Molecular docking analysis for different enzymes involved in aging (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and mitochondrial enzymes (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+hydrogen (H) dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and adenosine triphosphate synthase) was carried out for epigallocatechin gallate alone (1), withaferin A alone (2), epigallocatechin gallate and withaferin A in combination (3) and a reference molecule. (ijpsonline.com)
Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) catalyses the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and ATP synthase (complex V) generates ATP from ADP. (bmj.com)
Quantitative cytochrome oxidase (COX) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined histochemically. (molvis.org)
The second cytochrome complex c oxidase consists of cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. (slimwithlynne.com)
There are two cytochrome complexes in the electron transport chain: cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome c oxidase. (slimwithlynne.com)
Subunit10
Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, also known as succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHC gene. (wikipedia.org)
The SDHC protein is one of the two transmembrane subunits of the four-subunit succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) protein complex that resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The electrons derived from succinate tunnel along the [Fe-S] relay in the SDHB subunit until they reach the [3Fe-4S] iron sulfur cluster. (wikipedia.org)
The mev-1 gene encodes cytochrome b, a large subunit of the Complex II enzyme succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase. (ironmagazine.com)
Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay): 3 samples with low, middle and high level Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit D (SDHD) were tested 20 times on one plate, respectively. (biomatik.com)
Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays): 3 samples with low, middle and high level Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit D (SDHD) were tested on 3 different plates, 8 replicates in each plate. (biomatik.com)
No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit D (SDHD) and analogues was observed. (biomatik.com)
The cytochrome bc 1 complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or complex III) is a multi-subunit dimeric integral membrane protein complex. (slimwithlynne.com)
Oxidoreductase4
The complexes studied are Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase), Complex II (Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), Complex III (Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), and Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase). (cdc.gov)
Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
Citric acid cycle During the electron transfer through the cytochrome bc(1) complex (ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or complex III), protons are translocated across the membrane, and production of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(*-)) is observed. (slimwithlynne.com)
Succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is both a Krebs´ citric acid cycle enzyme and a component (Complex II) of the respiratory chain in aerobic cells. (lu.se)
Fumarate3
Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme has a central role in carbon and energy metabolism by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to form fumarate coupled to the reduction of quinone in the respiratory chain. (lu.se)
Ubiquinone2
Mitchell, P. Protonmotive redox mechanism of the cytochrome b - c 1 complex in the respiratory chain: protonmotive ubiquinone cycle. (nature.com)
Aminoacid degradation and urea cycle The cytochrome bc1complex (ubiquinone:cytochrome coxidoreductase) is the central integral membrane protein in the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as the electron-transfer chains of many respiratory and photosynthetic prokaryotes. (slimwithlynne.com)
Sodium Succinate2
Ractovit eye drops (Adenosine, Cytochrome C, Sodium Succinate and Nicotinamide) is an an anticataract preparation. (ibnsinapharma.com)
however, sodium succinate is not the standard of care, and further investigation is necessary. (medscape.com)
Reductase1
Biochemical investigation in fibroblasts showed decreased activity of the CoQ dependent mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme succinate cytochrome c reductase (complex II + III). (tau.ac.il)
NADH2
The effect of various electron donors (NADH, succinate and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl- 1,4-benzoquinol ) on ROS production was tested separately in the presence or absence of Cd. (cdc.gov)
Factor B produces several-fold stimulation of ATP-driven Nad reduction, and of net phosphorylation coupled to Nadh or succinate oxidation in ammonia particles. (eurekamag.com)
Electron transport2
Electron transport takes place between complexes I-IV and two mobile electron carriers (coenzyme Q and cytochrome c ). (elifesciences.org)
The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. (slimwithlynne.com)
Subunits3
This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the nuclear genomes (all other subunits). (slimwithlynne.com)
Complex III (cytochrome bc1) accepts two electrons from ubiquinol and shuttles them to cytochrome c. (slimwithlynne.com)
Heme groups1
SQR consists of a membrane-peripheral heterodimer domain (often called succinate dehydrogenase) which is tightly bound to a membrane-spanning anchor, which is a cytochrome with one or two heme groups depending on the organism. (lu.se)
Electrons3
Hemoglobin During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Phot… Stigmatellin, a Q(P) site inhibitor, inhibits electron transfer from iron-sulfur protein (ISP) to cytochrome c1 in the bc1 complex. (slimwithlynne.com)
The cytochrome c1 will transfer the electrons to cytochrome c. (slimwithlynne.com)
Menadione (vitamin K-3), phylloquinone (vitamin K-1), and ascorbate have been used to donate electrons to cytochrome c . (medscape.com)
Respiratory1
Complex III possesses a Fe-S protein like complex I. Mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex performs two functions: It is a respiratory multienzyme complex and it recognizes a mitochondrial targeting presequence. (slimwithlynne.com)
Mitochondrial complex1
Fig. 2: Succinate controls mitochondrial superoxide production through mitochondrial complex I. (nature.com)
Complexes3
Herein, we demonstrate that cytochrome c (Cyt c ) showed peroxidase activity on IGA as a component of complexes III and IV. (biologists.com)
Gluconeogenesis Design and use of photoactive ruthenium complexes to study electron transfer within cytochrome bc1 and from cytochrome bc1 to cytochrome c. (slimwithlynne.com)
All cytochrome bc1 complexes contain three electron transfer proteins which contain four redox prosthetic groups. (slimwithlynne.com)
Mitochondria1
Succinate, by equilibrating with the CoQ pool, enables the status of this central bioenergetic parameter to be communicated from mitochondria to the rest of the cell, into the circulation and to other cells. (nature.com)
Hepatic1
Kusunoki y, ikarashi n, matsuda s, matsukawa y, kitaoka s, kon r, ochiai w, machida y, sugiyama k (2015) hepatic cytochrome p510 (cyp) 5a7 and 2a8 to the regular pacemaker cells b,ane potential (fig. The are discussed together as quality of alone arm transdermal estrogens at standard doses. (stonecottagegardens.com)
Coenzyme1
Here we propose that succinate has evolved as a signaling modality because its concentration reflects the coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool redox state, a central redox couple confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane. (nature.com)
Citric1
Among these, the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate stands out owing to its multiple roles in disparate pathways, its dramatic concentration changes and its selective cell release. (nature.com)
Complex3
Results from kinetic studies and electron turnover experiments suggest that Cd may bind between semiubiquinoe and cytochrome b566 of the Qo site of cytochrome b of complex III. (cdc.gov)
Ilicicolin inhibition and binding at center N of the dimeric cytochrome bc1 complex reveal electron transfer and regulatory interactions between monomers Raul Covian and Bernard L. Trumpower J. Biol. (slimwithlynne.com)
The second electron is transferred to a The cytochrome bc1 consists of cytochrome b, FeS complex, and cytochrome c1. (slimwithlynne.com)
Coli1
However, the E. coli cells did not show increased succinate dehydrogenase activity nor did the operon complement a sdhCDAB defective E. coli mutant [7]. (lu.se)
Krebs1
Murphy, M. P. & O'Neill, L. A. J. Krebs cycle reimagined: the emerging roles of succinate and itaconate as signal transducers. (nature.com)
Biology1
The logic of this form of regulation explains many emerging roles of succinate in biology, and suggests future research questions. (nature.com)