• In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
  • Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
  • All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes A(H17N10) and A(H18N11), which have only been found in bats . (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses have been detected and are known to circulate in seven different animal species or groups, including humans, wild water birds, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs and bats. (cdc.gov)
  • In many other animal species, avian influenza A viruses have been reported to cause occasional infections, but do not regularly spread among them (e.g., cats and seals). (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses that infect birds have evolved into distinct genetic lineages based on the geographic locations where they were first detected. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, avian influenza A viruses that were first detected in birds in Asia can be recognized as genetically different from avian influenza A viruses that were first detected among birds in North America. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses are classified into the following two categories: low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause either no signs of disease or mild disease in chickens/poultry (such as ruffled feathers and a drop in egg production). (cdc.gov)
  • Most avian influenza A viruses are low pathogenic and cause few signs of disease in infected wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • In poultry, some low-pathogenic viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause severe disease and high mortality in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Only some avian influenza A(H5) and A(H7) viruses are classified as HPAI A viruses, while most A(H5) and A(H7) viruses circulating among birds are LPAI A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
  • Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • These studies also demonstrated the longer-term persistence of portions of these viruses within the North Atlantic avian community. (usgs.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)
  • Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. (who.int)
  • With this in mind, H5 & H7 influenza viruses can re-assort into the Highly Pathogenic variant if conditions are favorable. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sixteen haemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been described to date. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses have eight separate gene segments. (cdc.gov)
  • The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
  • This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
  • While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • Uruguay - Influenza A viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. (flutrackers.com)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
  • Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
  • No cross reactivity with influenza B viruses. (abcam.com)
  • A method to preserve, detect and sequence RNA from Avian Influenza Viruses was validated and extended using natural faecal samples from birds. (jove.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
  • In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
  • Influenza viruses are grouped into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are of concern for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • Influenza A viruses have 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes. (citizen-news.org)
  • Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
  • Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • "New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses" (en). (wikipedia.org)
  • The pandemic influenza virus has its primary origin in avian influenza viruses. (clarkedailynews.com)
  • Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
  • Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses revealed that the HA segment is similar to an avian influenza virus (AIV) H2N3 isolated from mallards and the NA sequence is similar to an AIV H4N3 isolated from blue-winged teal. (usda.gov)
  • Influenza viruses of the H2N3 subtype have not previously been isolated from swine. (usda.gov)
  • Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • They all belong to the group of influenza A viruses. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Influenza viruses carry proteins on their surface. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Supported by the Cambodian National Animal Health and Production Research Insititute, the researchers pay frequent visits to the live poultry markets to monitor the circulation of avian influenza viruses, in particular highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • Therefore, these places are hotspots for the circulation of avian viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • In 2013, a second study showed almost constant circulation of avian influenza within the markets and detection of these viruses peaks the week before the main holidays: Lunar New Year also known as Chinese New Year (usually between early and mid February) and the Khmer New Year (mid-April). (pasteur.fr)
  • Nevertheless, we are still monitoring other subtypes such as H7 and H9 viruses "continues Dr. Dussart. (pasteur.fr)
  • It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • HPAI viruses, particularly the influenza A(H5) subtype, are causing the worst bird epidemics to date. (earth.com)
  • Although the current risk to human health is limited, the experts warn that the introduction of avian influenza viruses into mammalian populations could increase the risk of influenza virus reassortment, leading to adaptation and spread among mammals. (earth.com)
  • The rapid spread of the A(H5N1) virus to previously unaffected areas and its successful persistence during summer months has likely been facilitated by ongoing evolution and reassortment with local low pathogenic avian (LPAI) viruses. (earth.com)
  • Consequently, HPAI viruses have impacted wild bird populations worldwide, with the influenza A(H5N1) virus causing the death of more than 40 percent of the pelican population in Chile and Peru. (earth.com)
  • Although currently circulating avian influenza viruses retain a preference for avian-type receptors, different mutations associated with transmission to and pathogenicity in mammals have been observed," said the researchers. (earth.com)
