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SuperantigensEnterotoxinsMammary Tumor Virus, MouseReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaMycoplasma arthritidisStaphylococcus aureusMinor Lymphocyte Stimulatory AntigensStreptococcus pyogenesT-LymphocytesLymphocyte ActivationExotoxinsHistocompatibility Antigens Class IIHLA-DR1 AntigenShock, SepticAntigens, BacterialMitogensStaphylococcal ToxoidBacterial ToxinsMice, Inbred BALB CClonal DeletionRetroviridae InfectionsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesReceptors, Antigen, T-CellCentral ToleranceYersinia pseudotuberculosisPeptostreptococcusMolecular Sequence DataStreptococcal InfectionsErysipelasPyrogensHLA-D AntigensT-Lymphocyte SubsetsAntigen-Presenting CellsYersinia pseudotuberculosis InfectionsStreptococcus PhagesClonal AnergyB-LymphocytesAntigens, ViralLeukocytes, MononuclearMice, Inbred C3HTumor Virus InfectionsDermatitis, AtopicAmino Acid SequenceBacterial ProteinsAntigen PresentationMycoplasmaCytokinesInterferon InducersHLA-DR AntigensStaphylococcal Protein ASpleenMice, Inbred C57BLExfoliatinsStaphylococcal VaccinesInterleukin-2Immunoglobulin Variable RegionEndogenous RetrovirusesStreptococcus equiGene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen ReceptorMice, TransgenicProvirusesAntigensFlow CytometryPolymerase Chain ReactionCells, CulturedBase SequenceInterferon-gammaAntigens, CD28Antigens, CD80ErythemaHybridomasCell LineStaphylococcal InfectionsAntibodies, MonoclonalMice, Inbred CBAAntigens, CDMajor Histocompatibility ComplexMurine Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeHLA-DQ AntigensImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsAntigens, CD3Membrane GlycoproteinsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesTerminal Repeat SequencesStaphylococcal Skin InfectionsHLA-DR3 AntigenInterspersed Repetitive SequencesMice, Inbred StrainsGammaretrovirusStreptococcusStaphylococcusArthritis, InfectiousClone CellsVirulence FactorsMucocutaneous Lymph Node SyndromeMaxillary SinusMembrane ProteinsZincTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaBinding Sites

SAgsEndogenousAntigensExogenousBacterial superantigenToxinsTransgenic miceStaphylococcalStreptococcalStreptococcusBacteriaProteinsImmune systemAffinityToxin1981ProteinMicrobialStaphylococcusScarlet feverBindTumorIncidenceMoleculeInflammatoryLymphocytesAcuteVirusesCellMethodsHighlyCellsFamiliesFoundNature

SAgs7

• Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
• Superantigens bind first to the MHC class II and then coordinate to the variable alpha- or beta chain of T-cell Receptors (TCR) SAgs show preference for the HLA-DQ form of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
• Prime candidates are the streptococcal superantigens (SAgs), a family of highly mitogenic proteins secreted individually or in certain combinations by many Streptococcus pyogenes strains ( 7 - 10 ), although other virulence factors, such as Streptolysin O and various cell wall antigens can also cause toxic shock ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
• What are Superantigens (SAgs)? (microbiologynote.com)
• Superantigens (SAgs) are a type of antigens that stimulate the immune system excessively. (microbiologynote.com)
• Two major families of which are the staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) and the Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) exoproteins. (researcher-app.com)
• To investigate whether this soluble beta chain (murine V beta 8.2J beta 2.1C beta 1) retains superantigen (SAG)-binding activity, we measured its affinity for various bacterial SAGs in the absence of MHC class II molecules. (silverchair.com)

Endogenous2

• According to the different activated cells, superantigens can be divided into T cell superantigens and B cell superantigens, and according to their different sources, T and B cell superantigens are divided into endogenous (viral) superantigens and exogenous ( viral) superantigens. (medicaltrend.org)
• Endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in T-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED). (bvsalud.org)

Antigens4

• Superantigens are a class of bacterial-based antigens that induce an "overactivation" of the body's immune system. (und.edu)
• The term "superantigen" was used by Kappler and Marrack in 1989 to describe this fundamentally new class of antigens. (microbiologynote.com)
• Like conventional antigens/haptens, superantigens stimulate antigen-presenting dendritic cells by increasing the expression of HLA-DR antigen and co-stimulatory molecules (CD54, CD83, and CD86) as well as the generation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) -α. (microbiologynote.com)
• Compared with ordinary antigens, superantigens do not require conventional intracellular antigen presentation and have no MHC restriction. (medicaltrend.org)

