Sulfur emissions sulphate aerosols. Medical search. Frequent questions

Atmospheric aerosols are microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas, (our atmosphere in this instance). (copernicus.eu)
A big eruption in the tropics cools much of the planet by throwing volcanic gases high into the atmosphere, where they change into microscopic particles known as aerosols and spread around the globe, reflecting incoming sunlight. (nasa.gov)
Additional water from the volcano speeds up the change of sulfur dioxide gas into sulfate aerosols and also helps the aerosol particles grow bigger more quickly. (nasa.gov)
The size of the aerosols is important because larger particles cause more warming than cooling. (nasa.gov)
An Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras)-led international research team studied how atmospheric conversion of gaseous emissions from power plants into particulate matter (PM) results in particles that are rich in sulphate and consequently have high cloud forming potential compared to natural counterparts. (eduadvice.in)
Our study provides a rare opportunity to examine the sensitivity of cloud-forming aerosol particles to new particle formation and growth due to SO 2 emissions from a coal-fired power plant under relatively cleaner conditions. (eduadvice.in)
An immense aerosol cloud regularly swirls over India, China and Southeast Asia, fed by particles of ash, soot and organic carbon compounds. (mongabay.com)
The zeppelin has been loaded with heavy equipment, specially designed to absorb and analyse aerosols, tiny chemical particles that float in the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
The team will collect samples over various landscapes and environments, analysing aerosol particles of differing sizes and properties at several altitudes, pressures and temperatures. (euronews.com)
Sulfates makes up over 10% of the fine particles in both Asian countries and often much more during heavy pollution episodes. (hindustantimes.com)
There are other methods out there that are being explored, such as marine cloud brightening, where aerosol particles mix with low clouds over the ocean and increase the amount of reflected sunlight. (iu.edu)
In addition to exerting a direct radiative effect, the resulting aerosol particles act as cloud condensation nuclei, modulating cloud properties and extent, with impacts on atmospheric radiative transfer and climate. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
The SO2 will gradually convert to sulfate aerosol particles, but it is not clear yet whether there will be a cooling effect associated with Calbuco's eruption, researchers say. (yale.edu)
Aerosols are tiny particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere. (reading.ac.uk)
Aerosols are formed by the conversion of gases to particles, the disintegration of liquids or solids, or the resuspension of powdered material. (chemistrysources.com)
Aerosol formation from a gas results in much finer particles than disintegration processes ( except when condensation takes place directly on existing large particles). (chemistrysources.com)
Aerosol particles range in size from molecular clusters on the order of 1 nanometer to 100 micrometers. (chemistrysources.com)
The effects of the atmospheric aerosol are largely determined by the size and chemical composition of the individual particles and their morphology (shape or fractal character). (chemistrysources.com)
Aerosol processes are used routinely in the manufacture of fine particles. (chemistrysources.com)
The PILS is a well-established aerosol collection device that provides a liquid sample containing dissolved aerosol particles which can be analyzed by various methods. (noaa.gov)
Sulfuric acid also condenses onto organic and black carbon particles, producing sulfate, which increases the aerosol hygroscopicity and influences the accumulation of aerosol liquid water (Fiedler et al. (nasa.gov)
2020). Sulfuric acid is believed to be the most important source gas globally for homogeneous nucleation and growth of new aerosol particles, which may occur primarily in the tropical upper troposphere (Brock et al. (nasa.gov)
2019). SO2 and sulfate particles can be transported long distances, driving the production of haze pollution in areas downwind of SO2 emissions (Andreae et al. (nasa.gov)
Sulfate aerosols are tiny particles emitted from coal-burning power plants, industrial facilities and other sources, and can reflect incoming solar radiation, cooling parts of the atmosphere and counteracting the influence of global warming. (axios.com)
These grids serve as a substrate for the adherence of collected aerosol particles. (lu.se)

