• E.coli lipid A acyltransferases do not have an absolute specificity for 14-carbon hydroxy fatty acids but can transfer fatty acids differing by one carbon unit if the fatty acid substrates are available. (cathdb.info)
  • The substrate specificity of ABC transporters is determined by its associated substrate-binding proteins (SBPs). (nih.gov)
  • Whereas in E. coli only one protein, DppA, determines the specificity of the transporter, five orthologous SBPs, DppA1-A5 are present in P. aeruginosa. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple SBPs might broaden the substrate specificity by increasing the transporter capacity. (nih.gov)
  • Cloning, expression, and characterization of a human 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase with broad substrate specificity. (rhea-db.org)
  • Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures . (ne.jp)
  • A synthetic, specially- designed oligonucleotide with the ability to recognize and bind a protein ligand molecule or molecules with high affinity and specificity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • 3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + UDP-3-O-((3R)- hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine = UDP-2-N,3-O-bis((3R)-3- hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier- protein]. (cathdb.info)
  • LpxD from Escherichia coli prefers (R,S)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl- carrier protein] over (R,S)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. (cathdb.info)
  • Discrete enzymes in this pathway include two reductase enzymes: 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabG) and enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI). (rcsb.org)
  • The enzyme is capable of transferring the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue in both the acyl carrier protein domain of the human cytosolic multifunctional fatty acid synthase and the acyl carrier protein associated independently with human mitochondria. (rhea-db.org)
  • Lipoate protein ligase B primarily recognizes the C8-phosphopantetheine arm of its donor substrate and weakly binds the acyl carrier protein. (du.ac.in)
  • This complex binds tightly to the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase known as InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. (genaxxon.com)
  • Moreover, as the word 'coding' refers to the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins, rather than the mere transcription of DNA into RNA, it is logical to call the strand with the mRNA sequence the coding strand, as in the first example. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • BirA biotinylates via the lysine side chain of biotin-accepting proteins/peptides, including natural substrate, carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP),and Avi Tag fusion proteins. (watson-int.cn)
  • The α-subunits of the oxaloacetate and methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylases are homologous to many biotin-containing enzymes including (1) pyruvate carboxylases, (2) homocitrate synthases, (3) biotin carboxyl carrier proteins, (4) isopropylmalate synthases and (5) acyl-CoA carboxylase. (tcdb.org)
  • The enzyme changes shape, once the substrate binds to the enzyme. (bionity.com)
  • Our study also reveals that dimetal-carboxylate halogenases are among the most abundant types of halogenating enzymes in the phylum Cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The enzyme catalyzes a step of lipid A biosynthesis. (cathdb.info)
  • Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are modular multidomain enzymes that act as an assembly line to catalyze the biosynthesis of complex natural products. (rcsb.org)
  • Research on Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in the Johnson group currently involves investigating the molecular mechanisms of Fe-S cluster assembly on scaffold proteins and the subsequent intact cluster transfer to acceptor or carrier proteins. (uga.edu)
  • BirA functions both as a DNA-binding protein that represses the biotin biosynthesis operon as well as an enzyme that synthesizes its own corepressor, bio-5′-AMP, an intermediate in biotinylation reactions. (watson-int.cn)
  • Two different periplasmic carrier proteins, AcrA from C. jejuni and a toxoid form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin were glycosylated with Shigella O antigens in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • After induction glycoconjugates generally appeared later than unglycosylated carrier protein, suggesting that glycosylation was the rate-limiting step for synthesis of conjugate vaccines in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glycoconjugate synthesis, in particular expression of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, strongly inhibited growth of E. coli cells after induction, making it necessary to separate biomass growth and recombinant protein expression phases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presented data demonstrate that glycosylated proteins can be produced in recombinant E. coli at a larger scale. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BirA, the biotin-protein ligase (BPL) of Escherichia coli, is also known as biotin operon repressor, biotin-[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase, and biotin-[acetyl-CoAcarboxylase] synthetase. (watson-int.cn)
  • The lac operon of E. coli is but one example of how enzyme and transporter production can be made conditional on the presence of a nutrient to catabolize. (lu.se)
