• Inhalation Aerosol. (nih.gov)
  • Albuterol Sulfate HFA Inhalation Aerosol is indicated for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients aged 4 years and older with reversible obstructive airway disease. (nih.gov)
  • Combivent® Inhalation Aerosol is a combination of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate. (theodora.com)
  • Combivent Inhalation Aerosol contains a microcrystalline suspension of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate in a pressurized metered-dose aerosol unit for oral inhalation administration. (theodora.com)
  • Combivent Inhalation Aerosol is a combination of the anticholinergic bronchodilator, ipratropium bromide, and the beta 2 -adrenergic bronchodilator, albuterol sulfate. (theodora.com)
  • PROVENTIL HFA Inhalation Aerosol is a pressurized metered-dose aerosol unit for oral inhalation. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Sulfate is among the major components of atmospheric aerosols or fine particulate matters. (copernicus.org)
  • Sulfate aerosols could originate from that directly emitted to the atmosphere and that produced by atmospheric physicochemical processes. (copernicus.org)
  • Alkylaminium sulfates originate from the neutralisation reaction between short-chained amines and sulfuric acid and have been detected in atmospheric aerosol particles. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Their physicochemical behaviour is less well characterised than their inorganic equivalent, ammonium sulfate, even though they play a role in atmospheric processes such as the nucleation and growth of new particles and cloud droplet formation. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Improved Representation of Atmospheric Aerosol Hygroscopicity. (uea.ac.uk)
  • 1973. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate: Distribution of concentration at urban and nonurban sites in United States. (cdc.gov)
  • A lidar measures backscattered light from atmospheric targets e.g. aerosols including volcanic ash and Saharan dust, water droplets and ice crystals, using laser pulses transmitted at one or more given wavelengths (UV, visible or IR). (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • Return to Start page for Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Names PLEASE DO NOT USE THE NAVIGATION BAR ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE! (esipfed.org)
  • The proposed standard_names listed below are based on the ideas provided at Construction of Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Terms and Future Standard_Names . (esipfed.org)
  • Natural sources of atmospheric vanadium include continental dust, marine aerosol, and volcanic emissions. (cdc.gov)
  • Major volcanic eruptions have an overwhelming effect on sulfate aerosol concentrations in the years when they occur: eruptions ranking 4 or greater on the Volcanic Explosivity Index inject SO2 and water vapor directly into the stratosphere, where they react to create sulfate aerosol plumes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Huge volcanic eruptions can produce sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. (spaceref.com)
  • A tentative explanation is that sulfate particles are increasingly coated by organic material, retarding the uptake of ammonia. (nasa.gov)
  • as microscopic liquid droplets or fine (diameter of about 0.1 to 1.0 micrometre) sulfate solid particles in a colloidal suspension, with smaller particles at times coagulating into larger ones.The other major source are chemical reactions with dimethyl sulfide (DMS), predominantly sourced from marine plankton, with a smaller contribution from swamps and other such wetlands. (wikipedia.org)
  • And sometimes, aerosols are produced from photochemical decomposition of COS (carbonyl sulfide), or when solid sulfates in the sea salt spray can react with gypsum dust particles). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the eastern United States, sulfate particles were estimated to account for 25% or more of all air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
  • The partitioning between solid and aqueous phases of tropospheric sulfate-ammonium particles is simulated with a global 3-D chemical transport model (CTM). (nasa.gov)
  • Fluctuations in the CRH, which can be induced by other constituents in sulfate particles such as minerals or organic molecules, strongly affect the solids mass fraction in the boundary layer but not at higher altitudes. (nasa.gov)
  • An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
  • At 532 nm wavelength, optical properties of black carbon ( BC) particles mixed with sulfate are computed by use of two morphological models, a closed cell and a coated aggregate model. (chalmers.se)
  • These grids serve as a substrate for the adherence of collected aerosol particles. (lu.se)
  • Priming information: Prime Albuterol Sulfate HFA before using for the first time, when the inhaler has not been used for more than 2 weeks, or when the inhaler has been dropped. (nih.gov)
  • Inhaler containing 108 mcg albuterol sulfate (90 mcg albuterol base) as an aerosol formulation for oral inhalation. (nih.gov)
  • Albuterol metered aerosol is a type of inhaler. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If sulfate aerosol becomes more acidic as OA / sulfate ratios increase, then controlling SO2 emissions to decrease sulfate aerosol will not have the co-benefit of suppressing acidcatalyzed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. (nasa.gov)
  • Such an increase in sulfate aerosol emissions had a variety of effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aerosol emissions have decreased, particularly in Europe and the US over the 1990s, largely due to clean air legislation. (realclimate.org)
  • Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. (wikipedia.org)
  • It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that it "is the most-researched [solar geoengineering] method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)." However, like other solar geoengineering approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection would do so imperfectly and other effects are possible, particularly if used in a suboptimal manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