To quantify volcanic contributions to the stratospheric sulfur cycle and the resulting climate impact, we modified ESM4.1 to simulate stratospheric sulfate aerosols prognostically. (noaa.gov)
Are concentrations of greenhouse gases and other emissions that contribute to climate change increasing at an accelerating rate, and are different greenhouse gases and other emissions increasing at different rates? (nationalacademies.org)
Is human activity the cause of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases and other emissions that contribute to climate change? (nationalacademies.org)
What other emissions are contributing factors to climate change (e.g., aerosols, CO, black carbon soot), and what is their relative contribution to climate change? (nationalacademies.org)
How long does it take to reduce the buildup of greenhouse gases and other emissions that contribute to climate change? (nationalacademies.org)
In this analysis, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) scientists conclude that it is too early to attribute the recent exceptional warming to a reduction in shipping emissions undertaken since 2020. (copernicus.eu)
Scientists such as the Met Office's Ben Booth have suggested for some time that anthropogenic aerosols, such as those resulting from industrial and shipping emissions, had been a key driver of climate variability in the North Atlantic. (copernicus.eu)
Climate models have since been improved to integrate atmospheric aerosols interactions. (copernicus.eu)
However, linking SO2 reductions directly to the recent extreme marine heatwaves omits part of the complexity of using models to calculate sulphate aerosol interactions in the atmosphere or estimating the effective application of the IMO 2020 regulation, and, more generally, the complexity of climate and atmospheric chemistry. (copernicus.eu)
My main focus is SO2, a precursor of sulfate aerosol, which plays an important role in the atmosphere through negative climate forcing and impacts on cloud microphysics. (mtu.edu)
The spatiotemporal variability of natural and anthropogenic SO2 emissions, and hence of global sulfate aerosol abundance, is poorly constrained, impacting the accuracy of climate models. (mtu.edu)
Right now, we've started talking about adaptation, what adaptive measures can we take to adapt to the changes that are coming and in fact we are already committed to some amount of future climate change no matter what we do with our emissions so some degree of adaptation will be necessary. (psu.edu)
Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about 0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with 0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions. (nasa.gov)
Sulfur cycles sulfur through the land, atmosphere and living things and plays critical roles in both climate and in the health of organisms and ecosystems. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Dimethylsulfide emissions play a role in climate regulation through transformation to aerosols that are thought to influence the earth's radiation balance," says Oduro, who conducted the research while completing a Ph.D. in geology & earth system sciences at Maryland and now is a postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Large stratovolcanoes, like Rinjani, can spew a complex mixture of sulfur dioxide, water, ash, and halogens that interact with one another and the atmospheric chemistry and influence global climate. (nasa.gov)
Atmospheric chemists have learned a great deal about the chemical reactions these gases and aerosols trigger in the atmosphere - and the climate consequences. (nasa.gov)
Until very recently, however, computational technology limited the scientists' ability to put all of their understanding of volcanic emissions' chemistry-climate interactions to work in computer simulations. (nasa.gov)
New technology now allows them to see how all the various gaseous emissions - including water in addition to sulfur dioxide - influence climate following a mega-eruption. (nasa.gov)
The intricacies of the net climate impact of gas and coal life-cycle emissions are intricately linked to the phenomenon of methane leakage. (fupubheadlines.com)
study: global gas systems experiencing methane leaks exceeding 4.7% over a 20-year timeframe or 7.6% over a century are comparable in their climate impact to the life-cycle emissions of coal resulting from methane leaks in coal mines. (fupubheadlines.com)
The net climate impact of coal is also influenced by sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions, which give rise to sulfate aerosols that mask warming effects. (fupubheadlines.com)
The transformation of Sulphur dioxide into Sulphuric acid , which condenses quickly in the stratosphere to generate fine sulphate aerosols , is what has the biggest effects on climate from volcanic injections into the stratosphere. (sleepyclasses.com)
The researchers, led by Prof. Sachin S. Gunthe from the Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at IIT Madras, delved into the impact of emissions from the Neyveli coal-fired power plant located about 200 km south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, on aerosol growth and cloud-forming properties during the COVID-19-induced lockdown. (eduadvice.in)
This investigation, conducted amidst the COVID-19 lockdown in India, imparts valuable insights into the consequences of reduced human-related emissions on aerosol traits and cloud formation, thereby advancing our comprehension of the implications of coal-fired power plant emissions in the context of climate change. (eduadvice.in)
These findings have important implications for assessing the climate impacts of anthropogenic aerosols and highlight the need for comprehensive emission control measures. (eduadvice.in)
This provided a unique opportunity to isolate the impact of specific emission sources, mainly from the power plant, which continued operation during the lockdown, to understand the underlying processes of aerosol formation and its impact on cloud formation and climate. (eduadvice.in)
Scientists say that accurately modelling the intensity of aerosol effects on climate change is vital to humanity's future but aerosol complexity makes it difficult to model and understand. (mongabay.com)
Another major climate story is told by aerosols. (mongabay.com)
Aerosols' effects are tough to quantify and characterise, but have the potential to fill many gaps in climate science. (mongabay.com)
Aerosols] impact almost every part of the human body, depending upon the composition, exposure amount and size," says Bhupesh Adhikary, an air pollution specialist at the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and a lead author for the most recent assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (mongabay.com)
On the other hand, sulphur emissions from volcanic eruptions are typically large compared with the atmospheric reservoir of sulphur, and that's why a major volcanic eruption can have a rapid and significant climate effect. (tru.ca)
Sulphate aerosols do not stay in the atmosphere for more than a few years in most cases, so the climate effect tends to be quite short. (tru.ca)
Although there would have been some cooling related to sulphur emissions, the main climate effect was significant warming from CO 2 emissions (up to 2⁰ C for as much as 500,000 years). (tru.ca)
So by reducing sulphate-aerosols we run the risk of suppressing an effect which actually works against climate warming. (euronews.com)
Our implementation allows the state-of-the-science GEOS-Chem chemistry module to be used with identical emissions, meteorology, and climate feedbacks as the CAM-chem chemistry module within CESM. (copernicus.org)
In 2019, global carbon dioxide emissions hit a record high despite decades of warnings from scientists that emissions need to be declining in order to avoid the most severe consequences of climate change-extreme heat, sea level rise, and widespread food and water shortages, among other effects. (iu.edu)
One of the most commonly discussed ways to offset climate change is by releasing large amounts of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere, similar to a volcano during an eruption. (iu.edu)
And so people are talking about a way that we could temporarily and deliberately intervene in the climate system to offset some of these changes while society ramps up mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and large-scale carbon dioxide removal or adaptation processes. (iu.edu)
F or example, if you put stratospheric aerosols at high latitudes, they'll do different things to the climate than if you put them at low latitudes. (iu.edu)
Thus, changes in pelagic ecosystems, such as phytoplankton physiology and community structure, may influence organosulfur production, and subsequently affect climate via the sulfur cycle. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
A fully coupled Earth system model, including explicit marine ecosystems and the sulfur cycle, is used here to investigate the impacts of changes associated with individual phytoplankton groups on DMS emissions and climate. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
Hence, we speculate that major uncertainties associated with future marine sulfur cycling will involve strong region‐to‐region climate shifts. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
Further understanding of marine ecosystems and the relevant phytoplankton‐aerosol‐climate linkage are needed for improving climate projections. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
The cooling effect of aerosols means they have played an important role in climate change over the last 200 years, masking some of the warming caused by increases in greenhouse gases. (reading.ac.uk)
However, the climate impact of aerosols is much more interesting than a simple offsetting of the effects of greenhouse gases. (reading.ac.uk)
The short atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic aerosols means that changes in emissions are quickly translated into changes in atmospheric concentrations, and changes in impacts on air quality and climate. (reading.ac.uk)
While I expect that some scenarios are more likely than others, this means that for near-future climate projections aerosol may not change very much in the early twenty-first century, or may be reduced so quickly that we see the emission increases that took place over the last 200 years reversed in just 20-30 years. (reading.ac.uk)
Unfortunately, large differences in emission scenarios aren't the only uncertainty associated with the role of aerosol in near-future climate change. (reading.ac.uk)
Atmospheric aerosols influence climate di-rectly and indirectly. (chemistrysources.com)
The study titled, "Volcanic Climate Warming Through Radiative and Dynamical Feedbacks of SO2 Emissions," was published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. (todaysnewsheadline.com)
In a study appearing in the Journal of Climate in 2016, MIT researchers found that a high coal-use future-in which today's emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and black carbon aerosols from Asia's industry, energy and domestic sectors are set to twice their year-2000 values from 2030 to 2100-would produce significant local and global climate impacts. (mit.edu)
1 Introduction Sulfate and sulfur dioxide play an important role in en- vironmental chemistry and climate through their effect on aerosols. (documents.pub)
1988). Both the direct radiative forcing from aerosol and the indirect forcing from aerosol-cloud interactions are important for climate. (nasa.gov)
This study should motivate similar such studies, to focus our attention on a relatively overlooked driver of human-caused regional climate change - sulfur emissions from coal-fired power plants. (axios.com)