  • The peptidyl carrier protein domain is flexibly tethered to this platform and thus can move with its substrate-loaded 4'-phosphopantetheine arm between the active site of the adenylation domain and the donor side of the condensation domain. (rcsb.org)
  • The human 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase is also capable of phosphopantetheinylation of peptidyl carrier and acyl carrier proteins from prokaryotes. (rhea-db.org)
  • The PTS catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitant with their translocation across the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • This model consists of a phospholipids bi-layer and a variety of proteins spread throughout the membrane surface. (bionity.com)
  • Proteins themselves play an important role in the membrane to ensure the cell can live as efficiently and effectively as possible. (bionity.com)
  • These proteins are found dispersed as markers throughout the membrane. (bionity.com)
  • These enzymes are found throughout the cell membrane and allow the cell to synthesise and break down substances according the cell's requirements. (bionity.com)
  • Another example of proteins in the cell membrane is receptor proteins. (bionity.com)
  • Receptor cells extend right across the cell membrane and have active sites specific to an antigen or substrate. (bionity.com)
  • The β-subunits possess 9 transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs), and the protein may dip into the membrane twice between TMSs III and IV. (tcdb.org)
  • ST3GAL5 is a type II membrane protein which catalyzes the formation of GM3 with lactosylceramide as the substrate. (prospecbio.com)
  • Sometimes various globular proteins embedded in the matrix function as receptors and help transport molecules across the membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The study of CylC-like enzymes will provide insights into substrate scope, mechanism and catalytic partners, and will also enable engineering these biocatalysts for similar or additional C-H activating functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metal centers constitute the active sites of at least one third of all enzymes and determining the assembly mechanism of metallocenters and the electronic and structural properties of metal centers that confer selective and specific catalytic activity present fascinating challenges to inorganic chemists. (uga.edu)
  • Most enzymes are protein s, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules . (ne.jp)
  • BirA, a member of the group II biotin-protein ligase family, contains an N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain, a catalytic core that catalyzes biotinyl 5′ adenylate (bio-5′-AMP) synthesis, and a C-terminal domain that plays a role in DNA binding, dimerization, and catalytic function. (watson-int.cn)
  • Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalyst s. (ne.jp)
  • The mode of action of enzymes and macromolecular complexes as protein machines will be investigated. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • These rates are typically estimated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodiumfalciparum, Plasmodium vivax VK210 (P. vivax210) or P. vivax VK247 (P. vivax247), employing assays that were developed over three decades ago. (cdc.gov)
  • The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products . (ne.jp)
  • inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. (ne.jp)
  • Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powder s break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew. (ne.jp)
  • Once biotinylated, (strept)avidin-biotin interactions can be utilized in a wide variety of applications of biochemistry and cell biology, including protein capture, immobilization, multimerizing, and bridging molecules. (watson-int.cn)
  • Thus, there is wide interest in non-radioactive labels, particularly in labels that are observable by spectrophotometric, spin resonance, and luminescence techniques, and reactive materials, such as enzymes that produce such molecules. (justia.com)
  • The reaction involves the small protein DsrC, which is present in all the organisms that contain dissimilatory sulfite reductase. (genome.jp)
  • Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. (ne.jp)
  • Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy . (ne.jp)
  • Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. (ne.jp)
  • Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out: the suffix '' -ase '' is combined with the name of the substrate (e.g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or to the type of reaction (e.g. (ne.jp)
  • The location in an enzyme where the specific reaction takes place. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • In a plate load 50 µL of 0.4 ng/µL rhLDHA, and start the reaction by adding 50 µL of substrate mixture. (rndsystems.com)
  • While we found non-cyanobacterial homologs of these enzymes to be rare, we identified a large number of genes encoding CylC-like enzymes in publicly available cyanobacterial genomes and in our in-house culture collection of cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For practical purposes, depending on the enzyme activity and the presence of mutations in the G6Pase and T genes, respectively, GSD type I may be subdivided into 2 major forms. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance. (techscience.com)
