SerineCatalyticInhibitorCyclinsReplicationPhosphorylationRegulatory subunitsProgressionCellularMRNAChromatinMitosisPhosphataseInhibitionMitochondrialCdk1GeneApoptosisEukaryotesTranscriptionMolecularCHK1YeastCyclin-K complexMediateComplexReceptor betaCheckpointGenesCDKsTranscriptionalProliferationRegulatorMutationsInhibitorsPeptidesLarge number of proteinsEukaryoticPathwaysMitoticCDK5BindsRegulationSubstratesSubstrateNuclearLong intergenicTyrosineTumor cellsFamily
Serine5
- These proteins, including Aurora A and B, are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell division activities such as spindle construction, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. (smadpathway.com)
- ATR serine/threonine kinase [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- The casein kinase 1 (CK1) belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinases. (longdom.org)
- AURK significantly promotes activation of IκBα at serine 32, but not serine 36 residues, unlike IκB kinase (IKK) family proteins activate both IκBα serine residues. (researchsquare.com)
- Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Catalytic6
- Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. (kegg.jp)
- CDC2 is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF) , which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
- Background: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic sub-unit (DNA-PKcs) play critical roles in DNA damage response (DDR) by linking DNA damage sensing to DDR effectors that regulate cell cycle progression and DNA repair. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Another focus of this study, DDK, is composed of the catalytic subunit Cdc7 and one of two distinct adaptor proteins, Drf1 or Dbf4. (caltech.edu)
- Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit by small molecule inhibitor NU7026 sensitizes human leukemic K562 cells to benzene metabolite-induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
- We have previously reported that exposure of workers to benzene and to benzene metabolite hydroquinone in cultured cells induced DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to mediate the cellular response to DNA double strand break (DSB) caused by DNA-damaging metabolites. (cdc.gov)
Inhibitor7
- Small-molecule inhibitor targeting the Hsp90-Cdc37 protein-protein interaction in colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
- Here, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the cdk2 inhibitor CVT-313 against several human DLBCL cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- TPR-containing proteins include the anaphase promoting complex (APC) subunits cdc16, cdc23 and cdc27, the NADPH oxidase subunit p67 phox, hsp90-binding immunophilins, transcription factors, the PKR protein kinase inhibitor, and peroxisomal and mitochondrial import proteins. (embl.de)
- Vinca alkaloids are also thought to increase apoptosis by increasing concentrations of p53 (cellular tumor antigen p53) and p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1) and by inhibiting Bcl-2 activity. (smpdb.ca)
- Here DARPP-32 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), DARPP-32 into a powerful protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor. (pp1a.com)
- Background: The phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein is pivotal to the regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
- Rather, p53 accumulation by either knockdown of Mdm2 or addition of an Mdm2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3, before irradiation strongly attenuated the UV-induced DDR and increased cell survival. (rupress.org)
Cyclins5
- In eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent protein kinases interact with cyclins to regulate cell cycle progression, and are required for the G1 and G2 stages of cell division. (wikipedia.org)
- CRKs (cdc2-related kinases), Cyclins and CKSs (cdc2-kinase subunit) are involved in the progression through the cell cycle. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Mitotic cyclins stably associate with CDC2 and function as regulatory subunits. (caslab.com)
- Preeminent among these proteins are the cyclin dependent kinases, which upon binding to cyclins, phosphorylate numerous targets to trigger cell cycle progression. (smadpathway.com)
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Replication14
- Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)
- the CDK9/cyclin-K complex is required for genome integrity maintenance, by promoting cell cycle recovery from replication arrest and limiting single-stranded DNA amount in response to replication stress, thus reducing the breakdown of stalled replication forks and avoiding DNA damage (PubMed:20493174). (wuxibiortus.com)
- It synthesizes a group of proteins and nucleotides which are required for the synthesis (replication) of the DNA along with other normal processes. (androbose.in)
- It associates with the complex in late MITOSIS from anaphase through G1 to regulate activity of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and to prevent premature DNA replication. (jefferson.edu)
- DNA replication is initiated by the S-CDK and DDK kinases which mediate the unwinding of the replication fork. (caltech.edu)
- Genotoxic stress which specifically affects cells in S-phase is detected by the replication checkpoint. (caltech.edu)
- Replication blockages activate the ATR kinase which, in turn, activates the downstream effector kinase Chk1 through the mediator protein, Claspin. (caltech.edu)