Emissions of sulfuric compounds from the earth and the atmosphere are approximately 1,100x1012 g (natural) and 200x1012 g (human) (Grzesiak et al. (cdc.gov)
1972). Since water covers 70% of the earth's surface, biogenic gas emissions are the largest natural source of sulfur emissions to the atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
Airborne sea spray and marine and coastal organisms are all responsible for introducing sulfur into the atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
Research suggests that the reduction in emissions of pollutants in Europe, thanks to regulations, i--s leading to reduced amounts of aerosols in the atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Aerosols, by scattering, reflecting or absorbing sunlight, reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the lower layers of our atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. (nasa.gov)
This key of sulfur could allow scientists to unlock heretofore hidden interactions between ocean organisms, atmosphere, and land - interactions that might provide evidence supporting this famous theory. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Newly published work done at the University of Maryland by first author Harry Oduro, together with UMD geochemist James Farquhar and marine biologist Kathryn Van Alstyne of Western Washington University, provides a tool for tracing and measuring the movement of sulfur through ocean organisms, the atmosphere and the land in ways that may help prove or disprove the controversial Gaia theory. (wattsupwiththat.com)
These measurements (1) are linked to the compounds' metabolism by these ocean organisms and (2) carry implications for tracking dimethylsulfide emissions from the ocean to the atmosphere. (wattsupwiththat.com)
We show that differences in isotopic composition of dimethylsulfide may vary in ways that will help us to refine estimates of its emission into the atmosphere and of its cycling in the oceans. (wattsupwiththat.com)
While the highest concentrations of these pollutants can be seen surrounding primary emission sites, SO 2 and SO 4 can be exported over long distances within the prevailing winds of the global circulation of the atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
Strong eruptions shoot a complex stew of gases into the atmosphere: sulfur compounds, water vapor, halogens, carbon compounds and others. (nasa.gov)
PM2.5 is often comprised of sulfate and nitrate aerosols that form as gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react with moisture in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols (which can further condense to form acid rain). (publiclab.org)
The aerosols increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space, cooling the troposphere, or lower atmosphere, of the Earth. (sleepyclasses.com)
The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a degradation product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is the largest natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere, accounting for over 90 % of global biogenic sulfur emissions (Simó, 2001). (copernicus.org)
Aerosols are fine particulates that float in the atmosphere. (mongabay.com)
Ninety percent of aerosols in the atmosphere are naturally occurring, but their levels have remained relatively constant over time, says physicist, Yi Ming a Princeton University lecturer and researcher at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (mongabay.com)
Unlike greenhouse gases, aerosols don't last long in the atmosphere. (mongabay.com)
We know that aerosols affect cloud formation and by doing so they can contribute to the cooling of the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
Sulfur isotopic anomalies (∆33S and ∆36S) have been used to trace the redox evolution of the Precambrian atmosphere and to document the photochemistry and transport properties of the modern atmosphere. (hal.science)
Recently, it was shown that modern sulfate aerosols formed in an oxidizing atmosphere can display important isotopic anomalies, thus questioning the significance of Archean sulfate deposits. (hal.science)
This in situ approach allows us to investigate the diversity of Archean sulfate texture and mineralogy with unprecedented resolution and from then on to deconvolute the ocean and atmosphere Archean sulfur cycle. (hal.science)
Our findings confirm the occurrence of a volcanic photochemical pathway specific to the early reduced atmosphere but identify variability within the Archean sulfate isotope record that suggests persistence throughout Earth history of photochemical reactions characteristic of the present-day stratosphere. (hal.science)
Among other things, volcanoes pump sulfur into the atmosphere. (iu.edu)
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), primarily produced by marine organisms, contributes significantly to sulfate aerosol loading over the ocean after being oxidized in the atmosphere. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
Overall, increases in aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere act to cool the Earth's surface. (reading.ac.uk)
While greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, most anthropogenic aerosols are lucky to last two weeks being deposited at the surface. (reading.ac.uk)
This is a marked contrast to greenhouse gases, which are evenly distributed in the atmosphere, and makes aerosols very efficient at changing circulation patterns such as the monsoons and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. (reading.ac.uk)
The atmospheric aerosol consists of material emitted directly from sources (primary component) and material formed by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere (sec-ondary component). (chemistrysources.com)
There, because this is well above the clouds and rain of the troposphere, the sulphates can hang around for a long time (a few years) while sulphates in the lower atmosphere get quickly washed out and don't generally have a long term impact (but there can be exceptions - see below). (realclimate.org)
Chemistry in the atmosphere quickly converts these gas molecules to solid sulfate aerosols. (todaysnewsheadline.com)
These aerosols reflect visible sunlight, which causes the initial cooling effect, but also absorb infrared radiation, which warms the atmosphere aloft in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere," said Scott Guzewich, lead author of the paper, in a press statement. (todaysnewsheadline.com)
Sulfur isotope analysis has been used to investigate sources and chemical processes of sulfur dioxide and sul- fate in the atmosphere, however interpretation of measured sulfur isotope ratios is challenging due to a lack of reliable information on the isotopic fractionation involved in ma- jor transformation pathways. (documents.pub)
Changing emissions distributions, coupled with an incomplete understanding of the chemistry and microphysics associated with sulfur and aerosol formation in the atmosphere, necessitates further studies which require precise and accurate measurements of SO2 throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere. (nasa.gov)
Their findings indicate the fuel types produce different, but unintended effects on particle emissions and therefore, our atmosphere. (lu.se)

