma involves the clonal expansion of cells that acquire a selective growth advantage. (medscape.com)
  • Consistent with this, iNKT cells from different organs show distinct basal activation, proliferation and clonal expansion. (elifesciences.org)
  • The individual cells within a single-cell layer are physically attached to the matrix, and when displaced from it, they promptly undergo programmed cell death. (elifesciences.org)
  • Regionally chosen human being neural progenitor cells produced from the mesencephalon and forebrain undergo improved neurogenesis following overexpression of ASCL1. (thetechnoant.info)
  • 17 - 22 The cell surface phenotype of BL tumour cells reflects a GC origin but the site of tumour growth is frequently the jaw or ovary, neither of which normally contain GCs. (bmj.com)
  • Decreased expression of NBPF1 in neuroblastoma cell lines with loss of 1p36 heterozygosity and the marked decrease of anchorage-independent clonal growth of DLD1 colorectal carcinoma cells with induced NBPF1 expression further suggest that NBPF1 functions as tumor suppressor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Solid tumors such as carcinomas of the lung, colon, breast, or prostate start in epithelial cells that line the surface of the bronchia, the intestinal mucosa, or the alveoli of fl uid secretion in the breast and prostate. (bbvaopenmind.com)
  • SD proteins are known to undergo endocytosis and recycling to maintain the integrity of the filtration structure. (sdbonline.org)
  • Disrupting any component in this pathway led to disrupted SD on the cell surface and intracellular accumulation of mislocalized SD proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • Proteobacteria was predominant in groundwater samples, whereas in the significantly more diverse surface water, abundant phyla also included Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evidence for the involvement of NBPF genes in NB comes from the abovementioned disruption of NBPF1 in a NB patient, and from the association of NB with copy number variation of an NBPF1 paralog [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the most common mechanisms of phase variation is reversible expansion or contraction of homopolymeric tracts (HPTs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current tissue-engineered auricular constructs implanted into immune-competent animal models have been observed to undergo inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, calcification and degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These outbreaks were caused by a previously unreported hypervirulent clonal complex (CC) 4821 lineage ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • HN - 2008 MH - Superior Sagittal Sinus UI - D054063 MN - A07.231.908.224.667 MS - The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study represents the first in depth characterization of bacterial communities in the tomato fruit surface and the water sources commonly used in commercial vegetable production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fruit surface bacterial communities on tomatoes sprayed with both water sources could not be differentiated using various statistical methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The model indicates also that interannual NPP variability might strongly increase in the areas which will undergo recurrent water stress in the future. (sisef.it)
  • Pterygium is one of the most common ocular surface diseases. (molvis.org)
  • Recognition of P7C3 derivatives or variations may provide not only neuroprotective but also neuroproducing providers for neurodegenerative diseases. (thetechnoant.info)
  • An adequate clonal selection could help the adaptation of Vitis vinifera cv. (unav.edu)
  • High number of variations for resistant to pests disease, tolerant plants for drought, salt and improved quality characteristics can be obtained through somaclonal variation technique 12. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • BECC develops research that targets sustainable management of ecosystem services in a world undergoing rapid change and loss of biodiversity. (lu.se)
  • RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 88,889 participants who underwent a total of 139,661 health examinations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Chung-Ang University or college Superb College student Scholarship, the Country wide Study Basis (NRF-2014R1A1A1002607) and the Ministry of Knowledge Economy [No. 10041913, Development of come cell tradition system centered on surface-nano-structure control]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Surface water is highly susceptible to contamination due to direct discharge of sewage and the impact of runoff. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1985) reported that aluminum may reduce the surface tension of water, affecting egg deposition, emergence, feeding and mating behaviour of some stream invertebrates. (canada.ca)
  • We exhale long streamers of air back toward the surface, and move slowly as we pass the shared pliers around, cutting and crimping monofilament with the slow-motion care of astronauts maneuvering in zero gravity. (vox.com)