Exogenous1

• In NOD mice, an inbred mouse model of type I diabetes, puberty in males coincides with a β-chain variable region-specific T-cell expansion that mimics the results of exposure to exogenous superantigens in immunologically mature animals. (diabetesjournals.org)

Bacterial superantigen2

• 2007) Structural basis of T-cell specificity and activation by the bacterial superantigen TSST-1. (scirp.org)
• Crystal structures of four ternary complexes of different peptide mimetics with the rheumatoid arthritis-linked MHC DRB10401 and the bacterial superantigen SEB have been obtained. (rcsb.org)

Toxins2

• Superantigens are microbial or viral toxins that constitute a class of disease-associated, immunostimulatory substances and function as V-restricted, highly potent polyclonal T cell mitogens. (microbiologynote.com)
• These factors include membrane-active toxins, called cytotoxins, and a group of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. (novapublishers.com)

Transgenic mice2

• Here, we discovered two new superantigens that unlike others used before them kill advanced tumors in transgenic mice without attendant toxicity. (und.edu)
• It was Bradley's idea to use the new superantigens in some of his transgenic mice expressing human HLA-DQ8 transplanted with the solid tumors. (und.edu)

Staphylococcal2

• This repeated immune activation may be mediated by a superantigen motif in the spike protein of 2019-nCoV, which is similar to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and triggers broad and nonspecific T cell activation. (medicaltrend.org)
• His own research interests include the role of anaerobic bacteria in health and disease, structure/function of staphylococcal superantigens, and the molecular pathogenesis of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. (cdc.gov)

Streptococcal2

• Superantigens produced by Streptococcus pyogenes have been implicated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). (cdc.gov)
• Superantigen activity found in acute-phase serum samples from streptococcal disease patients has been reported. (cdc.gov)

Streptococcus1

• Molecular testing, with standard DNA extraction, emm typing, and superantigen typing methods, was performed on all 404 viable Streptococcus pyogenes URT isolates identified. (cdc.gov)

Bacteria1

• Researchers studying toxic shock syndrome (TSS) occurring during Staphylococcus aureus infections recognized that TSS was caused by superantigens produced by the bacteria. (und.edu)

Proteins2

• While all known superantigens induce vast immune cell proliferation and come from opportunistic pathogens, recently, proteins with similar broad specificity to antibody variable (V) domain families were identified in a commensal microbiota. (cornell.edu)
• The presence of these proteins in a commensal microbe suggest that binding a broad repertoire of immunoglobulins, particularly in the gut/microbiome environment, may provide an important function in the maintenance of host/microbiome homeostasis contrasting with the pathogenic role of structurally homologous superantigens expressed by pathogens. (cornell.edu)

Immune system3

• A major one, superantigens, can result in devastating effects on the immune system. (cornell.edu)
• TSST-1 is a superantigen, which means it prompts the immune system to massively overreact to an infection. (popsci.com)
• The immune system activation appears to stir up bad superantigens and molecular mimicry which confuses your body. (totalhealthmagazine.com)

Affinity2

• However, amino acid sequence differences imply that each superantigen has an affinity for particular MHC class-II alleles. (microbiologynote.com)
• B cell superantigen activity through affinity for BCR carbohydrate is discussed. (harvard.edu)

Toxin1

• Although these toxin genes were found in emm 3 and emm 4 strains not associated with scarlet fever, the probability of triggering scarlet fever may be enhanced through production of 2 such superantigens. (cdc.gov)

19811

• It's been a long journey," said Terman, who was the first to use superantigens against human cancer in 1981 and subsequently led an international team that identified and applied the new superantigens to tumor therapy. (und.edu)

Protein1

• The molecular characterization of antibody binding to a superantigen-like protein from a commensal microbe. (cornell.edu)

Microbial1

• BCR crosslinking in the absence of complementarity is a superantigen effect induced by some microbial products to subvert production of antigen-specific immune responses. (harvard.edu)

Staphylococcus2

• Infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus may cause acute glomerulonephritis by releasing bacterial superantigens. (erowid.org)
• Effect of non-absorbent intravaginal menstrual/contraceptive products on Staphylococcus aureus and production of the superantigen TSST-1. (bvsalud.org)

