Filter...

AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care

Select a category...

Subthalamic NucleusCorpus StriatumDeep Brain StimulationParkinson DiseaseGlobus PallidusDopamineSubstantia NigraSubthalamus3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic AcidBasal GangliaBrainAntiparkinson AgentsThalamic NucleiReceptors, DopamineLevodopaElectrodes, ImplantedBeta RhythmNeuronsStereotaxic TechniquesBerberineCorpus LuteumHypokinesiaElectric Stimulation TherapyRats, Sprague-DawleyCorpus CallosumDyskinesiasOxidopamineCell NucleusNeural PathwaysRats, Inbred StrainsParkinsonian DisordersEntopeduncular NucleusDyskinesia, Drug-InducedAgenesis of Corpus CallosumDopamine AgentsMagnetic Resonance ImagingThalamusAction PotentialsTremorMuscle RigidityMicroelectrodesElectric StimulationBrain MappingBiological ClocksFunctional LateralityReaction TimeApomorphineMotor ActivityParkinson Disease, SecondaryBehavior, AnimalNucleus AccumbensNeostriatumNeuropsychological TestsCaudate NucleusMovementDopamine AgonistsPedunculopontine Tegmental NucleusImage Processing, Computer-AssistedMotor SkillsAnalysis of VarianceMedial Forebrain BundleDopamine AntagonistsDysarthriaNeural InhibitionContingent Negative VariationVentral Thalamic NucleiCerebral CortexPsychomotor Performance1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridineInhibition (Psychology)Models, NeurologicalSynaptic TransmissionSensation DisordersStereotyped BehaviorPseudobulbar PalsySpeech DisordersMotor Cortexgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGABA AntagonistsElectroencephalographyMuscimolMesencephalonNeurologic ExaminationCortical SynchronizationRats, WistarNeurosurgical ProceduresTime FactorsPrefrontal CortexMicroinjectionsElectrophysiologyGait Disorders, NeurologicPeriodicityDominance, CerebralTreatment OutcomeFrontal LobeDenervationMovement DisordersVisible Human ProjectsNerve NetCues

Substantia nigraBrainstemLateralDopaminergicBasalVentralCallosumVagus nerveHypoglossal nerveFibersMidbrainSensoryAnteriorDopamineInferiorMedullaStructuresMotorCaudate nucleusVentral striatumReticular formationBasal nucleiDorsal striatumVestibularNeuronal lossHippocampusCaudalAccumbensTemporal lobePosteriorCavernous sinusNeuronsCranial nervesTrigeminal nerveNeocortexEfferentAmbiguusInternal capsuleHypothalamusStriatalTerminateAfferentConnectionsIpsilateralReceivesConsistsTerminalsSurfaceGrey matterNormalLargest

Substantia nigra5

• In the mesencephalon, ventral pallidal fibers terminate in the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, the retrorubral area, the median raphe nucleus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the peribrachial area, the ventromedial part of the central gray substance and the locus coeruleus. (nih.gov)
• Basal ganglia include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (lecturio.com)
• The basal nuclei (formerly referred to as the basal ganglia) comprise the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. (medscape.com)
• Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which normally provide dopaminergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum). (jneurosci.org)
• The nigrostriatal pathway is a neural pathway that connects the substantia nigra with the striatum . (en-academic.com)

Brainstem3

• Other nuclei, however, are long and span several regions of the brainstem contributing to several cranial nerves. (radiopaedia.org)
• Several motor and sensory nuclei form longitudinal columns in the brainstem, leading to some authors describing them as single discontinuous longitudinal nuclear columns rather than the more numerous individual separate nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
• Extensive interconnections exist between many of these nuclei, as well as with other brainstem nuclei and white matter tracts, such as the medial lemniscus and medial longitudinal fasciculus . (radiopaedia.org)