- Chk1 facilitates the arrest of cell cycle progression and the inhibition of replication origin firing. (caltech.edu)
- Here, we show that Claspin associates with several core replication fork proteins in Xenopus egg extracts. (caltech.edu)
- We identified a replication fork-interacting domain on Claspin that associates with the replication fork proteins and is required for Claspin association with chromatin. (caltech.edu)
- We characterized Xenopus Claspin as a kinase substrate of DDK which forms a stable nuclear complex with Cdc7 and Drf1 under both arrested and unperturbed replication conditions. (caltech.edu)
- Most of the important molecular processes in the cell, such as DNA replication, are performed by large molecular network of protein-protein interactions. (researchsquare.com)
- RPA, replication protein A. (rupress.org)
- This protective effect of preaccumulated p53 was mediated, at least in part, by the increased expression of CDKN1A/p21, subsequent down-regulation of BRCA1, and impaired JNK activation accompanied by decreased association of replication protein A with chromatin. (rupress.org)
Phosphorylation11
- We have shown that Ypk1, a member of the AGC class of protein kinases conserved from yeast to humans, is the essential target of and activated via phosphorylation by the plasma membrane-associated TORC2 complex. (berkeley.edu)
- AR phosphorylation modulates AR transcription factor promoter selectivity and cell growth. (wuxibiortus.com)
- Importantly, one other individual meats directly influence Aurora T localization, and phosphorylation of conserved residues in the C terminus of INCENP greatly raises Aurora B kinase activity. (smadpathway.com)
- Mutations of CDC123 lead to an increase of GCN4 expression that is independent of Gcn2 kinase and eIF2-ser52 phosphorylation. (bomiprot.org)
- DARPP-32 can itself inhibit the following PKA DARPP-32 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). (pp1a.com)
- Mechanistic investigations revealed reduce GR-Ser211 phosphorylation following PP1α silencing and provide the first indication of the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). (pp1a.com)
- The phosphorylation of IκBα by IκB kinase family have been so many identified, but the phosphorylation sites of IκBα by other kinases remain poorly understood. (researchsquare.com)
- We investigated the new phosphorylation site for IκBα and identified its biological function in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
- To identify the essential domains of IκBα for phosphorylation of IκBα by AURK, kinase assay was performed with a series of IκBα truncation mutants. (researchsquare.com)
- Conclusions: Therefore, we identified novel phosphorylation site of IκBα by AURK, and its site was related to apoptosis and necroptosis pathway in breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
- In this study, we show that Tip60 is required for the early DNA damage response (DDR) to UV, including the phosphorylation of histone 2AX, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and ataxia telangiectasia-related substrates. (rupress.org)
Regulatory subunits3
- In molecular biology, the cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit family is a family of proteins consisting of the regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
- The regulatory subunits exist as hexamers, formed by the symmetrical assembly of 3 interlocked homodimers, creating an unusual 12-stranded beta-barrel structure. (wikipedia.org)
- The CPC includes, as well as Aurora B, three regulatory subunits: the inner centromeric protein, Survivin, and Borealin/Dasra W. Beginning in prophase, the CPC localizes to condensing chromosomes and steadily concentrates at the internal centromere where one function would be to correct poor Infectious causes of cancer spindle kinetochore devices. (smadpathway.com)
Progression11
- CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
- The genes encoding cdks involved in G1-S progression are often amplified in B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- CK1 members, which commonly exist in all eukaryotes, are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes linked to cell cycle progression, spindledynamics, and chromosome segregation. (longdom.org)
- Progression from metaphase to anaphase is blocked and cells enter a state of mitotic arrest. (smpdb.ca)
- Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
- During cell-cycle progression, substrates of a single master regulatory enzyme can be modified in a specific order. (biomedcentral.com)
- Progression through the cell cycle is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular content and behavior, and involves a large number of proteins and processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- This ordering of substrate modification allows a small number of master regulators to carry out their functions over a large time window with high temporal resolution, enabling precise and robust control of the numerous processes underlying cell cycle progression [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that drives mitotic progression by promoting timely degradation of key regulatory proteins [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The activator Cdc20 is then replaced by a second activator, Cdh1, and APC/C Cdh1 promotes complete degradation of M cyclin, followed by polo-like kinase 1, Aurora A, and other substrates, to complete mitosis and cytokinesis and drive progression into G1 [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Taken together, the findings reveal a central role of DNA-PKcs in hydroquinone-induced hematotoxicity in which it coordinates DNA DSB repair, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis to regulate the response to hydroquinone-induced DNA damage. (cdc.gov)
