• The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bases include the pyrimidine bases (cytosine, thymine in DNA, and uracil in RNA, one ring) and the purine bases (adenine and guanine, two rings). (khanacademy.org)
  • Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines , meaning that their structures contain two fused carbon-nitrogen rings. (khanacademy.org)
  • Sugar Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Purines Pyrimidines 1. (slideserve.com)
  • Adenine (A) is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA, with the other three being cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, adenine bases on one strand pair with thymine bases on the opposite strand. (genome.gov)
  • They see how the pattern of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) forms the double helix ladder shape of DNA, and serves as the code for the steps required to make genes. (teachengineering.org)
  • The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell. (allaboutscience.org)
  • Each of the four bases on DNA, Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T) is bonded covalently to a deoxyribose sugar. (wikibooks.org)
  • Here, the N9 atoms of the purines, guanine and adenine, and the N1 atoms of the pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA), respectively, form glycosidic linkages with the C1' atom of the sugars. (wikiversity.org)
  • The double helical structures of DNA or RNA are generally known to have base pairs between complementary bases, Adenine:Thymine (Adenine:Uracil in RNA) or Guanine:Cytosine. (wikiversity.org)
  • Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). This base pairing is a crucial feature of the DNA structure. (humanityuapd.com)
  • Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. (humanityuapd.com)
  • Adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine are called 'bases' and their arrangement in a particular order is what stores the genetic information in DNA. (xeragenx.com)
  • Cytosine can only pair with guanine and adenine only with thymine and hundreds to thousands of 'base pairs' in various sized genes preserve the instructions in their 'spelling' or sequence for producing enzymes needed to metabolize nutrients. (xeragenx.com)
  • Attached to each sugar is one of four bases--adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases, with adenine forming a base pair with thymine, and cytosine forming a base pair with guanine. (xeragenx.com)
  • In DNA , the purine bases are commonly adenine and guanine whereas the pyrimidine bases are typically thymine and cytosine . (biologyonline.com)
  • It consists of the sugar phosphate backbone and the base pairs: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. (amandabarnaby.com)
  • These complementary base pair to the exposed DNA bases (don't forget that RNA has uracil instead of thymine). (zhtutorials.com)
  • The structure of i-motif was found using NMR, where it was found that the length of cytosine sequences ranged from 3 to 12 bases, and it may also have thymine residues in between the cytosine sequences. (news-medical.net)
  • Each nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar known as deoxyribose, a phosphate unit and one of four bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine (or A, T, G and C). (vieterre.fr)
  • Also, as adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine, each strand of DNA is a 'mirror image' of the opposite strand. (vieterre.fr)
  • Another way bases can be mismatched is by simply shifting their position in space, resulting in an inappropriate bond forming between bases that are not commonly paired (e.g. thymine-guanine), in a process known as wobbling. (ukessays.com)
  • Ultraviolet (UV) light can be detrimental to DNA in skin cells by causing a substitution of a cytosine base in the template strand to a thymine nucleotide in the newly synthesised strand. (ukessays.com)
  • This occurs through deamination, where the hydrolysis of cytosine, turning it into uracil, causes the base to mispair with adenine during replication, and ultimately be replaced by thymine. (ukessays.com)
  • In DNA it pairs specifically with adenine in the complementary strand, so that the thymine:adenine base ratio is 1:1. (botanydictionary.org)
  • Thymine is linked to other bases of the same strand through a sugar-phosphodiester backbone, the nucleotide of thymine being called thymidine (thymine + deoxyribose sugar + phosphate). (botanydictionary.org)
  • Thymine is more fully described as 5-methyl-2,4-dioxypyrimidine and is derived from sugars and amino acids. (botanydictionary.org)
  • The double helix, made up of a pair of DNA strands, has bases in its core that are joined by hydrogen bonds to form base pairs: adenine always paired with thymine and guanine always paired with cytosine. (rainis.pics)
  • In the more common B form, the DNA helix has a repeat of 10.5 base pairs per turn, with the sugar and phosphate forming the covalent phosphodiester "backbone" of the molecule, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine line up in the middle, where the base pairs we know today are, which look like the rungs of a ladder. (rainis.pics)
  • Nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids include adenine and guanine (called purines) and cytosine, uracil, or thymine (called pyrimidines). (rainis.pics)