  • To address the threat of avian influenza, the authors advocate for a One Health approach, which entails rapid sharing of outbreak information, provision of sequence data and reference viruses, and close collaboration between different sectors both locally and globally. (earth.com)
  • There are many types of avian influenza viruses, but only a few of them have caused serious concerns for human health, most notably H5N1, H7N9 and H5N8. (earth.com)
  • In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • The team built phylogenetic interpretation trees and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tables using a reference including six segments from the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and two from non-domesticated avian viruses from the northern regions of America. (news-medical.net)
  • Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses and are divided into five genera: Influenza A, B and C, Thogtovirus and Isavirus. (scialert.net)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • Avian influenza, or 'bird flu', is an infectious viral disease caused by influenza type A viruses. (qld.gov.au)
  • these are called avian influenza viruses (AIV). (qld.gov.au)
  • Viruses that cause only mild disease are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (qld.gov.au)
  • As is the case with all influenza viruses, there is the opportunity for changes in the virus that could affect transmission rates and increase or decrease the ability of the virus to cause respiratory illness. (cornell.edu)
  • The 'Developing Rapid Responses to Emerging Virus Infections of Poultry' project will enable the recognition of emerging viruses before widespread infections occur, prepare for the possibility of new subtypes of avian influenza, and help the process of developing better vaccines for poultry and humans. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
  • Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)
  • 2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
  • The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
  • 7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Major difficulties with this expression exist, largely because it is ambiguous, and because all influenza A viruses have a host in birds. (bvsalud.org)
  • While some wild bird species can be infected with some HPAI A(H5) or A(H7) virus subtypes without appearing sick, other HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes can cause severe disease and mortality in some infected wild birds as well as in infected poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We are advising the public that we added Lebanon to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) list maintained on the APHIS Web site of regions considered affected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (justia.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus infections are constantly monitored worldwide because of their devastating effects on poultry. (usda.gov)
  • These results should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling HPAI in different species of ducks, since we demonstrated that not all duck species respond equally to avian influenza vaccination. (usda.gov)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • It is referred to as 'highly pathogenic' avian influenza, or HPAI. (bto.org)
  • Unusually, in the spring of 2022, the HPAI virus (subtype H5N1) spread into our globally important colonies of nesting seabirds. (bto.org)
  • One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
  • In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has transformed from a seasonal phenomenon associated with migratory birds in specific regions to a constant global risk. (earth.com)
  • A sample from each location has tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), subtype H5N1. (gov.mb.ca)
  • In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is associated with severe disease and mortality in birds. (qld.gov.au)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)
  • Rapid subtype identification of any AIV is of major interest because of the possible serious consequences for the poultry industry and even public health . (bvsalud.org)
  • Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request an extension of approval of an information collection associated with the regulations to prevent the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza, all subtypes, and Newcastle disease into the United States through the importation of birds, poultry, and unprocessed bird and poultry products. (justia.com)
  • Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
  • There is a massive influx of poultry to markets and up to 80% of these poultry can be infected with avian influenza," explains Dr. Philippe Dussart, head of the Virology Unit at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge . (pasteur.fr)
  • Up to 80% of poultry can be infected with avian influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • Their reasoning is simple: the influenza A(H5N1) virus is highly pathogenic in poultry, meaning once infected they usually die within 24 to 72h. (pasteur.fr)
  • The influenza virus , which has long plagued the poultry industry, is now also increasingly recognized as a potential public health issue. (earth.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus hit the poultry industry in the Emilio-Romagna region of northern Italy on 10 August. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • The outbreaks must bring back unpleasant memories for the Italian poultry industry, which was severely hit by highly pathogenic avian flu in 2000-2001. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • To date, no cases of avian influenza have been detected in poultry flocks in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
  • Using a technique called reverse genetics, scientists at the Key Laboratory of Animal Influenza, affiliated to Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, altered the genome sequence of the virus to construct a vaccine that is believed to be safe to both poultry and mammals. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • Poultry virus research enabled the development of the influenza vaccine and the use of interferons as antiviral medicine. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In addition to boosting knowledge, the funding will increase effort in poultry virology in anticipation of new facilities at The Pirbright Institute and the multi-million pound National Avian Research Facility, which is a collaboration between the Roslin Institute and The Pirbright Institute. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In poultry and wild birds, A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from 10 and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • In birds, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