From 2000 to 2006, annual mean SNA concentrations increased by about 60% over China as a result of the 60% and 80% increases in SO 2 and NO x emissions. (copernicus.org)
With no change in NH 3 emissions, SNA mass concentrations in 2015 will decrease over SCB and SC compared to their 2006 levels, but increase over NC where the magnitude of nitrate increase exceeds that of sulfate reduction. (copernicus.org)
Well constrained volcanic emissions inventories in chemistry transport models are necessary to study the impacts induced by these sources on the tropospheric sulfur composition and on sulfur species concentrations and depositions at the surface. (copernicus.org)
Sulfate concentrations increase with decreasing particle size. (cdc.gov)
Figure 3: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations as observed at Mauna Loa from 1958 to 2008 (black dashed line) and projected under the 6 IPCC emission scenarios (solid coloured lines). (skepticalscience.com)
Finally, if we don't consider geoengineering as a viable solution to the problem, that leaves us with only one solution to stemming the problem at its source which is the increasing greenhouse gas concentrations themselves, and so our final lesson of the course will be talking about mitigating greenhouse emissions. (psu.edu)
The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near-surface concentrations and vertical distribution. (nasa.gov)
Aerosol concentrations in C-GC agree with those in S-GC at low altitudes in the tropics but are over 100 % greater in the upper troposphere due to differences in the representation of convective scavenging. (copernicus.org)
Since the 19th century, concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfate aerosol dust have increased significantly. (ucanr.edu)
The increasing concentrations of methane are believed to be largely related to natural gas drilling and distribution activities, feedlot emissions and decomposition in landfills and rice fields. (ucanr.edu)
The short atmospheric lifetime of aerosols means they typically stay close to their source so that aerosol concentrations and composition varies dramatically with location. (reading.ac.uk)
The results show high concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosols in the most polluted regions: Europe, Asia and the eastern part of North America. (copernicus.org)
Asia shows higher sulfate concentrations than other regions thanks to emission reductions in Europe and North America. (copernicus.org)
The crucial factor was that the eruption was almost continuous for over 8 months which lead to significantly elevated sulphate concentrations for that whole time over much of the Atlantic and European regions, even though stratospheric concentrations were likely not particularly exceptional. (realclimate.org)
Regulation of anthropogenic emissions has resulted in decreased atmospheric SO2 concentrations in the United States and Europe since the 1970s. (nasa.gov)
Non-traditional measures include particle size, particle volatility, aerosol number and volume concentrations. (cdc.gov)

The relationship between MSA and nssSO4 levels is examined separately for each season and indicates that concentration of non-biogenic sulfate over the Antarctic plateau does not exceed 1 ng m-3 in fall and winter and remains below 5 ng m-3 in spring. (awi.de)
This weak non-biogenic sulfate level is discussed in the light of radionuclides (210Pb, 10Be, and 7Be) also measured on bulk aerosol samples collected at Concordia. (awi.de)
There are many natural sources of atmospheric aerosols, such as desert dust, sea spray and salt from the oceans, biogenic aerosols from vegetation , wildfire smoke, or volcanoes to name a few. (copernicus.eu)
Next year when we are flying to Finland and almost to Lapland, we expect much more natural biogenic emissions. (euronews.com)
So before we can understand what humans are doing to contribute to higher aerosol loadings, we also have to really understand the biogenic sources. (euronews.com)
The majority of anthropogenic sulfur is released di- rectly as SO 2 , and a significant fraction of biogenic and nat- ural sulfur (e.g. (documents.pub)

