• It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), antigens whose subtypes are used to classify the strains of the virus as H1N1, H1N2 etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 10 and neuraminidase 7. (umassmed.edu)
  • Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. (flu.org.cn)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
  • Wild aquatic birds serve as natural reservoirs harboring 16 Hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 Neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This term refers to influenza viruses that have surface proteins (haemaggluttinin alone or haemaggluttinin and neuraminidase together) that are very different from those found on existing human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • Positive samples were inoculated in MDCK cells and virus phenotypic susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was assessed using fluorescent NA inhibition. (who.int)
  • Les échantillons positifs ont été inoculés à des cellules rénales canines Madin-Darby (MDCK) et le profil de sensibilité phénotypique des virus isolés aux INA a été évalué au moyen du test d'inhibition de la neuraminidase (NA) par fluorescence. (who.int)
  • Les deux virus de la grippe B ayant une sensibilité réduite à l'oseltamivir montrent l'importance d'une surveillance permanente de la sensibilité à l'inhibiteur de la neuraminidase. (who.int)
  • Genetic analysis of virus from tissue preserved medically or in permafrost suggests that seasonal H1N1 strains of today descend from the 1918 flu pandemic virus, but the result is not conclusive. (wikipedia.org)
  • The known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABSTRACT Information on the prevalence of influenza, circulating virus subtypes and seasonality is essential for selecting strains for annual vaccines and for planning immunization programmes. (who.int)
  • Genital and urethral warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and are easily spread by sexual contact, with more than 30 strains of HPV infecting the genital tract (subtype HPV 6 is most frequently detected in genital warts). (medscape.com)
  • The extra NF-kB site was found in all other Ethiopian strains analyzed, as well as in subtype C viruses from Zambia, suggesting it is typical for the C-subtype of HIV-1. (pitt.edu)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • to confirm the classification of four HTLV-1 highly divergent strains as a new subgroup within the Cosmopolitan subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While most immunogens generate antibodies that neutralize a subset of T-cell-line-adapted strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), none so far have generated a potent, broadly cross-reactive response against primary isolates of the virus. (duke.edu)
  • Present knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope immunobiology has been derived almost exclusively from analyses of subtype B viruses, yet such viruses represent only a minority of strains currently spreading worldwide. (duke.edu)
  • Analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences revealed several important differences from prototypic subtype B strains, including changes in the number and distribution of cysteine residues, substantial length differences in hypervariable regions, and premature truncations in the gp41 domain. (duke.edu)
  • Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
  • J. Fatal course of an autochthonous distinct groups, RSV A and B, based of one another (online Technical hepatitis E virus infection in a patient on the viral envelope glycoprotein Appendix Table). (cdc.gov)
  • Our data reveal that influenza viruses cause an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway and highlight this pathway and p53 protein itself as important viral targets in the altering of apoptotic processes and in cell-cycle regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, A3G had similar inhibitory activity against a related viral RT (from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus), but no activity against DNA polymerase I. (umsystem.edu)
  • Hepatitis C virus genotypes and viral concentrations in participants of a general population survey in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Complete genomes for hepatitis C virus subtypes 6f, 6i, 6j and 6m: viral genetic diversity among Thai blood donors and infected spouses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Reduced viral replication capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C caused by cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte escape mutations in HLA-B57 epitopes of capsid protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • We performed full-length viral sequence analysis in 18 patients with chronic HCV subtype 3a infection and assessed genomic viral variability in comparison to other HCV subtypes. (lonelyjoeparker.com)
  • Clonal analyses of the nine subtype D samples with dual or mixed tropism revealed heterogeneous viral populations comprised of X4-, R5-, and dual-tropic HIV-1 variants. (uncst.go.ug)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • We recently investigated and compared the cellular gene expression profiles of human lung A549 cells infected by five different subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses (Josset et al. (nih.gov)
  • Despite a higher number of flu A(H3N2) hospitalizations, patients hospitalized with flu A(H1N1)pdm09 or B viruses had a higher likelihood of in-hospital severe outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • During Week 48, of the 547 viruses reported by public health laboratories, 437 (79.9%) were influenza A and 110 (20.1%) were influenza B. Of the 294 influenza A viruses subtyped during week 48, 218 (74.1%) were influenza A(H1N1) and 76 (25.9%) were A(H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Of influenza A viruses detected and subtyped during week 50, 77.8% were influenza A(H3N2) and 22.2% were influenza A(H1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) represent reactions that are known to occur following immunizations generally or influenza influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation. (who.int)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Of 440 specimens, 135 were positive for influenza B Yamagata-like virus, 38 were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 25 were A(H3N2). (who.int)
  • Sur 440 échantillons, 135 (31 %) étaient positifs au virus de la grippe B de type Yamagata, 38 (8 %) à celui de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et 25 (6 %) à celui de la grippe A(H3N2). (who.int)
  • The predominant influenza virus subtype is influenza A H3N2. (medscape.com)
  • Hemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). (flu.org.cn)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES. (bvsalud.org)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses, except for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 and H7 subtype viruses, usually cause mild or even asymptomatic infection among birds (known as low pathogenic avian influenza). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • Respiratory characterization of a hepatitis E virus been described ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus cause of severe acute lower respiratory during February-April. (cdc.gov)
  • Lu L , Li C , Hagedorn CH . Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis E virus subtypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Primadharsini PP , Nagashima S , Okamoto H . Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Does HEV-3 subtype play a role in the severity of acute hepatitis E? (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Recombination analysis reveals a double recombination event in hepatitis E virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Hepatitis C virus is a small (55-65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer and lymphomas in humans. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Stored sera from a population of individuals, who tested positive for hepatitis C infection as part of the NHANES III (1988-1994) survey, were analyzed for the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. (cdc.gov)
  • The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence-specific, single primer amplification and detection of PCR products for identification of hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Ramachandran S, Xia GL, Ganova-Raeva LM, Nainan OV, Khudyakov Y. End-point limiting-dilution real-time PCR assay for evaluation of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in serum: Performance under optimal and suboptimal conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, the first complete genome sequences for hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes 6f, 6i, 6j and 6m, obtained from infected blood donors in Chiang Mai, Thailand, are reported. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Identification of 19 Novel Hepatitis C Virus Subtypes-Further Expanding HCV Classification. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is currently classified into 8 genotypes and 86 subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis C virus subtype 3a is a highly prevalent and globally distributed strain that is often associated with infection via injection drug use. (lonelyjoeparker.com)
  • This guideline on pretreatment assessment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) was developed by the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (NYSDOH AI) to guide primary care providers and other practitioners in New York State in all aspects of treating and curing patients with chronic HCV. (hivguidelines.org)
  • In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The data of the ecology and distribution of influenza A virus subtype, especially the low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in the Qinghai Lake region is lacking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increased severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 infection in alveolar type II cells from patients with pulmonary fibrosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • there are now eight genotypes and 36 subtypes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These novel subtypes had the following genotypes: 9 in GT2, 5 in GT4, 2 in GT6, and 1 each in GT1, GT3, and GT5. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It really is taxonomically categorized into six genotypes (1 to 6) and several subtypes (a, b, c, etc.) predicated on the phylogenetic evaluation of incomplete genomic sequences (E1/primary and NS5B area) [4]. (antiviralbiologic.com)
  • However, the ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in this region are limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
  • Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
  • The virus growth and infection features, receptor binding preference were studied, and pathogenicity in vitro as well as. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Molecular cloning and analysis of functional envelope genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence subtypes A through G. The WHO and NIAID Networks for HIV Isolation and Characterization. (duke.edu)
  • Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
  • Longitudinal analysis of four patients with acute HCV subtype 3a infection sampled at multiple time points showed that positively selected mutations within HVR495 and HVR575 arose early during primary infection. (lonelyjoeparker.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env clones from acute and early subtype B infections for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies. (duke.edu)
  • To facilitate this, full-length gp160 genes were cloned from acute and early subtype B infections and characterized for use as reference reagents to assess neutralizing antibodies against clade B HIV-1. (duke.edu)
  • Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Data from clinical laboratories (the percentage of specimens tested that are positive for influenza virus) are used to monitor whether influenza activity is increasing or decreasing. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 133 observed seroconversions, specimens from 126 persons were available for subtyping (27 subtype B, 99 subtype E). In this analysis, the authors assessed differences in subtype-specific transmission while controlling for important risk factors. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been cultured (i.e. isolated) directly from clinical specimens and have not been purposefully modified. (who.int)
  • Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
  • The phylogenetic correlation and molecular characteristics of the viruses were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic analyses of full-length env sequences indicated that the panel included members of all major sequence subtypes of HIV-1 group M (clades A to G), as well as an intersubtype recombinant (F/B) from an infected individual in Brazil. (duke.edu)
  • Pigs experimentally infected with the strain of swine flu that caused the human pandemic of 2009-10 showed clinical signs of flu within four days, and the virus spread to other uninfected pigs housed with the infected ones. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses - North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe - "an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic subtype C of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has established foci of infection in India and in at least eight African countries, and is expected to contribute significantly to the global pandemic. (pitt.edu)