Cellular13
- Confocal microscopy-based imaging and quantitative analysis of root parenchyma cells at the division-elongation transition zone showed increased average cell diameter as a sign of cellular heterosis in plants from TH17/17 and TH21/2 triploid lines. (bvsalud.org)
- Cellular senescence, which is morphologically characterized by an enlarged and flattened cell shape, was first described by Hayflick [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Cellular senescence refers to active cells that eventually enter a state of irreversible growth arrest. (hindawi.com)
- The expression and cellular localisation of proteins encoded by selected candidate genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. (biomedcentral.com)
- Changes in cortical neurones included alterations in insulin and other signalling pathways, cell cycle, cellular senescence, inflammatory mediators, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain. (biomedcentral.com)
- Importantly, inhibition of cdk2 with CVT-313 or knockdown of endogenous cdk2 with siRNA resulted in downregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), suggesting that decreased levels of cellular Mcl-1 contribute to apoptosis. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. (lookformedical.com)
- In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (genome.jp)
- After receptor activation, the alpha- and beta-gamma-subunits of G protein dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (genome.jp)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- Cancer cell biology takes advantage of identifying diverse cellular signaling pathways that are disrupted in cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
- Signaling pathways are an important means of communication from the exterior of cell to intracellular mediators, as well as intracellular interactions that govern diverse cellular processes. (eurekaselect.com)
MRNA5
- Neurone, astrocyte, and endothelial cell-enriched mRNA, obtained by immuno-laser capture microdissection of temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21/22) from 6 cases with self-reported T2D in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study neuropathology cohort, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, was assessed by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Methods: We investigated ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs expressions in ovarian epithelial cancers [protein expression (n = 194 patients), mRNA expression (n = 156 patients)] and correlated to clinicopathological outcomes as well as expression of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), cell division cycle-45 (CDC45), cyclin-dependent kinase 1(CDK1) and Ki-67 in tumours. (ntu.ac.uk)
- High ATM protein (p = 0.001), high ATM mRNA (p = 0.018), high DNA-PKcs protein (p = 0.002), high DNA-PKcs mRNA (p = 0.044) and high ATR protein (p = 0.001) expressions are correlated with poor ovarian cancer specific survival (OCSS). (ntu.ac.uk)
- Cdc123 makes an essential contribution to the onset of mRNA translation by assembling the eIF2 complex from its three protein subunits. (bomiprot.org)
- Treatment with NU7026 did not alter the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress by hydroquinone but repressed the protein level of DNA-PKcs and blocked the induction of the kinase mRNA and protein expression by hydroquinone. (cdc.gov)
Chromatin5
- The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling. (lookformedical.com)
- A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
- Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
- The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. (lookformedical.com)
- However, chromatin binding-deficient Claspin proteins can still mediate Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts, albeit with reduced efficiency. (caltech.edu)
Mitosis10
- It is required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (caslab.com)
- Along with Cdk1/cyclin N, members of the Aurora/Ipl1 kinase family are also crucial regulators of mitosis. (smadpathway.com)
- It occurs in two stages: Mitosis (nuclear division) and Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). (androbose.in)
- This phase is also characterized by the synthesis of other proteins required for the upcoming M phase (mitosis and the cytokinesis). (androbose.in)
- In the mitosis, the chromosomes are aligned and the two sister chromatids are separated, each becoming the genetic material of the daughter cells. (androbose.in)
- Mitosis brings about the division of the nuclear material or Karyokinesis in 4 phases called prophase , metaphase , anaphase , and telophase . (androbose.in)
- The TPR snap helix: a novel protein repeat motif from mitosis to transcription. (embl.de)
- The recently discovered TPR gene family encodes a diverse group of proteins that function in mitosis, transcription, splicing, protein import and neurogenesis. (embl.de)
- Polo-like kinase 1, a pivotal regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis, is highly expressed in a broad spectrum of tumors and its expression correlates often with poor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. (oncotarget.com)
- Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
Phosphatase5
- ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
