DismutaseHydrogenRadicalsReactiveEnzymeDismutasesEnzymesNitric oxideXanthine oxidasePeroxynitriteExcessBiochemicalAscorbic acidIntermediatesReactSodiumExtracellularContrastProductionLevelsHydrogen peroxideManganese Superoxide DismutaseCatalaseAnionGlutathioneMitochondrialNitricNADPHMoleculeAnionsElectronProteinToxicRadicalCDNAIntracellularOxygen is convertedMutationsEpithelialMitochondriaOxidationLithiumCopperCellsWater
Dismutase34
- After sacrifice, extricated pup lenses were analyzed for mean activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase. (molvis.org)
- We evaluated the effects of two insecticides (fipronil, sulfluramid) and metallic insecticide complex (magnesium complex [Mg(hesp)2(phen)] (1)) on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the overall antioxidant capacity using two different methodologies: total radical-trapping potential (TRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). (springer.com)
- Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities showed a significant increase in relation to their contact with CBZ. (scielo.br)
- superoxide anion is then converted to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase (SOD). (dojindo.com)
- To this end, many assay methods have been developed for the detection of ROSrelated or ROS-derived substances such as superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine, 8-nitroguanosine, and protein carbonyl. (dojindo.com)
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes for scavenging toxic superoxides in vivo. (dojindo.com)
- This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)
- SOD2 is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (avivasysbio.com)
- Mutations in this gene encoding SOD2 have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (avivasysbio.com)
- Synthetic peptide within human superoxide dismutase 1 aa 105-154 / 154. (thermofisher.com)
- SOD1 (superoxide dismutase) binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. (thermofisher.com)
- The data indicate that BLM-mediated lung injury resulted in increases in lung lavage fluid biomarkers such as total protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), lipid peroxidation (LPO) products, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Bleomycin administration also resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and greater amounts of alveolar macrophage (AM) superoxide dismutase activity. (greenmedinfo.com)
- In cells , antioxidants such as glutathione , mycothiol or bacillithiol , and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase , can prevent damage from oxidative stress . (wikipedia.org)
- The main goal of the present study was to investigate the genes coding for iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) in T. cruzi strains from an evolutionary perspective. (biomedcentral.com)
- Superoxide dismutase as a therapeutic supplement. (wroc.pl)
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important elements of this system. (wroc.pl)
- Molecular cloning and characterization of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase ( sod1 ) gene in brown trout and its expression in response to acute aquaculture stressors. (wroc.pl)
- Initial characterization of an iron superoxide dismutase from Thermobifida fusca. (wroc.pl)
- Contains manganese, which helps the body use superoxide dismutase, which promotes the breakdown of free radicals. (stack.com)
- Contain copper, which helps produce antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. (stack.com)
- 131,132 These reactions are essential for the formation of superoxide dismutase, one of the body's most important free radical scavengers. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
- 179-183 Copper is required by the body to convert iron into hemoglobin 184 and is an essential constituent of many important body enzymes including a form of superoxide dismutase, a major cellular antioxidant. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
- the latter being rapidly converted to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Superoxide dismutase 3 is expressed in bone tissue and re. (au.dk)
- Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) is an extracellular protein with the capacity to convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide, an important secondary messenger in redox regulation. (au.dk)
- The selective small molecule dismutase mimetic is an agent designed to protect normal cells from radiation therapy by converting radiation-induced superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. (targetedonc.com)
- Superoxide dismutase breaks antioxidants down into hydrogen peroxide. (heidisharman.com)
- Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme that converts cellular ROS into harmless products. (molcells.org)
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to less toxic intermediates, preventing accumulation. (elsevierpure.com)
- Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) converts superoxide radicals into less toxic compounds, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tonic effect. (e-peptide.com)