Lateral7

• Diencephalic targets of ventral pallidal fibers are the lateral hypothalamus, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the dorsomedial part of the subthalamic nucleus, the medial part of the parafascicular nucleus and the lateral habenula. (nih.gov)
• The medial part of this ventral pallidal zone projects to the ventral tegmental area, whereas ventral and lateral parts connect with more lateral and caudal mesencephalic targets. (nih.gov)
• The projections from the ventral pallidum to the ventral striatum, the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamic area, and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus are distinctly topographically organized. (nih.gov)
• The ventral pallidostriatal projections preserve a medial-to-lateral, a dorsal-to-ventral and, to a lesser degree, a rostral-to-caudal topography. (nih.gov)
• With respect to the subthalamic region, the dorsolateral part of the ventral pallidum projects to the dorsomedial part of the subthalamic nucleus, whereas the ventromedial and ventrolateral parts of the ventral pallidum are topographically connected with the area of the lateral hypothalamus medially adjacent to the subthalamic nucleus. (nih.gov)
• Functionally, the nuclei can be divided dorsally and ventrally, and into medial and lateral components to achieve a musculotopic organization of the motor neurons within. (radiopaedia.org)
• Lateral and medial surfaces of cerebrum, showing major sulci and gyri. (medscape.com)

Dopaminergic2

• Retrograde tracer injections in other targets of the ventral mesencephalon, i.e. the dopaminergic cell groups A10, A9 or A8, or nuclei in the peribrachial area result in labeling of neurons in an extensive ventromedial and ventrolateral zone of the ventral pallidum. (nih.gov)
• By blocking the striatal cholinergic receptors, benztropine may help in balancing the cholinergic and the dopaminergic activity in the striatum. (medscape.com)

Basal2

• the limbic structures, including the amygdalae and the hippocampi, the claustrum, the various nuclei of the basal ganglia, the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs. (wikipedia.org)
• The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)

Ventral2

• The results of the experiments in which retrograde tracers were injected in different nuclei in the mesencephalon allow the distinction of two main areas in the ventral pallidum. (nih.gov)
• They lie ventral and medial to the dorsal vagal nucleus . (radiopaedia.org)

Callosum3

• The hemispheres are connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum. (wikipedia.org)
• Occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity, the cerebral cortex has 4 lobes and is divided into 2 hemispheres that are joined centrally by the corpus callosum. (lecturio.com)
• The corpus callosum is the collection of white matter fibers that joins these hemispheres. (medscape.com)

Vagus nerve1

• The nuclei contain large motor neurons and myelinated fibers of the hypoglossal nerve, innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles , excluding palatoglossus 1,2 which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (radiopaedia.org)

Hypoglossal nerve2

• The hypoglossal nuclei , exist as paired nuclei within the medulla oblongata that provide motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (excluding palatoglossus) via the hypoglossal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
• Fibers pass anteriorly between the inferior olivary nucleus and pyramid and exit the medulla as the hypoglossal nerve between the pyramid and olive. (radiopaedia.org)

Fibers1

• The hypoglossal nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers , from the precentral gyrus and adjoining areas from both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral hemispheres, however primarily from the latter 1 . (radiopaedia.org)

Midbrain1

• The cranial nerve nuclei are a series of bilateral grey matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain , pons and medulla that are the collections of afferent and efferent cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves . (radiopaedia.org)

Sensory1

• Each part contains groups of nuclei that function as relay centers for sensory Sensory Neurons which conduct nerve impulses to the central nervous system. (lecturio.com)

Anterior1

• From the hippocampus, signals are relayed via the fornix to the mammillary bodies and via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. (medscape.com)

Dopamine1

• It stimulates dopamine receptors in the corpus striatum. (medscape.com)

Inferior1

• The hypoglossal nuclei are located within the tegmentum of upper medulla close to the midline, lying deep to the hypoglossal trigone , or hypoglossal triangle, which is the medial eminence of the floor of the fourth ventricle , inferior to the stria medullaris 1 . (radiopaedia.org)

Medulla1

• Each nucleus is approximately 2 cm in length, extending beyond the limits of the hypoglossal trigone into the region of the closed medulla. (radiopaedia.org)

Structures1

• The medial temporal lobe structures are considered by some to be part of the so-called limbic lobe. (medscape.com)

Motor1

• Some nuclei are small and contribute to a single cranial nerve, such as some of the motor nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)