  • Several birds had been arriving at the Uruguayan shores with symptoms that suggested avian influenza, which hit other parts of the world and which, in the last few weeks, caused hundreds of deaths on the Atlantic coast of Argentina. (flutrackers.com)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Here we report the historic distribution and prevalence of H7N9 subtypes among wild birds preceding this outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, we estimate the sample size necessary to detect this low pathogenicity strain of avian influenza virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza H7N9 subtypes have been identified among wild birds globally by isolation and by using reverse transcription PCR. (cdc.gov)
  • In these 48 studies, subtype H7N9 has not been detected in wild birds in these locations in Asia: Russia, Japan, South Korea, or China Furthermore, when subtype H7N9 was detected in Asia, its prevalence was low. (cdc.gov)
  • Variation in the methods used in each study makes a precise calculation of H7N9 subtype prevalence in all wild birds impossible to determine, but given the available data, we conclude that the occurrence of the H7N9 subtype in wild bird populations is rare. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Public health organizations closely monitor avian influenza outbreaks in birds and humans because of the potential for the virus to mutate and gain the capability to spread easily among humans, which could lead to a pandemic. (earth.com)
  • Although the risk of transmission of avian influenza to humans is low, people should not touch dead birds or other wildlife with their bare hands. (gov.mb.ca)
  • Hundreds of wild birds have died of avian influenza in central Thailand in the past two weeks. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Human cases of avian influenza are usually associated with direct or indirect exposure to live or dead infected birds or their contaminated environment. (qld.gov.au)
  • A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • Limited person to person transmission of avian influenza has occurred however, continued transmission is low risk. (qld.gov.au)
  • Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This subtype was not known to cause disease in humans until the outbreak during February in China. (cdc.gov)
  • The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect both chickens and humans. (flu.org.cn)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • These data indicate that the novel reassortant H2N3 subtype virus has the ability to infect various mammalian hosts, suggesting a potential to transmit to humans. (usda.gov)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • 1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)
  • High pathogenicity avian influenza represents an unprecedented conservation challenge for globally declining seabird populations. (usgs.gov)
  • H7N2 is considered a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)
  • Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China. (nih.gov)
  • We also examine the prevalence of individual H7, N9, and H9N2 subtypes in Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • H7 subtype, less than .05 percent tested positive for any N9 subtype, and less than .01 percent tested positive for an H7N9 strain, and less than .02 percent tested positive for an H9N2 strain. (cdc.gov)
  • The challenge is to develop the vaccination program that is more successful in containing and preventing the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 from recurrence in the Red River Delta, Vietnam and reducing vaccination costs. (hawaii.edu)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • In February 2004, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N2) was reported on 2 chicken farms in Delaware and in four live bird markets in New Jersey supplied by the same farms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In December 2016, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N2 occurred in a feline population in the New York City Animal Care Center (ACC) shelters after testing by the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine and confirmed by USDA's National Veterinary Diagnostic Services Laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • The Ministry of Agriculture says its new vaccine can effectively "cut a key link in the transmission chain of the highly pathogenic avian influenza among water fowl. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Therefore, it can cut a key link for the highly pathogenic avian influenza to spread," said the ministry statement. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). (flu.org.cn)
  • Thus far, results of the phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene have revealed multiple clades and subclades of H5 subtype AIVs. (frontiersin.org)
  • The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • This subtype is one of several sometimes called bird flu virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now scientists in Vietnam, where bird flu has killed 42 people, report their investigation shows the H5N1 avian flu virus has "mutated into a more dangerous form that could breed more effectively in mammals. (earthfiles.com)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HA segment of the H7N9 subtype is closely related to a strain that was isolated from domestic ducks in Zhejiang, China, in 2011. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1988, the HA- and NA-producing genes of avian influenza subtype H7N9 have been deposited in GenBank 12 times, mainly representing isolates collected from wild bird hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • As of 2019, 2,644 human cases of avian influenza, mainly H7N9 or H5N1 subtypes have been reported. (qld.gov.au)
  • Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. (flu.org.cn)
  • All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