  • It is composed of a sugar and phosphate backbone and 4 nitrogen-containing bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. (james-schroeder.com)
  • It is a long polymer composed of four types of nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G). The nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of another nucleotide. (nativeoaksplayersclub.com)
  • RNA has uracil in place of thymine as one of its bases, uses ribose in place of deoxyribose, and is single-stranded. (weegy.com)
  • For one, mRNA has no complementary strand and instead of the base thymine it has uracil. (atthaiproperty.com)
  • The bases are arranged in pairs of the five primary ones: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). A, G, C and T are categorized as purines while U is a pyrimidine. (atthaiproperty.com)
  • The first is a distinct nitrogenous base, which is adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine. (onelovefilm.com)
  • The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. (cdc.gov)
  • The nitrogen bases protruding from the existing strand bind to bases of the strand being synthesized according to the base pairing rules: Adenine binds to Thymine, and Cytosine binds to Guanine. (cdc.gov)
  • Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The sugar molecule has a central position in the nucleotide, with the base attached to one of its carbons and the phosphate group (or groups) attached to another. (khanacademy.org)
  • Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
  • We now understand that each human DNA molecule is comprised of chemical bases arranged in approximately 3 billion precise sequences. (allaboutscience.org)
  • Some current theories argue that self-organizing properties within the base chemicals themselves created the information in the first DNA molecule. (allaboutscience.org)
  • However, with the discovery, mapping and sequencing of the DNA molecule, we now understand that organic life is based on vastly complex information code, and such information cannot be created or interpreted without a Master Designer at the cosmic keyboard. (allaboutscience.org)
  • Such sequencing involves determining the order and location of bases on a DNA strand - including damage sites labeled by unnatural bases - by passing the strand through a molecule-size pore or nanopore. (utah.edu)
  • Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. (humanityuapd.com)
  • DNA is made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (slidemake.com)
  • Phosphorus is found in the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids, in phospholipids, and in the energy transfer molecule ATP. (learn-biology.com)
  • The sugar / phosphate parts are non-coding structures , the base sequence is the coding structure of the molecule. (vieterre.fr)
  • All bases in DNA exist as tautomers - different chemical forms of the molecule in which protons are in different positions - but tend to exist in their more common 'keto' form. (ukessays.com)
  • Two of these paired strands make up the DNA molecule, which then twists into a helix. (rainis.pics)
  • Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups. (onelovefilm.com)
  • A nucleoside is the combination of these atoms into two structures, a five- carbon sugar molecule called deoxyribose, which is responsible for the name of DNA, and a phosphate group. (cdc.gov)
  • Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. (allaboutscience.org)
  • The bases of each strand bind very specifically, A binds with T and C binds with G no other combination exists at least in DNA. (wikibooks.org)
  • Each strand is made of numerous copies of four chemical bases - A, C, G and T - linked by a backbone of sugar and phosphate. (utah.edu)
  • Each 'base' binds only to one other of the foursome which determines the sequence in the opposite strand of the double helix. (xeragenx.com)
  • Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. (xeragenx.com)
  • The sugar-phosphate backbones of each strand run in opposite directions, known as antiparallel. (slidemake.com)
  • The section of DNA uncoils, leaving bases exposed on the template strand . (zhtutorials.com)
  • This is when, during replication, the template or newly synthesised strand loops slightly out of the replication mechanism, bypassing the replication machinery, resulting in the omission, if the parent template strand loops, or addition, if the daughter strand loops, of a nucleotide base. (ukessays.com)
  • In addition to hydrogen bonding between the bases on each strand, the duplex is held together by hydrophobic interactions of the stacked nonpolar bases. (rainis.pics)
  • Extensive cross-strand stacking between guanine bases at the central cytosine-guanine step is made possible by a number of local conformational adjustments including a fully extended sugar-phosphate backbone of the central guanosine nucleotide. (rcsb.org)
  • The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases of each strand. (nativeoaksplayersclub.com)
  • One strand has a 5' end (where the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar) and a 3' end (where the hydroxyl group is attached to the 3' carbon of the sugar). (nativeoaksplayersclub.com)
  • The backbone of each strand is the alternating sugar and phosphate groups. (shalom-education.com)
  • The deoxyribose sugars form the structural backbone for DNA via a phosphodiester bond between the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the 5' carbon of the next. (wikibooks.org)