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) belongs to the group of antioxidant enzymes. (e-peptide.com)
- Superoxide dismutase catalyses the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. (e-peptide.com)
- Cytochrome P450 1A1 and manganese superoxide dismutase genes polymorphisms in reactive arthritis. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen15
- Superoxide is used to generate several other compounds, including hydrogen peroxide (a strong disinfectant) and hypochlorous acid (the active ingredient in bleach). (medlineplus.gov)
- But when oxygen is not available in adequate amounts to accept electrons (hydrogen atoms) from NADH, the excess electrons form superoxide from the residual oxygen. (benbest.com)
- Hydroxy radicals, which are produced from superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by the Fenton reaction, cause multiple modifications in DNA. (dojindo.com)
- SOD catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which are much less oxidatively reactive. (dojindo.com)
- This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. (avivasysbio.com)
- This isozyme is a soluble cytoplasmic protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. (thermofisher.com)
- By contrast, lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in lung lavage fluid, BAL cells and AM. Stimulated superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide release by AM from BLM rats were found to be higher. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Superoxide dismutates, spontaneously or through catalysis via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD), to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to hypochlorous acid (HOCl, also known as chlorine bleach) by the green heme enzyme myeloperoxidase . (bionity.com)
- Superoxide dismutases (SODs) constitute key components of antioxidant defense systems, removing excess superoxide anions by converting them into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. (biomedcentral.com)
- Formulated nanoparticles were characterized structurally and surveyed for maximal activity (superoxide scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging with resultant oxygen generation) and minimal cytotoxicity (48-h direct exposure to titrated manganese oxide concentrations). (nova.edu)
- Further, the nanoparticles showed catalase-like activity by completely converting hydrogen peroxide into the corresponding concentration of oxygen. (nova.edu)
- Ascorbic acid is essential for preventing cell DNA damage caused by "oxidative stress", converting oxygen waste product's superoxide and hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water within the cell mitochondria throughout the process known as Oxidative Phosphorylation. (alternative-cancer-care.com)
- It is a key anti-oxidant used to breakdown superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria of cells, to prevent cell DNA damage and is an essential ingredient required by the adrenal glands to produce stress hormones, including norepinephrine and adrenaline. (alternative-cancer-care.com)
- Without an adequate supply of ascorbic acid [and other important anti-oxidants], superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are unable to be broken down into oxygen and water within the cell's mitochondria in the process known as Oxidative Phosphorylation, and normal cells are more likely to mutate into cancer cells due to cell DNA damage. (alternative-cancer-care.com)
- In comparison to quercetin and ascorbic acid, the scavenging of superoxide radical (SOR), hydrogen peroxide, and 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity by a model (most biologically active) of the anticancer plant was also evaluated. (who.int)
Radicals8
- EPR spin-trapping demonstrated that iron-rich (but not iron-deplete) SWCNT were redox-active and converted superoxide radicals produced by zymosan-stimulated marophages into hydroxyl radicals. (cdc.gov)
- Similarly, superoxide extracellularly generated by xanthine oxidase/xanthine yielded hydroxyl radicals. (cdc.gov)
- Once recruited and activated, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils produce and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion (O 2 . (biomedcentral.com)
- There are several Types of free radical molecules, the superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, proxy radicals and alkoxyl radicals. (scca-enterprises.com)
- Vitamins A, C and E are well known antioxidants in but they could convert to feeble free radicals once they donate their electrons to other molecules. (scca-enterprises.com)
- By comparison, antioxidant enzymes may convert free radicals into other less dangerous forms and inert and valuable compounds without getting free radicals themselves. (scca-enterprises.com)
- SOD - an enzyme that ensures the safe existence of the human body in an oxygen atmosphere, turning (dismutiruya) superoxide radicals into less toxic compounds, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tonic effect. (e-peptide.com)
- to superoxide or that "autoxidize", and when coupled with catalase Oxygen radicals clearly contribute to probably through reactions catalysed within peroxisomes or with cytosolic genomic instability, are produced by by transition metals. (who.int)