The atmospheric component of the GFDL Earth System Model (ESM4.1) uses a bulk aerosol scheme and previously prescribed the distribution of aerosol optical properties in the stratosphere. (noaa.gov)
Major volcanic eruptions which inject sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere are the dominant source of sulfuric acid aerosol in the stratosphere (Hofmann 1990). (cdc.gov)
Models that don't track water vapor show sulfur dioxide lingering too long in the stratosphere. (nasa.gov)
Global temperatures may be cooled by volcanic emissions that reach the stratosphere. (sleepyclasses.com)
the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere? (sleepyclasses.com)
One of the most commonly discussed ideas is putting large amounts of sulfate aerosols-tiny droplets of sulfur-in the stratosphere. (iu.edu)
You can't put a wall in the stratosphere and say, "I only want aerosols here. (iu.edu)
The particularly explosive eruption shot sulfur dioxide, an acrid-smelling gas that can cause respiratory problems at ground level, up into the stratosphere, where it reacts with water vapor to create sulfate aerosols that reflect sunlight and can sometimes have a slight cooling effect. (yale.edu)
In each case, the eruption was so strong that significant amounts of sulphur dioxide (which gets converted to sulphate aerosols) were carried up into the stratosphere (12 to 15 km above the ground). (realclimate.org)
This can happen equally well in the mid and high latitudes, but the key factor in tropical eruptions is that the circulation of the stratosphere (rising in the tropics, subsidence in the high latitudes) favors the worldwide dispersion of tropical sulphates, but pushes high-latitude sulphates right back down again. (realclimate.org)
We have presented here the results of a modeling experiment with the aim of producing an optically thick cloud of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere without the injection of sulfate precursors directly in the stratosphere, but rather using increased surface emissions of carbonyl sulfide (COS). (zerogeoengineering.com)
The low reactivity of COS in the troposphere, where it is not reactive and where it is predominantly absorbed by some soils and by plants, allows for a large portion of its emissions to reach the stratosphere, where it is turned into sulfate aerosols by photo-dissociation and oxidation. (zerogeoengineering.com)

Sulfur trioxide is a precursor to the production of sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
Sulphur dioxide emissions are the precursor of sulphate aerosol, which is a key player in Earth's energy balance. (copernicus.eu)
At the same time, SO2 is an important precursor of aerosols. (euronews.com)
Global emissions of black carbon and sulphur dioxide (a precursor of sulphate aerosol) from 1850 to 2100, as used in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). (reading.ac.uk)

Stratospheric injections of sulfur dioxide from major volcanic eruptions perturb the Earth's global radiative balance and dominate variability in stratospheric sulfur loading. (noaa.gov)
So far, Calbuco has released an estimated 0.3 to 0.4 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as high as 13 miles, where it will last much longer and travel much farther than if released closer to the earth's surface. (yale.edu)

While aerosols have a direct cooling effect by filtering solar radiation, their effective contribution to global cooling , or warming when they are reduced, also referred to as negative or positive radiative forcing of aerosols, is still a matter of research, and not the easiest, due to the uncertainties of indirect effects such as sulphate aerosol impacts in cloud droplet formation. (copernicus.eu)
Source attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010-2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source-tagging technique. (nasa.gov)
Subsequent changes in sulfate aerosol burden, cloud condensation nuclei number, and radiative effect are examined. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
However, changes in DMS emissions, radiative effect, and surface temperature are more intensive on regional scales. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)

Hydrogen is not directly a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions change the abundances of the greenhouse gases methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor, as well as aerosols. (noaa.gov)
Without erupted water vapor, there wouldn't be enough water in this atmospheric layer for critical reactions with sulfur dioxide to occur. (nasa.gov)
Under certain conditions, if you put the right kind of aerosols into those clouds, it can redistribute the water vapor in those clouds and make the droplets smaller. (iu.edu)

We've talked about the model projections under various possible scenarios of future carbon emissions, and we've talked about the potential impacts of those emissions, so now we're going to talk about the issue of what to do about this problem. (psu.edu)
Although aerosols tend to stay close to their source, their influence on atmospheric circulation means that a change in aerosol emissions in one region can result in impacts around the world. (reading.ac.uk)
1 Background Sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) is responsible for a number of health and environmental impacts. (nasa.gov)

As cloud droplets become less acidic, the chemical reaction that turns sulfur dioxide into sulfate aerosol gets more efficient. (washington.edu)
They include crystals of sulphate, balls of almost pure black carbon (commonly, though not entirely accurately, called soot), droplets of nitric or sulfuric acid, spores of pollen. (mongabay.com)
In this case the effect is cooling, not warming, because sulphur gases get quickly converted to sulphate aerosols, tiny droplets or crystals that block incoming sunlight. (tru.ca)
Those small droplets of sulfur are highly reflective. (iu.edu)

Multiple year-round (2006-2015) records of the bulk and size-segregated composition of aerosol were obtained at 15 the inland site of Concordia located in East Antarctica. (awi.de)
What Harry did in this research was to devise a way to isolate and measure the sulfur isotopic composition of these two sulfur compounds," says Farquhar, a professor in the University of Maryland's department of geology. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Depending on their composition, aerosols can either absorb or scatter radiation. (reading.ac.uk)
It also provides a good statistical agreement with in situ measurements of secondary inorganic aerosol composition: sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. (copernicus.org)
At the regional scale, over Europe, the model simulation with SIA is compared to the in situ measurements from the EMEP database and shows a good agreement with secondary inorganic aerosol composition. (copernicus.org)
The chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol can be used to resolve its sources, natural or anthropogenic, by a method based on chemical sig-natures. (chemistrysources.com)
This project will make PILS (Particle-into-Liquid Sampler) measurements on the AEROMMA WP-3 NOAA aircraft to provide aerosol composition data for the AEROMMA Campaign. (noaa.gov)
These measurements will provide high chemical specificity of sulfur species to complement other aerosol composition measurements to be deployed, such as aerosol mass spectrometry, and will be used to address the following research questions: (1) What are the differences in the type of sulfate observed in urban vs. marine emissions? (noaa.gov)
These factors are known to be affected by emission control devices, engine duty cycle, fuel and lubrication oil composition and other factors. (cdc.gov)
Degradation kinetics models and chemical composition data of LMCS showed the GlcA residues of chondroitin-4-sulfate (CSA) may be preferentially attacked. (bvsalud.org)