  • The viruses in migratory wildfowl may spillover to birds or mammals, or reassort with other influenza A viruses, causing diseases with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • 2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
  • The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)
  • Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • However, some of these subtypes can infect people and when this is found, the subtype is considered "new" for humans. (who.int)
  • Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
  • So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • 1 They do not normally infect humans, though certain subtypes, such as avian influenza A(H5), A(H7) and A(H9) have caused sporadic human infections. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • The virus was included in the 1978-79 influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses known to be associated with recent receipt of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or found upon further testing to be a vaccine virus are not included, as they are not circulating influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of influenza viruses tested are in the same genetic subclade as and antigenically similar to the influenza viruses included in this season's influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Candidate influenza vaccine viruses. (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been selected by WHO as viruses that potentially could be used as the basis for making influenza vaccine and that usually have been modified through laboratory techniques. (who.int)
  • Depending on whether the candidate virus is for a seasonal or H5N1 vaccine, different laboratories, laboratory techniques, and levels of biocontainment may be used or required to perform the modifications. (who.int)
  • Candidate influenza vaccine viruses normally must be tested further by vaccine producers for their suitability for vaccine manufacturing and by WHO to see if essential features of the candidate virus have been retained through all the modifications. (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been modified by laboratory techniques to grow better in eggs so that more vaccine can be made. (who.int)
  • Candidate influenza vaccine viruses are often (but not always) high- growth reassortant viruses. (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses prepared from candidate influenza vaccine viruses by individual manufacturers for the manufacturer's specific vaccine-production process. (who.int)
  • Since vaccine processes differ among companies, different manufacturers may use differently prepared seed viruses. (who.int)
  • WHO-recommended viruses for vaccine use. (who.int)
  • These are wild-type influenza viruses that are recommended by WHO as the basis for an influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
  • The panel of env constructs described here should prove valuable for future structure-function studies of naturally occurring envelope glycoproteins as well as AIDS vaccine development efforts targeted against a broader spectrum of viruses. (duke.edu)
  • See U.S. Food and Drug Administration Influenza Virus Vaccine Safety & Availability . (hivguidelines.org)
  • influenza vaccine have not been correlated with protection from influenza virus. (who.int)
  • Clone C2220, 9031 nt in length, was derived by long PCR amplification of proviral DNA from virus cultured on primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and contains all but 74 nt of the unique sequence information of the HIV-1 genome. (pitt.edu)
  • This clone resembles HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A, B, and D in its genome organization with one notable exception: the core promoter contains not two, but three potential binding sites for the transcription factor NF-kB. (pitt.edu)
  • Pairwise genome-wide nucleotide similarities between some of these isolates were higher than the 75-80% value used previously to define different HCV subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct epidemiologic patterns that varied across countries, age and time. (who.int)
  • Regional and country-specific analyses are important as case fatality, demographic characteristics, seasonality and the clade or subclade of viruses have been observed to vary across regions. (who.int)
  • Pigs can also become infected with the H4N6 and H9N2 subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • M, N, O and P. Group M is the most prevalent, including subtypes or clades of A-D, F-H, J, K, over 100 Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs), and several Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs). (umsystem.edu)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • The current H5N1 bird flu, also an Influenza A virus, has a similar effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • A down-regulation of mRNA expression was observed for the main regulators of p53 protein stability during infection by the complete set of viruses tested, and a significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was also observed in H5N1 infected cells. (nih.gov)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • There are reference viruses for seasonal, H5N1 and other influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
  • The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
  • Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
  • In poultry and wild birds, A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from 10 and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
  • 6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
  • As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
  • The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
  • To understand the mechanism behind this observation, we applied in vitro biochemical assays, which were performed with four patient-derived reverse transcriptase (RT) proteins isolated from HIV-1B, HIV-1C, CRF01_AE, and CRF02_AG viruses. (umsystem.edu)
  • In this paper, we review the history, epidemiology, and clinical subtypes of LP. We also review the histopathologic aspects of the disease, differential diagnoses, immunopathogenesis, and the clinical and genetic correlations. (hindawi.com)