Reactive5
- The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide , a reactive oxygen species. (bionity.com)
- The enzymes convert reactive species in non-toxic molecules and also participate in the process of detoxification (which facilitates the biotransformation and excretion of "strange" molecules to the cells). (databasefootball.com)
- This mechanism is saturable at essentially typical drink levels, resulting in the overexpression of cytochrome P-450 2E 1 (CYP 2 E 1 ), whose oxidative metabolism of ethanol also generates acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species such as superoxide. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
- Background: Ethanol metabolism increases production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide () in the liver, resulting in significant oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage. (elsevierpure.com)
- Metabolism of glutathione peroxidase, can further inflammation, and - along with oth- many exogenous agents through cy- convert these reactive species to er radical species - play key roles tochrome P450-mediated reactions wate r (Benzie, 2000) . (who.int)
Enzyme4
- Endothelin converting enzyme 1, also known as ECE1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ECE1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 is involved in the proteolytic processing of endothelin-1 (EDN1), -2 (EDN2), and -3 (EDN3) to biologically active peptides. (wikipedia.org)
- This enzyme participates in a chemical reaction that converts oxygen to a toxic molecule called superoxide. (medlineplus.gov)
- Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion-deletion polymorphism with spondylarthropathies. (cdc.gov)
Dismutases1
- Superoxide dismutases SOD, Catalyse and glutathione peroxidise are antioxidant enzymes contained within our body. (scca-enterprises.com)
Enzymes1
- Nevertheless, quercetin is completely converted into its conjugated metabolites by phase-II enzymes during intestinal absorption. (rsc.org)
Nitric oxide2
- It is known that a large amount of nitric oxide and superoxide molecules, generated by inflammation, can cause nitration of guanosine. (dojindo.com)
- Additionally, excess nitric oxide is converted to peroxynitrite, a free radical that damages mitochondria and decreases ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) production. (msdmanuals.com)
Xanthine oxidase1
- Several ideal compounds were manufactured and utilized that showed complete disproportionation of superoxide produced by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction. (nova.edu)
Peroxynitrite1
- However, NO and superoxide anion may react to generate peroxynitrite, which is cytotoxic. (dojindo.com)
Excess1
- The body manufactures superoxide to kill bacteria and for other uses, but excess levels of superoxide can injure healthy cells. (wroc.pl)
Biochemical2
- They then convert them into non-damaging biochemical substances, assisting enormously with the reparation of cellular damage. (heidisharman.com)
- In 1989, Nicotera et al suggested that the major biochemical defect in persons with Bloom syndrome is chronic overproduction of the superoxide radical anion. (medscape.com)
Ascorbic acid2
- Ascorbic acid is the key ingredient used by dopamine to make noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in the adrenal glands, which is then converted to adrenaline. (alternative-cancer-care.com)
- During prolonged chronic stress, ascorbic acid is used to create norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to be converted into epinephrine (adrenaline). (alternative-cancer-care.com)
Intermediates1
- Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase convert alcohol to the hazardous intermediates acetaldehyde and acetate, respectively. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
React1
- NO is also involved in cell kil ing but often used as a marker of oxidative Hanahan and Weinberg (2011), i n can also react with superoxide at DNA damage, although other bas- their landmark review "Hallmarks diffusion-limited rates to form per- es are also susceptible to oxidation. (who.int)
Sodium1
- In the case of the sodium-oxygen cell, the proton phase catalyst transfers the newly formed sodium superoxide (NaO 2 ) entities to solution where they nucleate into well-defined nanocrystals to grow the discharge product as micron-sized cubes. (nanowerk.com)
Extracellular1
- Here, we report that HS dose-dependently releases adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from neutrophils and that extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine or activates p38 MAPK and enhances N-formyl-methionyl-lencyl-phenylalanine-induced superoxide formation. (escholarship.org)
Contrast1
- In contrast, adenosine suppresses superoxide formation. (escholarship.org)
Production2
Levels1
- It controls levels of a chemical called superoxide. (wroc.pl)
Hydrogen peroxide20
- Superoxide is used to generate several other compounds, including hydrogen peroxide (a strong disinfectant) and hypochlorous acid (the active ingredient in bleach). (medlineplus.gov)