  • The bases are bound to one another internally via hydrogen bonds with the phosphodiester bond backbone oriented to face outward. (wikibooks.org)
  • as well as (3) allows the phosphate to form a phosphodiester bond with another nucleotide's pentose sugar. (onelovefilm.com)
  • This antiparallel arrangement is essential for DNA replication and the formation of complementary base pairs. (humanityuapd.com)
  • Although there is a lack of stacking interactions between the consecutive base pairs, the intermolecular C-H··O hydrogen bonding network between the deoxyribose sugar of antiparallel backbone stabilizes the structure. (news-medical.net)
  • The nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are organic (carbon-based) molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. (khanacademy.org)
  • The major groove is wider and provides direct access to the nitrogenous bases, allowing binding with proteins. (slidemake.com)
  • a]Nitrogen is found in amino acids, the monomers of proteins, and in the nitrogenous bases that make up nucleotides (the monomers of nucleic acids). (learn-biology.com)
  • Also termed nitrogenous bases or simply bases, their ability to form base-pairs and to stack upon one another lead directly to the helical structure of DNA and RNA. (zoefact.com)
  • In 1950, E. Chargaff noted that the percentages of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA were species specific. (easynotecards.com)
  • The sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands make up the outside of the helix, while the nitrogenous bases are found on the inside and form hydrogen-bonded pairs that hold the DNA strands together. (benetech.org)
  • Nitrogenous bases can be further classified as pyrimidines or purines. (onelovefilm.com)
  • Non-canonical base pairs are planar hydrogen bonded pairs of nucleobases, having hydrogen bonding patterns which differ from the patterns observed in Watson-Crick base pairs, as in the classic double helical DNA. (wikiversity.org)
  • As also explained in greater details later in this article, the side opposite to the sugar linked vertex is traditionally called the Watson-Crick edge, since they are involved in forming the Watson-Crick base pairs which constitute building blocks of double helical DNA. (wikiversity.org)
  • They involve specific hydrogen bonding patterns corresponding to their respective Watson-Crick edges, and are considered as Canonical Base Pairs. (wikiversity.org)
  • There is evidence for a new non-Watson-Crick UC base pair formed between the first and the last residue in the loop, while most of the other bases in the loop are pointing outwards making them accessible to solvent. (rcsb.org)
  • The base pair energy of C-C bond in an i motif is 169.7 kJ/mol, while the base pair energy of Watson Crick G-C base pair is 96.6 kJ/mol. (news-medical.net)
  • The stability of all 10 Watson-Crick nearest-neighbors and the contribution to the energy from the sugar backbone are also taken into account. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • A nice, simple add-on would be to mark non-Watson-Crick pairs (or G.U wobble pair). (x3dna.org)
  • Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a nitrogen-containing ring structure called a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group. (khanacademy.org)
  • These are a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and at least one phosphate. (rainis.pics)
  • The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jan Riedl, a University of Utah postdoctoral fellow and the study's first author, says 99 percent of DNA lesions - damage to the chemical bases known as A, C, G and T that help form the DNA double helix - are repaired naturally. (utah.edu)
  • When two strands are connected in a double helix, only two kinds of base pairs can form C-G (or G-C) and A-T (or T-A). (utah.edu)
  • In 1953, they proposed the double-helix model of DNA, which described its structure as a twisted ladder with complementary base pairs. (humanityuapd.com)
  • Om de replicatie te beginnen, wikkelt een enzym, helicase, de DNA-helix af en verbreekt de waterstofbruggen tussen de twee strengen. (jove.com)
  • As all DNA molecules have the same backbones of sugar and phosphate, the genetic code must lie within the sequence of bases within the helix. (vieterre.fr)
  • In contrast, a highly-packed environment induces "squashing" of the tetraloop by distorting its sugar-phosphate backbone in a specific way that expels the first and fourth nucleobases out of the loop, and falls in van der Waals distance of the last base pair of the helix, taking the place of the pair formed between the first and fourth residues in Z-turn loops. (unistra.fr)
  • Today, every biology student knows about the double helix structure of DNA and how G pairs with C and A pairs with T. (rainis.pics)
  • The helix strands of DNA are connected between themselves by pairs of nucleobases. (zoefact.com)
  • These chain-joins of phosphates with sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) create the "backbone" strands for a single- or double helix biomolecule. (zoefact.com)
  • In the double helix of DNA, the two strands are oriented chemically in opposite directions, which permits base pairing by providing complementarity between the two bases, and which is essential for replication of or transcription of the encoded information found in DNA. (zoefact.com)