  • In addition to total nucleic acid extraction and ribonucleic acid (RNA) separation, the researchers used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to target the conserved site of the influenza A virus (IAV) matrix genes. (news-medical.net)
  • Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
  • Influenza A virus can cause infection in many mammalian and avian species and exists in multiple subtypes. (cornell.edu)
  • The developed real- time RT-PCR assays proved to be highly specific and revealed suitable sensitivity , allowing direct HA-subtyping of clinical material. (bvsalud.org)
  • In June 2014, the FDA also approved the Alere i Influenza A & B Test, a new point-of-care influenza test that delivers highly accurate molecular results in less than 15 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • The African Region is highly vulnerable given its inadequate transport and other communication infrastructure, underdeveloped general administration and logistics systems, widespread poverty, and disruption of trade due to the socioeconomic impact of avian influenza. (who.int)
  • GLOBAL - The outbreak of H7N7 highly pathogenic avian flu has already affected more than 850,000 layers and turkeys in Italy. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Two teams of scientists, led by Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, have created mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Early 1997 strain of H5N1 avian influenza virus shows golden-brown in this electron micrograph. (earthfiles.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The strain of influenza virus behind the outbreak has a high potential to cause disease. (bto.org)
  • This strain of avian influenza does not pose a food safety risk. (gov.mb.ca)
  • The Asian H3N2 virus is derived from an avian strain that also gained the ability to infect dogs and be transmitted from dog to dog. (cornell.edu)
  • These subtypes that naturally occur in wild species usually cause little or no disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N2 (A/H7N2) is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza virus infection in dogs follows a similar pattern to infections in other species. (cornell.edu)
  • In addition to the Influenza Virus Matrix PCR test that will detect any influenza variant currently circulating that may infect dogs or other species, the AHDC offers a more broadly diagnostic Canine Respiratory PCR Panel. (cornell.edu)
  • Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes est en cours depuis 2009. (who.int)
  • La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles. (who.int)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Updates on wild bird surveillance testing and results are posted on the CHWC website at www.cwhc-rcsf.ca/avian_influenza.php . (gov.mb.ca)
  • Influenza A virus can infect different mammalian animals. (usda.gov)
  • However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development advises the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) has confirmed the presence of avian influenza in two different wild bird samples in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
  • Some AIV, such as H7, H5 and H9 subtypes, are associated with sporadic zoonotic human infection. (qld.gov.au)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Communication campaigns may help increase public awareness and recognition of avian influenza as a threat to animal and human health, reducing the risk of contact with potentially infected animals. (earth.com)
  • Regional and international tools and frameworks have been implemented to address the threat of pandemic influenza and other emerging diseases. (who.int)
  • For example, an "A(H7N2) virus" designates an influenza A virus subtype that has an HA 7 protein and an NA 2 protein. (cdc.gov)
  • NYC DOHMH 2016 Health Alert #52: Update on Avian Influenza A H7N2 Infection in Cats in NYC Shelters" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • Rapid molecular haemagglutinin subtyping of avian influenza isolates by specific real-time RT-PCR tests. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specific primers and probes sets for each HA-subtype were designed to hybridise the largest isolates range within each single subtype, considering the Eurasian lineage as a major target. (bvsalud.org)
  • The robustness and general application of the 14 HA-subtype methods were verified by the analysis of 110 AIV isolates belonging to all 16 HA-subtypes, performed in different laboratories . (bvsalud.org)
  • Equine (horse) influenza A(H3N8) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in horses, and canine (dog) influenza A(H3N2) virus routinely circulates and can cause illness in dogs. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the differences in the time dogs may shed virus, the quarantine of 7 days is recommended for dogs with H3N8 influenza, while a 21 day quarantine is recommended for dogs with H3N2 influenza. (cornell.edu)
  • If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • This virus is a genetic variant of the H3N8 equine influenza virus that gained the ability to infect dogs. (cornell.edu)
  • The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)
  • Human infection of H5 or H7 subtypes are more commonly associated with severe disease and mortality. (qld.gov.au)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Information about the outbreak of avian influenza in 2021 and 2022, its spread and its impact on breeding seabird populations. (bto.org)
  • Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact or indirectly. (who.int)
  • Rapid diagnostic tests for influenza are available and are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • The HA protein revealed a Q226L mutation when compared with the putative parental avian HA protein, indicating a preferential binding to SA'2,6Gal, the mammalian influenza receptor. (usda.gov)
  • Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
  • The FDA has approved an influenza RT-PCR test developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that can provide results within 4 hours. (medscape.com)
  • The symptoms can range from typical influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches) to severe respiratory illness and other complications. (earth.com)
  • Elsewhere in Asia, the Cambodian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed on Saturday a 25-year-old woman from Kampot Province, who died of respiratory illness in Viet Nam on January 30, was infected with avian influenza. (chinadaily.com.cn)