- This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. (nih.gov)
- 6 Some examples are superoxide (·O 2 - ), the hydroxy free radical (·OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). (reasons.org)
- For example, the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase hunt the free radicals superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. (reasons.org)
- SOD converts superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide and catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen 5 . (ersjournals.com)
- Antioxidant enzymes convert the highly reactive superoxide to a less reactive hydrogen peroxide (like the one in your bathroom cabinet). (ataxia.org)
- Using special fluorescent indicators, they found that the mitochondria of SCA2 fibroblasts shine more brightly, due to increased presence of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, both indicators of oxidative stress. (ataxia.org)
- Superoxide is transformed to hydrogen peroxide by the detoxification enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase or copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, and then to water by catalase, glutathione peroxidase, or peroxidredoxin III. (fmaware.org)
- If hydrogen peroxide encounters a reduced transition metal or is mixed with superoxide, it can be further reduced to a hydroxyl radical, the most potent oxidizing agent among ROS. (fmaware.org)
- superoxide anion is then converted to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase (SOD). (dojindo.com)
- Hydroxy radicals, which are produced from superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by the Fenton reaction, cause multiple modifications in DNA. (dojindo.com)
- SOD catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which are much less oxidatively reactive. (dojindo.com)
- 2. Intro Reactive oxygen varieties (ROS) and reactive nitrogen varieties (RNS) such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite, are generated in different cellular systems through enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions (Sun & Chen 1998). (mingsheng88.org)
- Superoxide reductases (SORs) belong to a new class of metalloenzymes that degrade superoxide by reducing it to hydrogen peroxide. (nih.gov)
- EUK-134™ is a mimetic of superoxide dismutase and catalase, forming an exceptionally rare self-regenerating molecule that scavenges superoxide free radicals, eliminates hydrogen peroxide and converts reactive oxygen species into water and oxygen. (azaleasf.com)
- The ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight, ionizing radiation and numerous genotoxic chemicals, including the (by)products of normal cellular metabolism (e.g. reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide), constitute a permanent enemy to DNA integrity. (asbmb.org)
- Catalase in an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water, also showing strong antioxidant properties. (livinghealthychoice.com)
- Manganese superoxide dismutase serves as an antioxidant by converting that dangerous species into hydrogen peroxide, which another enzyme can break down into water, thereby relieving the cell of the danger. (nih.gov)
- It is an important enzyme involved in the cellular detoxification by converting highly toxic superoxide radicals into less reactive molecules, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. (paom.pl)
- It is responsible for converting the harmful superoxide radical (O 2 - ) to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), shielding the organism against its damaging effects. (dnalife.academy)
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase7
- This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. (nih.gov)
- Association of the Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Mn-SOD) Gene C47T Polymorphism with Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study. (nih.gov)
- In the expression and possible role of the major antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase, and mechanisms closely related to glutathione (GSH) metabolism were investigated in the biopsies of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and/or cell lines in culture. (charismaticplanet.com)
- Structure of the human manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme with amino acid mutations made to study how it works. (nih.gov)
- For example, manganese superoxide dismutase is the main antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria , the organelles that produce the cell's main source of energy, ATP . (nih.gov)
- Molecular structure and organization of the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene. (paom.pl)
- As an endogenous antioxidant, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the only one found within the mitochondria, which is a major site for ROS production. (dnalife.academy)
Catalase11
- The antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured using chemical kinetic reactions under spectrophotometry. (ersjournals.com)
- In order to protect against the deleterious effects of ROS, a well-developed antioxidant system exists in the lung, which includes superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase, and glutathione-dependent enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 3 . (ersjournals.com)