We use a chemical transport model to examine the change of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) aerosols over China due to anthropogenic emission changes of their precursors (SO 2 , NO x and NH 3 ) from 2000 to 2015. (copernicus.org)
During this period, sulfate is the dominant component of SNA over South China (SC) and Sichuan Basin (SCB), while nitrate and sulfate contribute equally over North China (NC). (copernicus.org)
If NH 3 emissions are allowed to keep their recent growth rate and increase by +16% from 2006 to 2015, the benefit of SO 2 reduction will be completely offset over all of China due to the significant increase of nitrate, demonstrating the critical role of NH 3 in regulating nitrate. (copernicus.org)
The goal is to convert sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to ammonium sulfate and nitrate that can be sold as a fertilizer. (chemistrysources.com)

Even though volcanic SO 2 emissions represent 15 % of the total annual sulfur emissions, the volcanic contribution to the tropospheric sulfate aerosol burden is 25 %, which is due to the higher altitude of emissions from volcanoes. (copernicus.org)
Smaller sources of SO 2 emissions include industrial processes such as extracting metal from ore (smelting), and the burning of high sulfur containing fuels by locomotives and large ships, and natural sources including volcanoes. (nasa.gov)
Sulphur dioxide released by volcanoes does the same. (mongabay.com)

Ice core data from Greenland shows why air pollution is dropping more slowly than sulfur emissions reductions. (washington.edu)
Observations over the eastern U.S. show why emissions reductions haven't achieved the same results in winter as they have in summer. (washington.edu)
Aerosols: are SO2 emissions reductions contributing to global warming? (copernicus.eu)
These results indicate that a joint reduction in BC and SO2 emissions could prevent at least some of the Arctic warming from any future SO2 emission reductions. (nasa.gov)
However, the timing and rate of reductions of aerosol emissions are dependent on a complex combination of political motivation and technological ability. (reading.ac.uk)
Overall, higher aerosol levels would result in more reductions in rainfall than increases, particularly in regions that are already water-stressed. (mit.edu)

The effective strategy to control SNA and hence PM 2.5 pollution over China should thus be based on improving understanding of current NH 3 emissions and putting more emphasis on controlling NH 3 emissions in the future. (copernicus.org)
In 2017, Carnival's cruise ships alone caused ten times more sulphur oxide (SOx) air pollution than all of Europe's cars (over 260 million) combined, as the ship fuel emits about 2,000 times more sulphur oxides than normal diesel fuel. (wikipedia.org)
Like greenhouse gases, there are good reasons to curb aerosol pollution. (mongabay.com)
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has proposed that coal-fired power plants across the country install air pollution control equipment in phases, with their immediate installation required only in areas with high levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2), a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels and a major respiratory irritant. (hindustantimes.com)
The paper, titled India Is Overtaking China as the World's Largest Emitter of Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide, said China and India are on opposite trajectories when it comes to sulphurous pollution. (hindustantimes.com)
The culprit, the study finds, is aerosol pollution from coal-fired power plants along with other sources. (axios.com)
They found that the most plausible explanation is the uptick in aerosol pollution over this region. (axios.com)
Therefore, the study finds that aerosol pollution, which has been worsening in Asia as coal use there continues to increase, likely has so far overwhelmed the influence of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. (axios.com)

We evaluate our interactive representation of the stratospheric sulfur cycle against data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II. (noaa.gov)
To assess the key processes associated with volcanic aerosols, we performed a sensitivity analysis of sulfate burden from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption by varying injection heights, emission amount, and stratospheric sulfate's dry effective radius. (noaa.gov)
We find that the simulated stratospheric sulfate mass burden and aerosol optical depth in the model are sensitive to these parameters, especially volcanic SO2 injection height, and the optimal combination of parameters depends on the metric we evaluate. (noaa.gov)
There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
One of the results we've seen is that if you increase carbon dioxide and offset global warming with stratospheric sulfate aerosols, you actually reduce global precipitation on average. (iu.edu)
There is evidence that the stratospheric aerosol is significant in ozone destruction. (chemistrysources.com)

The main anthropogenic source of aerosols is emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, which emit a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2. (copernicus.eu)
The report doesn't address the issue of SO2 emissions' contribution to generation of secondary particulate matter 2.5, a major pollutant in the air that has been identified as a major health challenge by scientists. (hindustantimes.com)
Sulphur dioxide when emitted, as it travels because of atmospheric chemistry, turns into particulate matter in the presence of ammonia. (hindustantimes.com)

Direct Retrieval of Sulfur Dioxide Amount and Altitude from Spaceborne Hyper-spectral UV Measurements: Theory and Application, J. Geophys. (mtu.edu)
These measurements reveal differences in the isotope ratios of these two sulfur compounds that are produced by macroalga and phytoplankton. (wattsupwiththat.com)
This was a very difficult measurement to do right, and his measurements revealed an unexpected variability in an isotopic signal that appears to be related to the way the sulfur is metabolized. (wattsupwiththat.com)
The urgency to address methane emissions gains substantial support from recent aerial measurements across US oil and gas production basins. (fupubheadlines.com)
We had started running our aerosol characterization equipment for routine measurements just a few days before the lockdown was announced and I was presented with an option of shutting down all the instruments and going home by my doctoral advisor. (eduadvice.in)
Here, we performed in situ 4S-isotope measurements of 3.2- and 3.5-billion-year (Ga)-old sulfates. (hal.science)
Using two simulations, one with and the other without secondary inorganic aerosol formation, the global model outputs are compared to previous studies, to MODIS AOD retrievals, and also to in situ measurements from the HTAP database. (copernicus.org)
The results presented in this study will be par- ticularly useful to determine the importance of the transition metal-catalysed oxidation pathway compared to other oxida- tion pathways, but other main oxidation pathways can not be distinguished based on stable sulfur isotope measurements alone. (documents.pub)
2016). Here, we report measurements of the SO2 fluorescence emission spectrum. (nasa.gov)
The significance of this finding is that reliance upon filter based measurements to determine mass emissions from a low emitting engine with CDPF can lead to significant mass measurement error and misinterpretation of results. (cdc.gov)