- Crystallization and Structural Determination of ABLT315I:AP24534 The kinase domain of murine ABLT315I was coexpressed with YopH protein tyrosine phosphatase in E. coli as described previously and purified in the clear presence of AP24534 to near homogeneity using metal affinity, Mono Q, and measurement exclusion chroma tography. (smadpathway.com)
- The structure of the tetratricopeptide repeats of protein phosphatase 5: implications for TPR-mediated protein-protein interactions. (embl.de)
- Here, we report the crystal structure of the TPR domain of a protein phosphatase, PP5. (embl.de)
- This study found an increase in excess GR transcriptional activity of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and a decrease in the expression levels of GR-responsive gene knockdown following PP1α model A549 cells endogenously . (pp1a.com)
Inhibition5
- The mechanism of vincristine is the inhibition of microtubule dynamics that would cause mitotic arrest and eventual cell death. (smpdb.ca)
- Alanine transition of S63 and S262 (S63A and S262A) of IκBα induced inhibition of cell proliferation and suppression of p65 transcription activity. (researchsquare.com)
- Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)
- In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
- Inhibition of DNA-PKcs by NU7026 markedly potentiated the apoptotic and growth inhibitory effects of hydroquinone in proerythroid leukemic K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (cdc.gov)
Mitochondrial2
- Label-free quantitative proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography in conjunction with a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system showed significant alteration of mitochondrial, cytosolic, nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins in fetal brains exposed prenatally to alcohol [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Proteins containing TPRs are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, transcriptional control, mitochondrial and peroxisomal protein transport, neurogenesis and protein folding. (embl.de)
Cdk11
- CDK1, also named as CDC2, belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and CDC2/CDKX subfamily.CDC2 plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
Gene7
- The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Cdc 37, a cell division cycle control protein of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. (nih.gov)
- We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transmembrane and intracellular signal transduction mechanisms are the focus of our group, especially understanding how extracellular stimuli control cell growth and division, cell morphology, and gene expression at the biochemical level. (berkeley.edu)
- One of the components of the network is HMMR, encoding a centrosome subunit, for which we demonstrate previously unknown functional associations with the breast cancer-associated gene BRCA1. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- We used microarrays to detect gene expression changes in WT and TCF-1 deficient DN3 thymocytes as well as T cell lymphoma cells developed in TCF-1 KO mice. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
- Following this, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in Gene Ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein‑protein interaction network and survival analyses. (cancerindex.org)
Apoptosis8
- In this study, we used histological assay (TUNEL staining) for determination of apoptosis and an LC-MS/MS system to investigate the proteins involved in ADNF-9 neuroprotection. (biomedcentral.com)
- We hypothesized that ADNF-9 administered alongside prenatal alcohol exposure can prevent alcohol-induced growth deficit and apoptosis through several key proteins that are involved in fetal brain development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors have the potential to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- Treatment of DLBCL cells with CVT-313 resulted in apoptosis. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- Depletion of endogenous cdk2 by short interfering (si)RNA also resulted in apoptosis in human LY3, LY8 and LY18 DLBCL cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
- These cells may continue progressing through the cell cycle as tetraploid cells (Adaptation I), may exit G1 phase and undergo apoptosis or senescence (Adaption II), or may escape to G1 and undergo apoptosis during interphase (Adaptation III). (smpdb.ca)
- Oncogenic mutations or abnormal expression of signaling components disrupt the regulatory networks that govern cell function, thus enabling tumor cells to undergo dysregulated mitogenesis, to resist apoptosis, and to promote invasion to neighboring tissues. (eurekaselect.com)
- Lastly, hydroquinone and NU7026 exhibited synergistic effects on promoting apoptosis by increasing the protein levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 but decreasing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. (cdc.gov)
Eukaryotes2
- Eukaryotes have evolved complex regulatory systems to ensure the cell cycle continues in a timely and appropriate way. (smadpathway.com)
- The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes. (lookformedical.com)
Transcription3
- Regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFB), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (carboxy-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) (PubMed:9499409, PubMed:15563843). (wuxibiortus.com)