- The review further examines the main toxic effects of ROS on lipid, protein, glutathione metabolism, catalase, superoxide dismutases, and antioxidant capacity of plasma. (hindawi.com)
- In the cellular/subcellular systems, however, production of ROS/RNS through these oxidative enzymes can be counteracted by intracellular antioxidants, including glutathione, vitamin C and E, Coenzyme Q, and by antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. (mingsheng88.org)
- Changes of antioxidant enzymes were examined using immunohistochemistry for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), mitochondrial (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). (spandidos-publications.com)
- In addition to emulsified forms of vitamins D and K, Bio-DK Caps™ contains superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. (livinghealthychoice.com)
- After the alteration of O 2 - by SOD, antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) utilise H 2 O 2 as substrate to further convert and neutralise it to water (H 2 O) and oxygen. (dnalife.academy)
- Lead also interferes with the activity of other antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase. (medscape.com)
- to superoxide or that "autoxidize", and when coupled with catalase Oxygen radicals clearly contribute to probably through reactions catalysed within peroxisomes or with cytosolic genomic instability, are produced by by transition metals. (who.int)
- 7. Adenosine deaminase enzyme activity is increased and negatively correlates with catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in patients with Behçet's disease: original contributions/clinical and laboratory investigations. (nih.gov)
- 16. [Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in erythrocytes of women smoking during pregnancy]. (nih.gov)
Anion7
- Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer development 1 . (ersjournals.com)
- When the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) becomes highly reduced, excess electrons can be passed directly to oxygen to generate a superoxide anion. (fmaware.org)
- However, NO and superoxide anion may react to generate peroxynitrite, which is cytotoxic. (dojindo.com)
- To this end, many assay methods have been developed for the detection of ROSrelated or ROS-derived substances such as superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, DNA lesions, 8-oxoguanine, 8-nitroguanosine, and protein carbonyl. (dojindo.com)
- By genetic screening, this study found that NADPH oxidases (Nox and Duox ) associated with superoxide anion (O -2 ) are responsible for caspase-3 activation and delamination. (sdbonline.org)
- Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on fourth-generation PA showed significantly increased superoxide anion generation in shunt PA that were decreased to control levels following inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea. (elsevierpure.com)
- Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. (nih.gov)
Glutathione2
- Glutathione stabilizes ROS, and after being converted (oxidizing) to glutathione disulfide, it is reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase. (medscape.com)
- Metabolism of glutathione peroxidase, can further inflammation, and - along with oth- many exogenous agents through cy- convert these reactive species to er radical species - play key roles tochrome P450-mediated reactions wate r (Benzie, 2000) . (who.int)
Mitochondrial2
- However, if the respiratory chain is inhibited, or key mitochondrial components such as CoQ are deficient, then electrons accumulate on the MRC carriers, greatly increasing the rate of a single electron being transferred to oxygen to generate superoxide. (fmaware.org)
- Principal sources of superoxide include electron leak during mitochondrial electron transport, perturbed mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory responses to injury ( Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999 ). (biologists.com)
Nitric8
- The interaction between superoxide and nitric oxide can produce potentially harmful and powerful oxidants, including peroxynitrite 2 . (ersjournals.com)
- Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite. (fmaware.org)
- It is known that a large amount of nitric oxide and superoxide molecules, generated by inflammation, can cause nitration of guanosine. (dojindo.com)
- In some cellular conditions, superoxide anions and nitric oxide can react with each other and form peroxynitrite, a highly harmful anionic compound. (mingsheng88.org)
- Excitotoxic stimulation of superoxide and nitric oxide production leads to formation of highly reactive products,including peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, which are capable of damaging lipids, proteins and DNA. (biologists.com)
- Oxidative stress can be traced primarily to formation of superoxide and nitric oxide. (biologists.com)
- To better characterize the vascular alterations in the nitric oxide-superoxide system, 12 fetal lambs underwent in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft (shunt). (elsevierpure.com)