In this paper, the changes induced by the update of the volcanic sulfur emissions inventory are studied using the global chemistry transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle). (copernicus.org)

This can be the result of the aerosols themselves reflecting radiation back to space ( aerosol-radiation interactions ), or due to aerosols modifying the properties of clouds so that they reflect more solar radiation ( aerosol-cloud interactions ). (reading.ac.uk)

2016 , 2017 ) uses more accurate information and includes contributions from both passive degassing and eruptive emissions. (copernicus.org)
2016 , 2017 ) inventories, and degassing emissions are provided as annual averages with the related mean annual uncertainties of those emissions by volcano. (copernicus.org)
2016 , 2017 ) , significant differences appear in the global sulfur budget, mainly in the free troposphere and in the tropics. (copernicus.org)
2016 ) , SO 2 emissions became a major concern in environmental policies. (copernicus.org)
We compare how GEOS-Chem embedded in CESM (C-GC) compares to the existing CAM-chem chemistry option (C-CC) when used to simulate atmospheric chemistry in 2016, with identical meteorology and emissions. (copernicus.org)
RÉSUMÉ Afin d'atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. (who.int)

Aerosols formed from coal combustion have a high concentration of sulfates at the surface (Amdur et al. (cdc.gov)
Op-tical fibers are fabricated by an aerosol process in which a combustion-generated silica fume is deposited on the inside walls of a quartz tube a few centimeters in diameter, along with suitable dopant aerosols to control refractive index. (chemistrysources.com)
aerosol reactors are operated using high-energy electron beams to irradiate flue gases from fossil fuel combustion. (chemistrysources.com)

An evaluation against the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO 2 total column and MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations shows the improvements of the model results with the updated inventory. (copernicus.org)

The differences among coal types are attributed to differences in the ability of the ash to catalyze the oxidation of sulfur dioxide and neutralize the resulting acid. (cdc.gov)
On the other hand, oxidation of sulfur dioxide (S02) at higher operating temperatures to sulfates increased the mass concentration. (cdc.gov)

these conditions facilitate the production of sulfuric acid in gas and aqueous phases and facilitate the long-range transport of acid aerosols (Spengler et al. (cdc.gov)
1990). The production of acid aerosols is principally a summertime occurrence because it is driven by photochemistry and the demand for electricity for air conditioning (Spengler et al. (cdc.gov)

Generally, sulphate aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei, favouring cloud formation, therefore reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. (copernicus.eu)

Gas emissions by vulcanism have shown estimates which vary due to methods of measurement and vulcanism variability. (cdc.gov)
Harry's work establishes that we should expect to see variability in the sulfur isotope signatures of these compounds in the oceans under different environmental conditions and for different organisms. (wattsupwiththat.com)
To determine the cause of a sharp decrease in precipitation during the past 80 years, they used computer models to simulate the response of the monsoon to various factors, from greenhouse gases to solar variability and sulfate aerosols from coal plants. (axios.com)

A 20% global reduction in anthropogenic SO2 emissions leads to a net Arctic TOA forcing increase of +0.019 W m 2. (nasa.gov)

Data regarding emissions of sulfur dioxide, which reacts with water in air to form sulfuric acid, were identified and are summarized below. (cdc.gov)

Seasonal variations of the contribution to Arctic sulfate burden from remote sources are strongly influenced by meteorology. (nasa.gov)
During the lockdown, as anthropogenic emissions, such as traffic and industries, significantly decreased, the researchers observed a drastic reduction in the overall aerosol burden over the study region. (eduadvice.in)

Contributions to the atmospheric aerosol come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. (chemistrysources.com)

Moreover, a sensitivity study on passive degassing emissions, using the annual uncertainties of emissions per volcano, also confirmed the nonlinear link between tropospheric sulfur species content with respect to volcanic SO 2 emissions. (copernicus.org)
What are some of the risks and uncertainties surrounding solar geoengineering and sulfate aerosols? (iu.edu)

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is one of a group of highly reactive gasses known as 'oxides of sulfur' that can act as a pollutant near the surface leading to poor air quality around major emission sites. (nasa.gov)

Studies have concluded that the drop in emissions significantly reduced the formation of clouds over shipping lanes. (copernicus.eu)
A comparison of AIRS, MODIS and OMI sulphur dioxide retrievals in volcanic clouds, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, Special Issue: Passive satellite techniques and ground-based investigations for volcanic activity monitoring (in press). (mtu.edu)
With a mean lifetime of just a couple of days in the troposphere, emitted SO 2 is quickly converted to sulfate aerosol (SO 4 ) through oxidation by OH or by reaction with H 2 O 2 within clouds. (nasa.gov)
The observations and analyses presented in the research paper offer a rare chance to explore how aerosols with the ability to form clouds react to new particle formation and growth resulting from SO 2 emissions from a coal-fired power plant. (eduadvice.in)
Atmospheric DMS is rapidly oxidized to sulfate aerosols that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), backscattering incoming radiation, increasing the albedo of low-altitude clouds and potentially cooling the Earth (Charlson et al. (copernicus.org)

This study highlights the need for accurate estimates of volcanic sources in chemistry transport models in order to properly simulate tropospheric sulfur species. (copernicus.org)
Space-borne sensors such as the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite now allow us to probe the chemistry of the lower troposphere and measure the abundance of sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone, bromine monoxide (BrO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and other important trace gases with unprecedented sensitivity. (mtu.edu)
Sulfur compounds, especially sulfur dioxide, are key to post-eruption cooling, so modelers had previously focused on sulfur chemistry. (nasa.gov)
In this study we develop a secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) module for the MOCAGE chemistry transport model developed at CNRM. (copernicus.org)