  • We implement a simple kinetic mass transfer limitation for ammonia uptake to sulfate aerosols in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and find that we can reproduce both the observed ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratios and the concurrent presence of gas-phase ammonia. (nasa.gov)
  • On this page we provide information about the sulfate aerosol species in GEOS-Chem. (harvard.edu)
  • The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. (nasa.gov)
  • Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about 0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with 0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions. (nasa.gov)
  • Sulfate aerosols can be anthropogenic (through the combustion of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel), biogenic from hydrosphere and biosphere, geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events. (wikipedia.org)
  • Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
  • Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
  • The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near-surface concentrations and vertical distribution. (nasa.gov)
  • In some air masses, aerosol mass mixing ratios increased by factors exceeding 100 and aerosol surface area concentrations increased by factors of 30 or more. (nasa.gov)
  • However, before the Industrial Revolution, dimethyl sulfide pathway was the largest contributor to sulfate aerosol concentrations in a more average year with no major volcanic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1993. Chronic respiratory disease associated with long term ambient concentrations of sulfates and other air pollutauts. (cdc.gov)
  • Preclinical Intravenous studies in rats with albuterol sulfate have demonstrated that albuterol crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches brain concentrations amounting to approximately 5% of the plasma concentrations. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • This uptake of ammonia has important implications for aerosol mass, hygroscopicity, and acidity. (nasa.gov)
  • Computations of aerosol deposition as affected by (1) aerosol hygroscopicity, (2) human age, and (3) respiratory intensity are accomplished using a validated mathematical model. (epa.gov)
  • Source attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010-2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source-tagging technique. (nasa.gov)
  • The gas-phase sulfur oxidation chemistry in the model includes DMS oxidation by OH to form SO2 and MSA, DMS oxidation by nitrate radicals (NO3) to form SO2, and SO2 oxidation by OH to form sulfate. (harvard.edu)
  • By far the best-studied are the various sulfur compounds collectively referred to sulfate aerosols. (wikipedia.org)
  • This group includes inorganic sulfates (SO42-),HSO4- and H2SO4-: organic sulfur compounds are sometimes included as well, but are of lower importance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inorganic aerosols are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in the clouds), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation. (wikipedia.org)
  • ProAir RespiClick (albuterol sulfate) is a bronchodilator used to treat or prevent bronchospasm in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (mountainside-medical.com)
  • This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, as of 2021, there has been little research and existing natural aerosols in the stratosphere are not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Albuterol sulfate, chemically known as (1,3-benzenedimethanol, (alpha)'-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl) amino] methyl]-4-hydroxy, sulfate (2:1)(salt), (±)- is a relatively selective beta 2 -adrenergic bronchodilator. (theodora.com)
  • Albuterol metered aerosol is a bronchodilator (a type of drug that opens your airways). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Production of total inorganic nitrate (gas-phase nitric acid and aerosol nitrate) in the model is computed from the ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon chemical mechanism. (harvard.edu)
  • 2− aerosol (S(VI) ≡ H2 SO4 (aq) + HSO− 4 + SO4 ) should take up available ammonia (NH3 ) quantitatively as ammonium (NH+ 4 ) until the ammonium sulfate stoichiometry (NH4 )2 SO4 is close to being reached. (nasa.gov)
  • When ammonia is in excess, the ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratio R = [NH+ 4 ] / [S(VI)] should approach 2, with excess ammonia remaining in the gas phase. (nasa.gov)
  • When ammonia is in deficit, it should be fully taken up by the aerosol as ammonium and no significant ammonia should remain in the gas phase. (nasa.gov)
  • Here we report that sulfate aerosol in the eastern US in summer has a low ammonium-sulfate ratio despite excess ammonia, and we show that this is at odds with thermodynamic models. (nasa.gov)
  • The ammonium-sulfate ratio averages only 1.04 ± 0.21 mol mol−1 in the Southeast, even though ammonia is in large excess, as shown by the ammonium-sulfate ratio in wet deposition and by the presence of gas-phase ammonia. (nasa.gov)
  • Aerosol Formation in Urban Plumes. (epa.gov)
  • Aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2 in clouds to form sulfate is included using kinetic data from Jacob [1986] and assuming a pH of 4.5 for the oxidation by O3. (harvard.edu)
  • During July and August of 1986, 1987, and 1988, a field study was conducted of ambient acidic aerosol levels in Toronto, Ontario. (cdc.gov)
  • During the summer of 1986, a quasicontinuous total sulfate/sulfuric acid analyzer was also deployed to allow a determination of the chemical form of H+. (cdc.gov)
  • 1986. Coal combustion aerosols and SO: An interdisciplinary analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • 1989. Furnace-generated acid aerosols: Speciation and pulmonary effects. (cdc.gov)
  • The relationship between MSA and nssSO4 levels is examined separately for each season and indicates that concentration of non-biogenic sulfate over the Antarctic plateau does not exceed 1 ng m-3 in fall and winter and remains below 5 ng m-3 in spring. (awi.de)
  • Then the relationship between sulfate concentration and the SO 2 -OH reaction is analyzed statistically to investigate the sources of sulfate in aerosols. (copernicus.org)