- Preconstricted fifth-generation PA rings were relaxed with a NOS agonist (A-23187), a nitric oxide donor [S-nitrosyl amino penicillamine (SNAP)], polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), or H 2 O 2 . (elsevierpure.com)
NADPH1
- [ 46 ] Hypertension caused through angiotensin II (Ang II) activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidase generating superoxide was reduced in rats treated with liposomal SOD. (medscape.com)
Molecule1
- The superoxide dismutase Sod5 is co-induced with Fre8 and our findings are consistent with a model in which extracellular Sod5 acts as partner for Fre8, converting Fre8-derived superoxide to the diffusible H2O2 molecule. (nih.gov)
Anions3
- Inhibition of NOS with nitro-L-arginine or scavenging superoxide anions with tiron enhanced relaxation to SNAP and inhibited relaxation to PEG-SOD in shunt PA. (elsevierpure.com)
- We conclude that NOS catalyzes the production of superoxide anions in shunt PA. (elsevierpure.com)
- PEG-SOD relaxes shunt PA by converting these anions to H 2 O 2 , a pulmonary vasodilator. (elsevierpure.com)
Electron2
- The extra electron in superoxide gives it a negative charge and makes it highly reactive and toxic. (ataxia.org)
- A key step in the reduction of superoxide has been suggested to involve HO(2) binding to Fe(II), followed by innersphere electron transfer to afford an Fe(III)-OO(H) intermediate. (nih.gov)
Protein1
- Individual gene expression of cytochrome p450 1B1, activating transcription factor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn), chemokine (C-X-C motif) lig-and 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha), diacylglycerol O -acyltransferase homolog 2 (mouse), tigger transposable element derived 3, and PTEN-induced putative kinase1 were measured by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of 398 individuals. (nih.gov)
Toxic1
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes for scavenging toxic superoxides in vivo. (dojindo.com)
Radical2
- The superoxide dismutase mimic catalyst (SODm) may be at least one of an organic compound, a free radical compound, a metal complex, and a metal oxide which includes at least one functional group of a carboxyl group, a polyphenol group, and a hydroxyl group. (justia.com)
- One of the potentially dangerous byproducts of that process is a reactive oxygen species called the superoxide radical. (nih.gov)
CDNA1
- Human Mn superoxide dismutase cDNA sequence. (paom.pl)
Intracellular1
- Beckman G, Lundgren E, Tarnvik A. Superoxide dismutase isozymes in different human tissues, their genetic control and intracellular localization. (paom.pl)
Oxygen is converted1
- A critical problem has been that as a lithium-oxygen battery discharges, oxygen is converted into superoxide and then lithium peroxide, reactive compounds that corrode the battery's components over time. (technologyreview.com)
Mutations1
- Hydroxocobalamin - Helps in pain sensitivity (chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia & COMT mutations may benefit), " brain fog ", detoxifying perioxynitrites or superoxides (bad guys), as well as pernicious anemia. (methyl-life.com)
Epithelial1
- Nuclear-localized, iron-bound superoxide dismutase-2 antagonizes epithelial lineage programs to promote stemness of breast cancer cells via a histone demethylase activity. (nih.gov)
Mitochondria1
- It functions primarily to support normal fat utilization by acting as a carrier of fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized and converted to energy. (acuatlanta.net)
Oxidation2
- Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of urate, are synthesized as the dehydrogenase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can be readily converted to the oxidase form xanthine oxidase (XO) by oxidation of sulfhydryl residues or by proteolysis. (nih.gov)
- In this paper, the mechanism of the superoxide-induced oxidation of a synthetic ferrous SOR model ([Fe(II)(S(Me2)N(4)(tren))](+) (1)) to afford [Fe(III)(S(Me2)N(4)(tren)(solv))](2+) (2-solv) is reported. (nih.gov)
Lithium1
- An embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium-air secondary battery including an air electrode (air cathode), a lithium anode (Li anode), and an electrolyte including a superoxide dismutase mimic catalyst (SODm). (justia.com)
Copper1
- Copper in the red blood cells is bound to erythrocuprein, a substance thought to have superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which is energy enhancing. (healthy.net)
Cells2
- As the superoxide levels go up, cells make more antioxidant enzymes available to keep ROS in check. (ataxia.org)
- With these bioactive forms, the B12 does not need to be converted by your genes/enzymes in order to be available for use by your cells (conversion can be a problem for people with MTR, MTRR, COMT as well as other gene defects). (methyl-life.com)
Water3
- This, in turn, can be converted to water and ordinary oxygen molecules. (ataxia.org)
- However, when these enzymes cannot convert ROS to water fast enough, oxidative damage occurs. (fmaware.org)
- This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)