Caudate nucleus7

• Topographically, it is just about entirely split into the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus by a band of nerve fibres, the internal capsule. (earthslab.com)
• The caudate nucleus and putamen being recent in development, collectively create the neostriatum/ striatum. (earthslab.com)
• The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is the receptive part while globus pallidus is the efferent part (outflow centre) of the corpus striatum. (earthslab.com)
• The fibres, which follow the inner curve of the caudate nucleus and terminate into septal area, anterior perforated substance and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, originate from amygdaloid body form stria terminalis. (earthslab.com)
• Classically, the corpus striatum is divided in two parts: dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle). (medscape.com)
• These hemorrhages are most evident in basal ganglia and caudate nucleus with associated widespread vasculitis. (medscape.com)
• These models suggested diagnoses of PSP and CBD depending on the brain region - PSP in the motor cortex and superior frontal gyrus and CBD in caudate nucleus. (bvsalud.org)

Ventral striatum1

• Dopamine (DA) release in the dorsal and ventral striatum plays key roles in action selection and motivation, and is dysregulated in diverse disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and addictions. (nature.com)

Reticular formation2

• The globus pallidus sends fibres to the thalamus, subthalamus, substantia nigra, reticular formation and red nucleus. (earthslab.com)
• After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labeled somata were observed bilaterally in the pretectum, nucleus Ruber , principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, inferior reticular formation, and cerebellar valvula. (brainmaps.org)

Basal nuclei5

• The basal nuclei (or ganglia) are situated inside the white matter in the basal part of the cerebral hemisphere and large subcortical masses of grey matter. (earthslab.com)
• The basal nuclei are important in arranging and coordinating motor movements. (earthslab.com)
• The major function of the basal nuclei is to reduce muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. (earthslab.com)
• Developmentally it is related to the basal nuclei but functionally it's included in the limbic system and therefore, shares its functions. (earthslab.com)
• The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)

Dorsal striatum1

• It is the dorsal striatum, however, which is most significant in motor activity and commonly involved in hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. (medscape.com)

Vestibular1

• The spinal nucleus lies ventral to the vestibular and cochlear nuclei and medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncles . (radiopaedia.org)

Neuronal loss2

• [ 5 , 6 ] These pathologic changes in the brain are most prominent in the corpus striatum and associated with severe neuronal loss. (medscape.com)
• The subthalamic nucleus had mild-to-moderate neuronal loss with globose neurofibrillary tangles, consistent with PSP. (bvsalud.org)

Hippocampus4

• From the hippocampus, signals are relayed via the fornix to the mammillary bodies and via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. (medscape.com)
• The 68-year-old presymptomatic L315R carrier (FTLD-CDR = 0) had limited tau burden morphologically similar to L315R end-stage carriers in middle frontal, antero-inferior temporal, amygdala, (para-)hippocampus and striatum, along with age-related Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change. (biomedcentral.com)
• In-situ hybridization with emulsion autoradiography demonstrated MHC class I mRNA in distinct pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus, in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and in motor neurons of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
• Interestingly, in marmoset monkeys that were immunosuppressed with FK506 (tacrolimus), expression of neuronal MHC class I proteins, which could be detected with MRC-Ox18, was either very low (neocortex, nucleus Ruber , substantia nigra) or absent (hippocampus). (brainmaps.org)

Caudal5

• It is located ventral to the SEPTAL NUCLEI, and caudal to the median PREOPTIC NUCLEUS. (nih.gov)
• It was shown that the cortical representation area of the forelimbs projected to the whole rostro - caudal extension of the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
• Number of efferent fibers terminating in rostral border of nucleus Ruber , was almost two times grater than that in the caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
• The efferent fibers of the hindlimb area were found not to project to the rostral two thirds of nucleus Ruber , and were found to terminate only in its caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
• The quantity of these projecting corticorubral fibers is equal to that projecting from cortical representation of the forelimbs to caudal third of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)

Accumbens3

• We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. (nature.com)
• These GATs are partly localized to astrocytes, and are enriched in dorsolateral striatum compared to accumbens core. (nature.com)
• Here we reveal firstly that GAT-1 and GAT-3 strongly regulate striatal DA release in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) but not in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), by limiting tonic inhibition arising from striatal ambient GABA. (nature.com)

Temporal lobe1

• The medial temporal lobe structures are considered by some to be part of the so-called limbic lobe. (medscape.com)