- TCF-1 is an HMG family transcription factor which is known to be critical for T cell development. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- [ 8 ] Other classification systems categorize the ectodermal dysplasias based on defects in cell-cell communication and signaling, adhesion, transcription regulation, or development. (medscape.com)
Molecular6
- This protein is a molecular chaperone with specific function in cell signal transduction. (nih.gov)
- It is comprised of three different subunits of 48, 60, and 150 kDa molecular size. (lookformedical.com)
- We propose that for the immune system to populate the memory compartment with the best-suited CD8 T cells it utilizes a process of certification or molecular accreditation mediated through Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D). (bmj.com)
- Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a few reports on the role of molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins in the salivary glands of ticks. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using bioinformatics methods to analyze the dynamic changes of a large number of proteins, we found that molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins play an important role in the physiological changes of the salivary glands. (biomedcentral.com)
- By analyzing these changes, some proteins, such as molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins, were screened and RNAi carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
CHK11
- Claspin mutant proteins unable to interact with DDK still bind to Chk1 and rescue Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts. (caltech.edu)
Yeast3
- The CKS proteins were first described as components of the cell cycle machinery in yeast and their action has been implicated in the regulation of CDK function. (lancs.ac.uk)
- In budding yeast and fission yeast, CK1 phosphorylate Rec8 subunits of cohesin complex and regulate chromosome segregation in meiosis. (longdom.org)
- RT "A human phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex related to the yeast Vps34p- RT Vps15p protein sorting system. (pdbj.org)
Cyclin-K complex1
- The CDK9/cyclin-K complex has also a kinase activity towards CTD of RNAP II and can substitute for CDK9/cyclin-T P-TEFb in vitro (PubMed:21127351). (wuxibiortus.com)
Mediate1
- The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) is a degenerate 34 amino acid sequence identified in a wide variety of proteins, present in tandem arrays of 3-16 motifs, which form scaffolds to mediate protein-protein interactions and often the assembly of multiprotein complexes. (embl.de)
Complex12
- It has been shown to form complex with Hsp90 and a variety of protein kinases including CDK4, CDK6, SRC, RAF-1, MOK, as well as eIF2 alpha kinases. (nih.gov)
- We also studied the roles of other classes of protein kinases (Cla4) and additional post-translational modifications (SUMOylation) in septin complex assembly, formation of different septin-based supramolecular ensembles, disassembly of septin-containing structures, and the function of septin organization in the events required for cell division and membrane septation during cytokinesis. (berkeley.edu)
- The complex mechanism of cell division in trypanosomatids is not completely fully understood. (lancs.ac.uk)
- It is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II. (caslab.com)
- In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. (springer.com)
- CDK9 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin-T) complex. (thermofisher.com)
- This complex facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, POLR2A, SUPT5H, and RDBP. (thermofisher.com)
- shieldin complex subunit 2 [Source. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- The condensed chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers with the help of protein complex, kinetochore. (androbose.in)
- It is found as a subunit of protein complexes that are in involved in the enzymatic modification of histones including the Mi2 and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes and the polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
- These changes are orchestrated by a small number of master regulators, including the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Each Cdk or APC/C isoform has a large number of substrates, and the substrates of each isoform are modified in a specific order that leads to sequential substrate activation or inactivation. (biomedcentral.com)
- RT "A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III sub-complex containing VPS15, RT VPS34, Beclin 1, UVRAG and BIF-1 regulates cytokinesis and degradative RT endocytic traffic. (pdbj.org)
Receptor beta1
- T cell receptor beta co. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Checkpoint1
- In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
Genes6
- Approximately 20 genes consistently associated with T2DM mainly implicate pancreatic β-cell function in the pathogenesis of T2DM. (scialert.net)
- A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, their osteogenic differentiation potential was increased, and genes involved in cell adhesion, FGF-2 signalling, cell cycle, stemness, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation were upregulated, compared to that of the MSCs cultured on uncoated plates. (hindawi.com)
- 912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genes up-regulated in TCF7 [GeneID=6932] knockout: DN3 thymocytes versus T cell lymphoma cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
CDKs2
- Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
