• EPR spin-trapping demonstrated that iron-rich (but not iron-deplete) SWCNT were redox-active and converted superoxide radicals produced by zymosan-stimulated marophages into hydroxyl radicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, superoxide extracellularly generated by xanthine oxidase/xanthine yielded hydroxyl radicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Once recruited and activated, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils produce and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion (O 2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are several Types of free radical molecules, the superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, proxy radicals and alkoxyl radicals. (scca-enterprises.com)
  • Vitamins A, C and E are well known antioxidants in but they could convert to feeble free radicals once they donate their electrons to other molecules. (scca-enterprises.com)
  • By comparison, antioxidant enzymes may convert free radicals into other less dangerous forms and inert and valuable compounds without getting free radicals themselves. (scca-enterprises.com)
  • SOD - an enzyme that ensures the safe existence of the human body in an oxygen atmosphere, turning (dismutiruya) superoxide radicals into less toxic compounds, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tonic effect. (e-peptide.com)
  • to superoxide or that "autoxidize", and when coupled with catalase Oxygen radicals clearly contribute to probably through reactions catalysed within peroxisomes or with cytosolic genomic instability, are produced by by transition metals. (who.int)
  • The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide , a reactive oxygen species. (bionity.com)
  • The enzymes convert reactive species in non-toxic molecules and also participate in the process of detoxification (which facilitates the biotransformation and excretion of "strange" molecules to the cells). (databasefootball.com)
  • This mechanism is saturable at essentially typical drink levels, resulting in the overexpression of cytochrome P-450 2E 1 (CYP 2 E 1 ), whose oxidative metabolism of ethanol also generates acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species such as superoxide. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • Background: Ethanol metabolism increases production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide () in the liver, resulting in significant oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Metabolism of glutathione peroxidase, can further inflammation, and - along with oth- many exogenous agents through cy- convert these reactive species to er radical species - play key roles tochrome P450-mediated reactions wate r (Benzie, 2000) . (who.int)
  • Endothelin converting enzyme 1, also known as ECE1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ECE1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 is involved in the proteolytic processing of endothelin-1 (EDN1), -2 (EDN2), and -3 (EDN3) to biologically active peptides. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme participates in a chemical reaction that converts oxygen to a toxic molecule called superoxide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion-deletion polymorphism with spondylarthropathies. (cdc.gov)
  • Nevertheless, quercetin is completely converted into its conjugated metabolites by phase-II enzymes during intestinal absorption. (rsc.org)
  • It is known that a large amount of nitric oxide and superoxide molecules, generated by inflammation, can cause nitration of guanosine. (dojindo.com)
  • Additionally, excess nitric oxide is converted to peroxynitrite, a free radical that damages mitochondria and decreases ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) production. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Several ideal compounds were manufactured and utilized that showed complete disproportionation of superoxide produced by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction. (nova.edu)
  • However, NO and superoxide anion may react to generate peroxynitrite, which is cytotoxic. (dojindo.com)
  • The body manufactures superoxide to kill bacteria and for other uses, but excess levels of superoxide can injure healthy cells. (wroc.pl)
  • They then convert them into non-damaging biochemical substances, assisting enormously with the reparation of cellular damage. (heidisharman.com)
  • In 1989, Nicotera et al suggested that the major biochemical defect in persons with Bloom syndrome is chronic overproduction of the superoxide radical anion. (medscape.com)
  • Ascorbic acid is the key ingredient used by dopamine to make noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in the adrenal glands, which is then converted to adrenaline. (alternative-cancer-care.com)
  • During prolonged chronic stress, ascorbic acid is used to create norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to be converted into epinephrine (adrenaline). (alternative-cancer-care.com)
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase convert alcohol to the hazardous intermediates acetaldehyde and acetate, respectively. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
  • NO is also involved in cell kil ing but often used as a marker of oxidative Hanahan and Weinberg (2011), i n can also react with superoxide at DNA damage, although other bas- their landmark review "Hallmarks diffusion-limited rates to form per- es are also susceptible to oxidation. (who.int)
  • In the case of the sodium-oxygen cell, the proton phase catalyst transfers the newly formed sodium superoxide (NaO 2 ) entities to solution where they nucleate into well-defined nanocrystals to grow the discharge product as micron-sized cubes. (nanowerk.com)
  • Here, we report that HS dose-dependently releases adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from neutrophils and that extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine or activates p38 MAPK and enhances N-formyl-methionyl-lencyl-phenylalanine-induced superoxide formation. (escholarship.org)
  • No intracellular production of superoxide or NO was triggered by SWCNT as evidenced by flow cytometry with DHE and DAF-2-DA, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • sites of superoxide production, with killing functions. (who.int)
  • It controls levels of a chemical called superoxide. (wroc.pl)
  • Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer development 1 . (ersjournals.com)
  • When the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) becomes highly reduced, excess electrons can be passed directly to oxygen to generate a superoxide anion. (fmaware.org)
  • However, NO and superoxide anion may react to generate peroxynitrite, which is cytotoxic. (dojindo.com)
  • To this end, many assay methods have been developed for the detection of ROSrelated or ROS-derived substances such as superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine, 8-nitroguanosine, and protein carbonyl. (dojindo.com)