  • As influenza viruses evolve, the more recent viruses can be considered variants of older related influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The main goal of the work was to analyze the characteristics of Tat protein in HIV-1 A6 variant, that is, to identify substitutions characteristic for A6 and A1 variants, as well as to compare the frequency of mutations in functionally significant domains in sub-subtype A6 and subtype B. (crie.ru)
  • Tat protein of sub-subtype A6 have some characteristics that make it possible to reliably distinguish it from other HIV-1 variants. (crie.ru)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • These subtypes that naturally occur in wild species usually cause little or no disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other species, such as Ochlerotatus fulvus and Psorophora cingulata, although highly susceptible to infection, were not efficient laboratory vectors of this virus due to a significant salivary gland barrier. (edu.pe)
  • Additional studies on biting behavior, mosquito population densities, and vertebrate reservoir hosts of subtype IIIC virus are needed to determine the role that these species play in the maintenance and spread of this virus in the Amazon Basin region. (edu.pe)
  • Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)
  • Similar increases in likelihood of ICU admission and MV/ECMO use were seen for people of all ages hospitalized with A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, although results were variable by age for influenza B. Before this study, little was known about the relative severity of flu by virus type and subtype in hospitalized people in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is divided into type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). (umsystem.edu)
  • Salminen, MO and Johansson, B and Sönnerborg, A and Ayehunie, S and Gotte, D and Leinikki, P and Burke, DS and McCutchan, FE (1996) Full-length sequence of an Ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate of genetic subtype C. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 12 (14). (pitt.edu)
  • These viruses have two specifically selected genes for the proteins on the virus surface (typically from the wild-type influenza virus of concern) and six other internal "backbone" genes from another influenza virus (typically A/Puerto Rico/8/34). (who.int)
  • These are influenza viruses that have been found to infect people (and sometimes animals) in nature (i.e. wild-type influenza viruses) and that WHO has selected as representative of important groups of influenza viruses on the basis of extensive antigenic and genetic studies and comparisons with viruses from many countries. (who.int)
  • As the wild-type influenza viruses evolve in nature, new reference viruses must be selected. (who.int)
  • Wild-type influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • HIV type 1 (HIV-1) sub-subtype A6 is the most widespread in Russia. (crie.ru)
  • In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B, CXCR4 coreceptor use ranges from 20% in early infection to 50% in advanced disease. (uncst.go.ug)
  • Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes on virologic response and emergence of drug resistance among children in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) 5 trial. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The association between virologic response and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype was investigated in 113 HIV-1-infected children randomly assigned to receive zidovudine plus lamivudine, zidovudine plus abacavir, or lamivudine plus abacavir in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) 5 trial. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Reactions or Systemic Adverse Events within 7 Days after Administration of a new antigenic variant of the same type or subtype. (who.int)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • Samples of wild bird feces and lake surface water were collected in Qinghai Lake in year 2012.Virus isolation was conducted on embryonated chicken eggs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HCV-2c has been spotted all around the world like a low-prevalence HCV subtype (http://hcv.lanl.gov). (antiviralbiologic.com)
  • Variation exists among diagnostic methods for identification of types and subtypes of influenza (see Tables 1, 2, and 3). (medscape.com)
  • Identification of influenza A subtypes is possible, although not routinely practiced, with these diagnostic methods. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, we determined the biochemical characteristics of HIV-1 RTs from various subtypes and determined kinetic constants of inhibition by EFdA, NVP, and RPV. (umsystem.edu)
  • A few of influenza A subtype viruses were isolated from collected samples, among which two H13N8 subtype influenza viruses were identified and their characteristics were studied. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Modifications are made to improve certain characteristics, for example, better growth properties in eggs, or, possibly to make a virus less dangerous. (who.int)
  • This subtype exhibits particular phenotypic characteristics. (lonelyjoeparker.com)
  • Pairwise comparison of these sequences gave a similar range of nucleotide similarities, thereby providing new information for HCV subtype classification. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Next, we determined the effects of single nucleotide variations on M splicing by generating mutant viruses harboring the 55C/T variant through reverse genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nucleotide sequences of HIV-1 sub-subtypes A6, A1, A2, A3, A4, subtype B and the reference nucleotide sequence were obtained from the Los Alamos international database. (crie.ru)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • Here we report the first almost full-length sequence of a subtype C HIV-1 from Ethiopia. (pitt.edu)
  • One of these, derived from a patient with rapid CD4 cell decline, contained an amino acid substitution in a highly conserved endocytosis signal (Y721C), as mediated virus entry with very poor efficiency, although they did not contain sequence changes predicted to alter protein function. (duke.edu)
  • They are the natural reservoirs for all avian influenza subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings highlight the importance of annual flu vaccination and early antiviral treatment for patients at increased risk of severe flu, no matter which flu viruses are circulating. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in the case of CRF02_AG RT, NVP binds with similar affinity to RPV, suggesting CRF02_AG patients may respond better to NVP than patients infected with other subtypes. (umsystem.edu)