- OCI-LY3 and OCI-LY18 cell lines and Dr. B. (cdks). (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
Transcriptional1
- 11. Amsel, A. & Roussel, J. Motivational properties of ences in post-transcriptional processes spark interest in the development of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the (protein redistribution, degradation), pharmacotherapies that selectively reg- addition of frustration to the motivational com- plex. (lu.se)
Proliferation3
- Cdc37 Expression in Multiple Myeloma and Its Role in Cell Proliferation]. (nih.gov)
- MTT colorimetric assays, colony formation assays and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine incorporation assays were also conducted to evaluate ACC cell proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
- PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
Regulator1
- The functional complementation between the CKS proteins of two evolutionary distant organisms supports the role of Tcp12CKS1 as a key regulator in T. cruzi cell cycle. (lancs.ac.uk)
Mutations2
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- 3, 4] Recently, additional mutations have been identified in the GS-domain and kinase domain of ACVR1 in individuals with atypical forms of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. (medscape.com)
Inhibitors3
- Medium-Throughput Detection of Hsp90/Cdc37 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors Using a Split Renilla Luciferase-Based Assay. (nih.gov)
- Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
- Plk1 inhibitors target all rapidly dividing cells irrespective of tumor cells or non-transformed normal but proliferating cells. (oncotarget.com)
Peptides1
- Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for the cell trafficking and thus are vital for protective host response. (genome.jp)
Large number of proteins1
- The expression levels of a large number of proteins during the development and degeneration of salivary glands change, which regulate the biological functions of the salivary glands. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic2
- Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
- Translation Initiation Requires Cell Division Cycle 123 (Cdc123) to Facilitate Biogenesis of the Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2). (bomiprot.org)
Pathways2
- In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cripto-1 overexpression in U87 glioblastoma cells activates MAPK, focal adhesion and ErbB pathways. (eurekaselect.com)
Mitotic3
- Alternatively, it may exit the cell cycle without undergoing cell division, a process termed mitotic slippage or adaptation. (smpdb.ca)
- Another possibility is cell death during mitotic arrest. (smpdb.ca)
- Alternatively, mitotic catastrophe may occur and cause cell death. (smpdb.ca)
CDK51
- CDK5 regulatory subunit associated. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Binds3
- This Antibody was verified by Cell treatment to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated. (thermofisher.com)
- Vincristine binds to β-tubulin subunits at the positive end of microtubules at a region called the _Vinca_-binding domain. (smpdb.ca)
- Methods: Previously we observed that aurora kinase (AURK) binds IκBα in the cell. (researchsquare.com)
Regulation4
- The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
- Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising scientific effort has enormously increased. (longdom.org)
- [ 7 ] Similarly, in 2001, Priolo and Laganà reclassified the ectodermal dysplasias into 2 main functional groups: (1) defects in developmental regulation/epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and (2) defects in cytoskeleton maintenance and cell stability. (medscape.com)
Substrates2
- Poly-L-lysine (PLL) of extracellular matrix proteins is a small natural homopolymer of the essential amino acid L-lysine that is used to coat culture substrates. (hindawi.com)
- Our studies provide a conceptual framework for understanding how ordered modification can be established among substrates of the same regulatory enzyme, and facilitate our understanding of how precise temporal control is achieved by a small number of master regulators to ensure a successful cell division cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate1
- The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells, and it has been used as a coating substrate for cell culture. (hindawi.com)
Nuclear3
- It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)
- The interphase is a preparatory phase, wherein the cells prepare themselves for the upcoming nuclear and cytoplasmic division. (androbose.in)
- IκBα inhibits the NF-κB by keeping them in a state isolated from the inactive cytoplasmic mask and the nuclear localization signal of NF-κB proteins. (researchsquare.com)
Long intergenic1
- long intergenic non-protein coding. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Tyrosine1
- The Wee1 class of protein-tyrosine kinase has an important role in cell cycle control. (berkeley.edu)
Tumor cells2
- 5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. (springer.com)
- In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
Family4
- CDK9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. (thermofisher.com)
- The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
- p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
- Since the discovery of Polo kinase in Drosophila in 1988 [ 1 ], the Polo-like kinase (Plk) family has been attracting enormous attention, both in academia and in pharmaceutical industry. (oncotarget.com)