Additionally, each of the these eruptions had a high VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) and high sulphur dioxide amounts in the ejecta. (realclimate.org)
Eruptions like the one we simulated would emit massive amounts of sulfur dioxide gas. (todaysnewsheadline.com)

1997). The largest natural direct source of sulfur dioxide is volcanic eruptions. (cdc.gov)
Natural sources of SO 2 from volcanic emissions can be seen throughout the 'Ring of Fire' surrounding the Pacific Ocean, and from other significant eruptions including Mt Etna in Italy and the Rabaul Volcano in New Britain. (nasa.gov)
Carbonaceous aerosol from fires is shown in green, and sulphate from industry and volcanic eruptions is shown in white. (reading.ac.uk)
The simulation assumed that these explosive events happened four times per year and released about 80 per cent of the eruptions' sulphur dioxide. (todaysnewsheadline.com)

Some of the more optimistic emission scenarios from the IPCC predict warming of 1 to 2°C. The last time temperatures were this high were 125,000 years ago. (skepticalscience.com)
Figure 4: Observed global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement production compared with IPCC emissions scenarios. (skepticalscience.com)

Sulfur, the tenth most abundant element in the universe, is part of many inorganic and organic compounds. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Atmospheric aerosols and aerosols emitted from industrial sources are normally composed of mixtures of chemical compounds. (chemistrysources.com)

Natural sources of atmospheric vanadium include continental dust, marine aerosol, and volcanic emissions. (cdc.gov)

We showed that water can change the response to the sulfur dioxide injection. (nasa.gov)
It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)

These barites are interpreted as primary volcanic emissions formed by SO2 photochemical processes with variable contribution of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) shielding in an evolving volcanic plume. (hal.science)
Aerosol reaction engineering refers to the design of such processes, with the goal of relat-ing product properties to the properties of the aerosol precursors and the process conditions. (chemistrysources.com)

The increased sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol levels would exert a large cooling effect throughout the Northern Hemisphere and particularly in South and East Asia, but also weaken several major monsoon systems, suppressing precipitation over vast land masses. (mit.edu)

Sulfur dioxide released during the burning of fossil fuels is also a major source of atmospheric sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)

Effects of the atmospheric aerosol on human health have led to the establishment of ambient air-quality standards by the United States and other industrialized nations. (chemistrysources.com)
There is much uncertainty concerning the chemical com-ponents of the atmospheric aerosol that produce adverse health effects detected in epidemiological studies. (chemistrysources.com)

In addition, sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and perfluorocarbon gases such as carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) are very potent and nearly inert greenhouse gases with atmospheric lifetimes much longer than 1000 years. (nationalacademies.org)
Fundamentally, there are two different forms of mitigation that have been widely considered -reduction of carbon emissions and geoengineering. (psu.edu)
Carbon emissions cross every sector of society, every sector of modern civilization from energy supplied at transportation, to agriculture, to buildings, construction of buildings, to waste management. (psu.edu)
Assuming that the volcanic eruption proceeded episodically (which is typical), there would have been short periods of cooling caused by sulphate aerosol pulses, and increasingly intense warming caused by the progressive buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide. (tru.ca)
As such, solar geoengineering is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissions but would act as a temporary measure to limit warming while emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced and carbon dioxide is removed . (wikipedia.org)

The well-marked maximum of non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4) in January (84 ± 25 ng m-3 against 4.4 ± 2.3 ng m-3 in July) is consistent with observations made at the coast (280 ± 78 ng m-3 in January against 16 ± 9 ng m-3 in July at Dumont d'Urville, for instance). (awi.de)
Advanced sensors including the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flying on NASA's Aura spacecraft since 2004 have been employed to measure SO 2 from space, while the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite launched in 2006 provides observations of atmospheric sulfate aerosols. (nasa.gov)
In addition, the simulation with SIA generally gives a better agreement with observations for secondary inorganic aerosol precursors (nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, ammonia), in particular with a reduction of the modified normalized mean bias (MNMB). (copernicus.org)

This work describes key improvements made to the in situ laser-induced fluorescence instrument for measuring sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) that was originally described by Rollins et al. (nasa.gov)

For many applications, the aerosol can be characterized sufficiently by measuring the particle size distribution function and the average distribution of chemical components with respect to particle size. (chemistrysources.com)
Aerosol optical properties depend on particle size distribution and refractive index, and the wavelength of the light. (chemistrysources.com)
This sampling and analysis method does not provide real-time data, nor does it provide information on particle volatility, particle size, or aerosol number concentration. (cdc.gov)

Such variations highlight the global scale of the problem, underscoring the imperative to accelerate practices related to methane emissions detection, accounting, and management. (fupubheadlines.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms17

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs131

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care30

Particles25

Climate55

Atmosphere35

Concentrations16

Biogenic6

Stratosphere12

Precursor4

Earth's2

Radiative4

Water vapor3

Impacts3

Droplets4

Composition10

Nitrate4

Volcanoes3

Reductions6

Pollution8

Stratospheric6

Particulate matter3

Measurements10

Volcanic sulfur emissions1

Interactions1

20166

Combustion3

Moderate Resolution Imagin1

Oxidation of sulfur dioxide2

Acid aerosols2

Cloud condensation1

Variability3

Anthropogenic SO2 emissions1

Reacts with water1

Burden2

Natural and anthropogenic1

Uncertainties2

Oxides1

Clouds5

Chemistry4

Amounts2

Eruptions4

IPCC2

Compounds2

Dust1

Injection2

Processes2

Carbonaceous1

Dioxide released1

Atmospheric aerosol2

Carbon5

Observations3

Situ1

Particle size3

Methane emissions1