  • HIV-1C has less binding affinity to RPV than other subtypes, which is consistent with clinical reports showing that HIV-1C patients have a higher rate of treatment failure with RPV. (umsystem.edu)
  • For the majority of the patients, a specific subtype could be assigned based on a close genetic relationship to previously described subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • One of the main reasons for this insistent need lies in the phenomenon of drug resistance in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which limits the options for ART regimens, especially in patients having long treatment history. (crie.ru)
  • Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Individual gp160 clones were screened for infectivity as Env-pseudotyped viruses in a luciferase reporter gene assay in JC53-BL (TZM-bl) cells. (duke.edu)
  • The biological activity of PCR-derived env genes was examined in a single-round virus infectivity assay. (duke.edu)
  • This event is a typical example of the global transmission of avian influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • This study is helpful to understand the ecology, evolution and transmission pattern of H13 subtype influenza virus globally. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since Week 40, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 has been the predominant virus circulating in all regions. (cdc.gov)
  • There are many influenza virus subtypes that naturally infect animals but usually do not infect people. (who.int)
  • This study confirms the existence of a highly divergent monophyletic clade within the Cosmopolitan subtype composed of sequences from Peruvian and Brazilian individuals and suggest that more studies should be performed in this South-American area where the last subgroups (E and F) has been detected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using plausible epidemiologic assumptions and controlling for behavioral risks, the authors found that a significantly higher transmission probability was associated with subtype E compared with subtype B in this population. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • Since many epidemiologic, virologic, and host factors can influence HIV transmission, it was difficult to conclude whether these differences in transmission probabilities were due to biologic properties associated with subtype. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu or a variant virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Bangkok (Thailand) Metropolitan Administration cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs) consisted of 1,209 IDUs initially seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were followed from 1995 to 1998 at 15 Administration drug treatment clinics. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • Cytotoxic- T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations in human immunodeficiency viruses encode amino acid substitutions in positions that disrupt CTL targeting, thereby increasing virus survival and conferring a relative fitness benefit. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. (crie.ru)
  • The overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed, and the likelihood of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses remains low. (who.int)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • All viruses collected and evaluated this season have been susceptible to the influenza antivirals oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, and baloxavir. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT We monitored phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Morocco during 2014-2015 to oseltamivir and zanamivir. (who.int)
  • B viruses with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir show that ongoing NAI susceptibility surveillance is essential. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, the diverse clinical presentation and the asymptomatic nature of the most common subtype of OLP make the disease an underdiagnosed health issue [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, it is now clear that CTL escape mutations can also confer a fitness cost , and there is increasing evidence to suggest that in some cases, e.g., escape from HLA-B *57/B*5801-restricted responses, the costs to the escape virus may affect the clinical course of infection . (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 1 ] CTCL subtypes demonstrate a variety of clinical, histologic, and molecular features, and can follow an indolent or a very aggressive course. (medscape.com)
  • The 2005 World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classification of CTCLs is divided into those with indolent clinical behavior and those with aggressive subtypes. (medscape.com)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • In the gene description, 'vaccinia' refers to the Copenhagen strain (GenBank Accession Number M35027), and 'variola' refers to Variola major virus, strain Bangladesh-75 (GenBank Accession Number L22579). (nih.gov)
  • We evaluated mosquitoes collected in the Amazon Basin, near Iquitos, Peru, for their susceptibility to a subtype IIIC strain of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex. (edu.pe)
  • Hydroxyl radicals inside nanoe™ X particles draw out hydrogen from the virus' protein envelope. (panasonic.com)
  • The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These are influenza viruses, which most often will be animal or partly animal influenza viruses, that have infected some people, but the vast majority of people in the world will never have been exposed to them and will have no pre-existing immunity to them. (who.int)
  • size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • HTLV-1 is classified in seven subtypes (a-g) most of them restricted to specific regions (b-e), while the Cosmopolitan subtype (a) is worldwide distributed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cosmopolitan subtype has experimented a degree of molecular diversity giving rise to five subgroups: Transcontinental (A), Japanese (B), West African (C), North African (D) and Black Peruvian (E). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The existing cosmopolitan distribution of specific subtypes such as for example 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c and 3a may be the total consequence of bloodstream transfusions, intravenous substance abuse and intrusive operative and surgical procedure which have been common going back 80 years [4]. (antiviralbiologic.com)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • The interspecies reassortment of H13 subtype virus among Anseriforme sand Charadriiformes wild birds emphasizes the importance of strengthening avian influenza surveillance in this region. (biomedcentral.com)