  • The structure of the synthetic dodecamer d(CGCAAATTGGCG) has been shown by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods to be that of a B-DNA helix containing two A(anti).G(syn) base pairs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The d(GCCCGGGC) helix is characterized by a wide open major groove, a near perpendicular orientation of base pairs to the helix axis and an unusually small average helix twist angle of 31.3 degrees indicating a slightly underwound helix with 11.5 base pairs per turn. (rcsb.org)
  • These bases form pairs through chemical bonds resulting in the double helix configuration of DNA. (james-schroeder.com)
  • The double helix shape is the result of the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases, which form the "rungs" of the ladder while the phosphate and pentose sugar (forming phosphodiester bonds) form the upright parts of the ladder. (onelovefilm.com)
  • It blocks DNA and RNA synthesis by inserting between adjacent base pairs and binding to the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, inhibiting DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
  • Third, the DNA with the damage site labeled by an unnatural third base pair is then amplified or copied millions of times using a well-known existing method called PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. (utah.edu)
  • Verwijder na de synthese van de nieuwe strengen, RNase H of aanvullende varianten van DNA-polymerase, de primers en synthetiseer DNA in hun plaats. (jove.com)
  • The name 'i-motif' was chosed as it is the only nucleic acid structure with intercalated base pairs. (news-medical.net)
  • At the sides of nucleic acid structure, phosphate molecules successively connect the two sugar-rings of two adjacent nucleotide monomers, thereby creating a long chain biomolecule. (zoefact.com)
  • The two sides adjacent to the sugar-linked vertex are referred to, respectively, as the Sugar and Hoogsteen (C-H for pyrimidines) edges. (wikiversity.org)
  • While both purines and pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic compounds, they can be differed from each other based on the chemical structure. (biologyonline.com)
  • In normal spiral DNA the bases form pairs between the two strands: A with T and C with G. Purines pair with pyrimidines mainly for dimensional reasons - only this combination fits the constant width geometry of the DNA spiral. (zoefact.com)
  • By the joining one or more phosphate groups to a nucleoside through ester linkages, a nucleotide is formed. (wikibooks.org)
  • What Are the Three Components of a Nucleotide June 21st, 2018 - The three components of a nucleotide are the nitrogenous base the five carbon sugar and the phosphate group In turn''RNA STRUCTURE Life Sciences Cyberbridge 6 / 9 You know that a nucleotide is differentiated from a nucleoside by one phosphate group. (onelovefilm.com)
  • A nucleotide consists of the previous nucleoside and one of four nitrogen bases. (cdc.gov)
  • These nucleotides join together to form long strands by connecting the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide. (shalom-education.com)
  • The rest can lead to genetic mutations, which are errors in the sequence of bases and can cause disease. (utah.edu)
  • Crucially, the sequence of bases in DNA contains the information for making proteins. (rainis.pics)
  • The sequence of the four nucleotide bases encodes DNA's information. (genome.gov)
  • Experimental evidences reveal that the nucleotide bases are also capable of forming a wide variety of pairing between bases in various geometries, having hydrogen bonding patterns different from those observed in Canonical Base Pairs (Figure 1). (wikiversity.org)
  • People are born with their genome or genetic blueprint of 3 billion base pairs, "and then stuff happens," Burrows says. (utah.edu)
  • Each cell stores its genetic information in the sequence of DNA bases, which makes up the genetic code. (shalom-education.com)
  • mRNA also carries the code for DNA, DNA has all the genetic codes in its bases, mRNA gets the code from DNA during transcription and eventually carriers the code to produce amino acids and proteins. (sd43.bc.ca)
  • The nucleic acids, DNA and RNA are arguably life's most important, acting as the stores and translators of genetic information contained in their base sequences, which ultimately manifest themselves in the amino acid sequences of proteins. (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • Trinucleotide Template Template Template 5' X 5' 5' chain chain chain A A A A - X C C C X T A T T A 3' C G 3' C G C G 3' G C G C G C 3' 5' 3' 5' 3' 5' Growing Growing Growing chain chain chain Approach of trinucleotide Base pairing Enzyme catalysed 'splicing' 1. (slideserve.com)
  • A specialized enzyme adds a phosphate group to the five carbon sugar of the DNA building block called deoxyribose to produce ribonucleoside triphosphate. (atthaiproperty.com)
  • Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is linked twice to the sugar moiety, particularly to the two hydroxyl groups of the constituent sugar. (biologyonline.com)
  • Each monomeric unit component is comprised of a nucleobase, a pentose moiety, and phosphate group. (biologyonline.com)