Posterior2

• Collaterals from the posterior longitudinal bundle and the ventral longitudinal bundle are said to pass to the nucleus. (bartleby.com)
• 1) The somatic sensory fibers are few in number, convey impulses from a limited area of the skin on the back of the ear and posterior part of the external auditory meatus, and probably join the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve to terminate in its nucleus. (bartleby.com)

Cavernous sinus1

• From here, the meningeal layer passes downwards to surround the pituitary gland, thus forming the medial wall of the cavernous sinus. (radiopaedia.org)

Neurons3

• We show that most globus pallidus neurons, but very few neocortical interneurons, are generated from the ventral medial ganglionic eminence and dorsal preoptic area based on fate mapping using an Shh-Cre allele. (nih.gov)
• The descending fibers in the spinal tract of the trigeminal terminating in the nucleus of the tract probably establish relations through connecting neurons with motor nuclei in the anterior column of the spinal cord and with motor nuclei of the medulla. (bartleby.com)
• Terminals in the nucleus Ruber appear to come from tectal neurons in the SFGS labeled by isthmic injections. (brainmaps.org)

Cranial nerves1

• The cranial part receives indirectly or directly terminals and collaterals from the opposite pyramidal tract and form the terminal sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves. (bartleby.com)

Trigeminal nerve2

• The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is one of three major nuclei that make up the trigeminal sensory nerve nuclear complex along with the main sensory nucleus and the mesencephalic nucleus 1-2 . (radiopaedia.org)
• The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is a paired structure and is an inferior continuation of the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. (radiopaedia.org)

Neocortex1

• On the other hand, there were also astrocytic plaques, a pathological hallmark of CBD, in the neocortex and striatum. (bvsalud.org)

Efferent1

• A few fibers of the cranial part are said to arise in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus and are thus sympathetic efferent. (bartleby.com)

Ambiguus1

• The upper part of the nucleus ambiguus gives motor fibers to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. (bartleby.com)

Internal capsule1

• However, across the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the anteroinferior ends of these nuclei remain linked by a number of bands of grey matter. (earthslab.com)

Hypothalamus1

• Decreases in local cerebral glucose utilization after either d- or l-amphetamine administration were found in the habenula and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. (nih.gov)

Striatal1

• These data define previously unappreciated and important roles for GATs and astrocytes in supporting DA release in striatum, and reveal a maladaptive plasticity in early parkinsonism that impairs DA output in vulnerable striatal regions. (nature.com)

Terminate1

• Some authors, however, believe they join the tractus solitarius and terminate in its nucleus. (bartleby.com)

Afferent2

• The spinal nucleus receives afferent impulses from the ipsilateral face which convey information about pain, temperature and crude touch. (radiopaedia.org)
• In addition, the present study revealed a previously unknown afferent from the nucleus Ruber to the percomorph nucleus isthmi. (brainmaps.org)

Connections1

• Thus the nucleus isthmi has reciprocal fiber connections with the ipsilateral optic tectum, receives projections from the ipsilateral nucleus Ruber , and projects to the ipsilateral PSp. (brainmaps.org)

Ipsilateral2

• Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or biocytin to the carp nucleus isthmi labeled cells in the ipsilateral optic tectum and nucleus Ruber of Goldstein [ 1905]. (brainmaps.org)
• Labeled terminals were seen in the ipsilateral nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvocellularis (PSp), optic tectum, and bilateral nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)

Receives1

• The nucleus of origin of the spinal part undoubtedly receives either directly or indirectly terminals and collaterals controlling voluntary movements from the pyramidal tracts. (bartleby.com)

Consists1

• The globus pallidus is smaller medial part and consists of large (motor) cells. (earthslab.com)

Terminals1

• It is probable that terminals and collaterals reach the nucleus either directly or indirectly from the rubrospinal and the vestibulospinal tracts. (bartleby.com)

Surface1

• The parietal lobe is distinguished from the occipital lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial surface. (medscape.com)

Grey matter1

• Reddish nucleus is a cigar shaped mass of grey matter which appears ovoid in cross section. (earthslab.com)

Normal1

• The effects in the supra- chiasmatic nuclei may reflect their normal diurnal rhythm in metabolic rate. (nih.gov)

Largest1

• The corpus striatum is considered to be the largest structure present in the basal ganglia. (medscape.com)