Scarlet fever2

• Surges in scarlet fever are believed to require a population susceptible to pharyngeal infection with specific strain types and specific superantigens. (cdc.gov)
• An association between these superantigens and scarlet fever has been reported. (cdc.gov)

Bind2

• Superantigens simultaneously bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and T-cell receptor molecules bearing a particular V-β region. (cdc.gov)
• Superantigens are active at concentrations as low as 10 mol/L. The bioactivity of a superantigen depends on its capacity to bind both MHC class II and TCR. (microbiologynote.com)

Tumor6

• Previous superantigens deployed in clinical trials of patients with advanced cancer failed to reach their potential largely due to their excessive toxicity and the widespread presence of neutralizing antibodies in human blood that blocked the superantigens from exerting their tumor killing function," Terman continued. (und.edu)
• Collectively, this established a solid basis to think that humans are going to show similar tumor killing without the deleterious toxicity seen with other superantigens," he said. (und.edu)
• In other words, Bradley and Terman demonstrated that when combined with a molecule that helped reduce toxicity, their superantigens served as lightning rods attracting the body's own T-cells to the tumor and destroying it in more than 80 percent of mice. (und.edu)
• Making this result even more attractive, Bradley added, is that the anti-tumor mechanism of the superantigens appears to be long-lasting and that it also served as a "vaccine" that prevented the development of tumors and withstood subsequent challenges with live tumor cells. (und.edu)
• Our early clinical trials with the original superantigens showed anti-tumor effects in the first four patients, but were hampered by undue toxicity and neutralization by serum antibodies. (und.edu)
• It neutralizes pathogenic cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as well as superantigens that prevent activation of classes of T lymphocytes. (nursingcenter.com)

Incidence1

• Unlike their earlier relatives, our new superantigens showed a low incidence of such disabling antibodies. (und.edu)

Molecule2

• Terman further explained that he and Bradley were able to eradicate the toxicity noted with other superantigens by combining the new superantigens with a partner molecule known as HLA-DQ8. (und.edu)
• Three-dimensional structure of a human class II histocompatibility molecule complexed with superantigen. (expasy.org)

Inflammatory2

• Specifically, superantigens trigger the white blood cells known as T-lymphocytes or T-cells that help the body generate the inflammatory response that fights infectious organisms and cancer. (und.edu)
• Both in vivo and in vitro superantigen-induced T cells result in increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and -β, interleukin (IL)-2, and INF-γ. (microbiologynote.com)

Lymphocytes1

• Large families of T lymphocytes readily recognise the MHC class-II superantigen complex, with recognition restricted only by the TCR Vβ component that each family expresses. (microbiologynote.com)

Acute1

• Bacterial Superantigens Promote Acute Nasopharyngeal Infection by Stre" by Katherine J. Kasper, Joseph J. Zeppa et al. (uwo.ca)

Viruses1

• Various viruses with genome integration encode these superantigens. (microbiologynote.com)

Cell3

• After connecting with the T cell receptor, superantigen activates a substantial number of resting T cells, up to 20 percent of the total T cells. (microbiologynote.com)
• Superantigen binding to a T cell receptor beta chain of known three-dimensional structure. (silverchair.com)
• Similar to bacterial superantigens, SARS-CoV-2 spike contains structural motifs that skew the T cell receptor repertoire, possibly accounting for the hyperinflammatory response observed in severe COVID-19 and MIS-C patients," the study says. (indiatimes.com)

Methods1

• 8 continually of 5 epub Superantigens: Methods and Protocols perturbation play former pp. soul( unique contemporary surface( happen your sets with vigorous investigator a file index all 39 album innovation population treatment passed a state striking islands too Thus. (freelanceadcopy.com)

Highly2

• Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens (and can activate up to 100% of T cells). (wikipedia.org)
• In addition, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have been demonstrated to be highly potent superantigens (capable of activating up to one hundred percent of T cells). (microbiologynote.com)

Cells1

• Once secreted, superantigens engage with antigen-presenting cells without further processing. (microbiologynote.com)

Families1

• The majority of superantigens are identified by at least three to five TCR families. (microbiologynote.com)

Found1

• This is found me to discuss to beds and situations for epub Superantigens: annually than far to sides and discoveries. (freelanceadcopy.com)

Nature1

• Over time, we discovered two superantigens that were shaped by nature into a 'nontoxic form' against which humans do not have preexisting antibodies that impede their function. (und.edu)