  • By genetic screening, this study found that NADPH oxidases (Nox and Duox ) associated with superoxide anion (O -2 ) are responsible for caspase-3 activation and delamination. (sdbonline.org)
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on fourth-generation PA showed significantly increased superoxide anion generation in shunt PA that were decreased to control levels following inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. (nih.gov)
  • However, if the respiratory chain is inhibited, or key mitochondrial components such as CoQ are deficient, then electrons accumulate on the MRC carriers, greatly increasing the rate of a single electron being transferred to oxygen to generate superoxide. (fmaware.org)
  • Principal sources of superoxide include electron leak during mitochondrial electron transport, perturbed mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory responses to injury ( Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999 ). (biologists.com)
  • The interaction between superoxide and nitric oxide can produce potentially harmful and powerful oxidants, including peroxynitrite 2 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite. (fmaware.org)
  • It is known that a large amount of nitric oxide and superoxide molecules, generated by inflammation, can cause nitration of guanosine. (dojindo.com)
  • In some cellular conditions, superoxide anions and nitric oxide can react with each other and form peroxynitrite, a highly harmful anionic compound. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Excitotoxic stimulation of superoxide and nitric oxide production leads to formation of highly reactive products,including peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, which are capable of damaging lipids, proteins and DNA. (biologists.com)
  • Oxidative stress can be traced primarily to formation of superoxide and nitric oxide. (biologists.com)
  • To better characterize the vascular alterations in the nitric oxide-superoxide system, 12 fetal lambs underwent in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft (shunt). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Preconstricted fifth-generation PA rings were relaxed with a NOS agonist (A-23187), a nitric oxide donor [S-nitrosyl amino penicillamine (SNAP)], polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), or H 2 O 2 . (elsevierpure.com)
  • The superoxide dismutase Sod5 is co-induced with Fre8 and our findings are consistent with a model in which extracellular Sod5 acts as partner for Fre8, converting Fre8-derived superoxide to the diffusible H2O2 molecule. (nih.gov)
  • Inhibition of NOS with nitro-L-arginine or scavenging superoxide anions with tiron enhanced relaxation to SNAP and inhibited relaxation to PEG-SOD in shunt PA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We conclude that NOS catalyzes the production of superoxide anions in shunt PA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • PEG-SOD relaxes shunt PA by converting these anions to H 2 O 2 , a pulmonary vasodilator. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The extra electron in superoxide gives it a negative charge and makes it highly reactive and toxic. (ataxia.org)
  • A key step in the reduction of superoxide has been suggested to involve HO(2) binding to Fe(II), followed by innersphere electron transfer to afford an Fe(III)-OO(H) intermediate. (nih.gov)
  • Individual gene expression of cytochrome p450 1B1, activating transcription factor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn), chemokine (C-X-C motif) lig-and 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha), diacylglycerol O -acyltransferase homolog 2 (mouse), tigger transposable element derived 3, and PTEN-induced putative kinase1 were measured by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of 398 individuals. (nih.gov)
  • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes for scavenging toxic superoxides in vivo. (dojindo.com)
  • The superoxide dismutase mimic catalyst (SODm) may be at least one of an organic compound, a free radical compound, a metal complex, and a metal oxide which includes at least one functional group of a carboxyl group, a polyphenol group, and a hydroxyl group. (justia.com)
  • One of the potentially dangerous byproducts of that process is a reactive oxygen species called the superoxide radical. (nih.gov)
  • Beckman G, Lundgren E, Tarnvik A. Superoxide dismutase isozymes in different human tissues, their genetic control and intracellular localization. (paom.pl)
  • A critical problem has been that as a lithium-oxygen battery discharges, oxygen is converted into superoxide and then lithium peroxide, reactive compounds that corrode the battery's components over time. (technologyreview.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin - Helps in pain sensitivity (chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia & COMT mutations may benefit), " brain fog ", detoxifying perioxynitrites or superoxides (bad guys), as well as pernicious anemia. (methyl-life.com)
  • Nuclear-localized, iron-bound superoxide dismutase-2 antagonizes epithelial lineage programs to promote stemness of breast cancer cells via a histone demethylase activity. (nih.gov)
  • It functions primarily to support normal fat utilization by acting as a carrier of fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized and converted to energy. (acuatlanta.net)
  • Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, are synthesized as the dehydrogenase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can be readily converted to the oxidase form xanthine oxidase (XO) by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or by proteolysis. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper, the mechanism of the superoxide-induced oxidation of a synthetic ferrous SOR model ([Fe(II)(S(Me2)N(4)(tren))](+) (1)) to afford [Fe(III)(S(Me2)N(4)(tren)(solv))](2+) (2-solv) is reported. (nih.gov)
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium-air secondary battery including an air electrode (air cathode), a lithium anode (Li anode), and an electrolyte including a superoxide dismutase mimic catalyst (SODm). (justia.com)
  • Copper in the red blood cells is bound to erythrocuprein, a substance thought to have superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which is energy enhancing. (healthy.net)
  • As the superoxide levels go up, cells make more antioxidant enzymes available to keep ROS in check. (ataxia.org)
  • With these bioactive forms, the B12 does not need to be converted by your genes/enzymes in order to be available for use by your cells (conversion can be a problem for people with MTR, MTRR, COMT as well as other gene defects). (methyl-life.com)
  • This, in turn, can be converted to water and ordinary oxygen molecules. (ataxia.org)
  • However, when these enzymes cannot convert ROS to water fast enough, oxidative damage occurs. (fmaware.org)
  • This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)