  • The interactions take into account base and sequence specificity, and are decomposed into physically distinct contributions that include hydrogen bonding, stacking interactions, backbone, and backbone-base interactions. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • The structures of polynucleotide strands of both DNA and RNA molecules can be understood in terms of sugar-phosphate backbones consisting of phosphodiester-linked D 2' deoxyribofuranose (D ribofuranose in RNA) sugar moieties, with purine or pyrimidine nucleobases covalently linked to them. (wikiversity.org)
  • These nucleobases can be schematically represented as triangles with one of their vertices linked to the sugar, and the three sides accounting for three edges through which they can form hydrogen bonds with other moieties, including with other nucleobases. (wikiversity.org)
  • Each of the four different nucleobases are characterized by distinct edge-specific distribution patterns of their respective hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms, complementarity with which, in turn, define the hydrogen bonding patterns involved in base pairing. (wikiversity.org)
  • A base pair contains two chemical bases bonded to one another forming a 'rung of the DNA ladder. (xeragenx.com)
  • Sugars and phosphates form the two parallel sides of the ladder and the bases of the nucleotides join in pairs to form the rungs of the ladder. (vieterre.fr)
  • Any other pairing would mean that the rungs of the ladder would not all be of the same length. (vieterre.fr)
  • At the same time, the helically twisted backbones in the double helical duplex DNA form two grooves, major and minor, through which the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms corresponding respectively to the Hoogsteen and sugar edges are accessible for additional potential molecular recognition events. (wikiversity.org)
  • The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon. (khanacademy.org)
  • The base in alkaline condition does the same thing as the -OH group at the C2 position. (wikibooks.org)
  • It is an organic compound made up of three subunits: a nucleobase (either a purine or a pyrimidine), a five-carbon sugar (pentose), and a phosphate group . (biologyonline.com)
  • Each phosphate group connects the sugar rings of two adjacent nucleotide monomers. (biologyonline.com)
  • I recall that Chula Chulalongkorn University and Thammasat University both have on-campus language labs legit you can pair up with a student or group of students and do conversational hours. (ssticamentos.com.br)
  • Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar , a phosphate group and a base . (shalom-education.com)
  • This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose (at center), a nucleobase called adenine (upper right), and one phosphate group (left). (onelovefilm.com)
  • The phosphate group is attached at carbon five and is appropriately called the five prime end. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA is a long chain of linear polymers containing deoxyribose sugars and their covalently bonded bases known as nucleic acids. (wikibooks.org)
  • Carbohydrates include sugars and their polymers, starches and plant fiber. (learn-biology.com)
  • This is to distinguish the carbons of sugars from those of bases, whose carbons are simply labeled 1, 2, 3, etc. (rainis.pics)
  • The interaction is mainly electrostatic, where positively charged amino acid residues are coordinating with phosphates and sugar moieties on DNA backbone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phosphate groups and the sugar moieties form the backbone of a nucleic acid. (biologyonline.com)
  • The presence of six or less C bases lead to intermolecular folding of i-motifs, whereas longer than six C residues promote the formation of intramolecular folding of i-motifs. (news-medical.net)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid under physiological condition are polyanions composed of heterocyclic bases linked through sugar phosphate backbone. (iisc.ac.in)
  • an aromatic heterocyclic base appended to a (five-atom ring) sugar-phosphate backbone that enables them to carry out these functions with such high fidelity? (londonmet.ac.uk)
  • In addition to their occurrences in several double stranded stem regions, most of the loops and bulges that appear in single-stranded RNA secondary structures form recurrent 3D motifs, where non-canonical base pairs play a central role. (wikiversity.org)
  • Construction of such an intermolecular potential for dry double-stranded DNA, based on the combination of all these fitted functionals, aims at unraveling the conformational variability of DNA. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • These are four stranded DNA structures which are held together through the intercalation of cytosine base pairs. (news-medical.net)
  • This combination occurs by intercalation or insertion of cytosine-cytosine base pairs. (news-medical.net)
  • They consist of long, spiral-spiraling sugar and phosphate backbones connected by nitrogen-containing bases. (atthaiproperty.com)
  • In DNA a sequence of three bases, which is called a codon, is responsible for the encoding of a single amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
  • In a silent mutation, the base is substituted for a base that encodes for a synonymous codon, resulting in an unchanged amino acid sequence upon translation. (ukessays.com)