  • Increases in aerosol surface area concentration were accompanied by increases in chlorine monoxide at mid-latitudes when confounding factors were controlled. (nasa.gov)
  • When dispersed as a vapor or aerosol, or absorbed on dust, they are readily absorbed through the respiratory tract and conjunctivae. (who.int)
  • Albuterol metered aerosol is available in brand-name forms called Proair HFA, Proventil HFA, and Ventolin HFA . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Proair HFA, Proventil HFA, and Ventolin HFA are the brand-name medications that albuterol metered aerosol is based on. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If you're interested in using Proair HFA, Proventil HFA, or Ventolin HFA instead of albuterol metered aerosol, talk with your doctor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To calculate the human influence on climate, three forcings were considered: ozone, sulfate aerosols and man-made greenhouse gases. (skepticalscience.com)
  • More volcanism means more sulfate aerosols blocking out solar heat from penetrating into the ocean. (climatedepot.com)
  • Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
  • Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
  • This study investigated the effects of particle transfer to the covers of aerosol samplers during transportation of wood dust and welding fume samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Then in December 2021, Proctor and Gamble issued a voluntary recall of their aerosol dry shampoo and dry conditioner products because of the presence of benzene in some of them. (weheartthis.com)
  • Deposition of Sulfate Acid Aerosols in the Developing Human Lung. (epa.gov)
  • It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this work, a comparative evaporation kinetics experimental technique using a cylindrical electrodynamic balance is applied to determine the hygroscopic properties of six short-chained alkylaminium sulfates, specifically mono-, di-, and tri-methylaminium sulfate and mono-, di-, and tri-ethyl aminium sulfate. (uea.ac.uk)
  • equal to 100 nmole/m3) did occur in this city during the summer months, and that H+ peaks were well correlated with sulfate peaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Serious side effects from albuterol metered aerosol aren't common, but they can occur. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Aerosols loaded with sulfate result in low air quality, damage to ecosystems, and influences on climate change. (copernicus.org)
  • The dominance of solids in the upper troposphere arises in part from high sulfate neutralization, reflecting in our simulation a low retention efficiency of NH3 upon cloud freezing. (nasa.gov)
  • The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)
  • In a first commissioning experiment at MAX IV's SoftiMAX beamline, Swedish researchers analysed the cloud-forming abilities of particle exhaust from ships using low-sulphate fuels as well as high-sulphate fuels conditioned with wet scrubbers. (lu.se)
  • Albuterol sulfate is a white to off-white crystalline powder, soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. (theodora.com)
  • Aerosol dry shampoo is sold in an aerosol spray can, while non-aerosol dry shampoo is sold in various containers like powder shakers. (weheartthis.com)
  • Inconsistency of ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratios with thermodynamic models in. (nasa.gov)
  • Many of these products were initially introduced into the market as aerosol products, meaning they came in a spray can with an added propellant that allowed the product to be delivered to the scalp with high speed and equal distribution. (weheartthis.com)
  • The well-marked maximum of non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4) in January (84 ± 25 ng m-3 against 4.4 ± 2.3 ng m-3 in July) is consistent with observations made at the coast (280 ± 78 ng m-3 in January against 16 ± 9 ng m-3 in July at Dumont d'Urville, for instance). (awi.de)
  • High sulfate neutralization is consistent with the few available observations in the upper troposphere. (nasa.gov)
  • Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. (academickids.com)
  • The simulation explicitly accounts for the hysteresis of particle phase transitions by transporting aqueous sulfate and three solid sulfate forms (namely, ammonium sulfate, letovicite, and ammonium bisulfate). (nasa.gov)
  • The particle size distribution of an aerosol is one of the main factors not unexpected regarding the low-dose and short-term exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation animal studies usually employ aerosols of small particle diameter and great homogeneity. (cdc.gov)
  • Yet, differences in deposited/retained doses between animals and in workers humans due to particle size differences of aerosols have not been consistently taken into account in risk assessment (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • This study evaluates the performance of the disposable inhalable aerosol sampler (DIAS), a new sampler developed to be more cost-effective than the traditional inhalable particle samplers and comparable to the inhalable particle sampling convention. (cdc.gov)
  • With silver iodide began the birth of spraying stratospheric aerosols into the Earth's atmosphere. (abovetopsecret.com)
  • No. The difference is that this is talking about the sunlight reaching the ground which is much more affected by what's in the atmosphere (clouds, aerosols etc.) than it is affected by the relatively small changes in the sun's output. (realclimate.org)
  • Multiple year-round (2006-2015) records of the bulk and size-segregated composition of aerosol were obtained at 15 the inland site of Concordia located in East Antarctica. (awi.de)
  • Thus relative to the 1980s there was probably an additional positive forcing from the aerosol decrease. (realclimate.org)
  • This observation supports the assertion that reactions occurring on the aerosol can increase the fraction of stratospheric chlorine that occurs in ozone-destroying forms. (nasa.gov)
  • We find that the solids mass fraction on a sulfate basis is 0.34, partitioned as 93% ammonium sulfate, 6% letovicite, and 1% ammonium bisulfate. (nasa.gov)
  • Need for more doses of Albuterol Sulfate HFA than usual may be a sign of deterioration of asthma and requires reevaluation of treatment. (nih.gov)