  • By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Inhibitors designed to target FabG proteins and thus prevent fatty acid synthesis may provide a platform for use against multidrug-resistant pathogens including A. baumannii. (rcsb.org)
  • Many drug s and poison s are enzyme inhibitors. (ne.jp)
  • The enzyme is essential in prokaryotic sulfur-based energy metabolism, including sulfate/sulfite reducing organisms, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and organosulfonate reducers. (genome.jp)
  • Despite containing residues for catalysis and the ACP coordinating motif, biochemical analyses showed limited activity against an acetoacetyl-CoA substrate in vitro. (rcsb.org)
  • The biochemical identity of enzymes was still unknown in the early 1900s. (ne.jp)
  • Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. (bio-techne.com)
  • In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (bio-techne.com)
  • Frequently used methods are based on, for example, antigen-antibody systems, nucleic acid hybridization techniques, and protein-ligand systems. (justia.com)
  • Here, we evaluate the use of chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as antibody carriers and substrate coatings on 96-well plates and on wax hydrophobized paper plates for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), P. vivax VK210 (Pv210), and P. vivax VK247 (Pv247). (cdc.gov)
  • Prepare a substrate mixture containing 1.6 mM beta -NADH and 4 mM sodium pyruvate in Assay Buffer. (rndsystems.com)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • a: oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, b: carrier protein with signal sequence for secretion to the periplasm, c: undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-linked polysaccharides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An endogenous substance or a drug that can interact with a receptor and initiate a physiological or a pharmacological response characteristic of that receptor (contraction, relaxation, secretion, enzyme activation, etc. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • All four enzyme porters are biotin-containing multisubunit enzymes. (tcdb.org)
  • The enzyme transfers CO 2 from glutaconyl-CoA to a biotin carrier protein (the γ-subunit) that is subsequently decarboxylated by the carboxybiotin decarboxylation site within the Na + pumping beta subunit (Gcdβ). (tcdb.org)
  • The "self"-protein albumin in mouse airway fluid was uniquely modified by GSH-MDI at position 414K, a preferred site of MDI reactivity on human albumin. (cdc.gov)
  • Thirdly, enzyme proteins are crucial in producing a variety of substances essential for cell function. (bionity.com)
  • The word ''enzyme'' was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin , and the word ''ferment'' was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms. (ne.jp)
  • The selectivity with which halogenating enzymes act on their substrates renders halogenases interesting targets for biocatalyst development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At its peak, global ABE production reached more than 500 metric tons per annum, but eventually the ABE process was phased out owing to limited selectivity to one desired product and high substrate costs and was continued in only a few countries, such as South Africa and Taiwan, until the 1980s 7 . (nature.com)
  • Search proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule. (rhea-db.org)
  • The general mechanism of the PTS is the following: a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is transferred to enzyme-I (EI) of PTS which in turn transfers it to a phosphoryl carrier protein (HPr). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1, also known as AIMF2, AMID or PRG3) is a recently identified glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor1-3, but its underlying structural mechanism remains unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • Functional annotation clustering showed that they belong to cell cycle, organelle or nuclear lumen, protein transport, and DNA binding and repair clusters. (molvis.org)
  • Fe-S clusters are present in more than 300 different types of enzymes or proteins and play crucial roles in fundamental life processes such as respiration, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. (uga.edu)
  • In addition we are investigating the mechanistic roles of Fe-S clusters in two rapidly emerging classes of Fe-S enzymes involved with disulfide reduction and radical generation. (uga.edu)
  • QLY-related compounds berberine, dioscin and sophocarpine showed high binding affinities to SIRT1, stabilized this protein, and inhibited its deacetylation activity in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
  • This disulfide can be reduced by a number of proteins including DsrK and TcmB [5]. (genome.jp)
  • The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a multi-protein system involved in the regulation of a variety of metabolic and transcriptional processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conjugate vaccines in which polysaccharide antigens are covalently linked to carrier proteins belong to the most effective and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme that in mycobacterium tuberculosis is called KatG. (genaxxon.com)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • The IIC domain catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from IIB to the sugar substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme is different from EC 1.8.1.2 , assimilatory sulfite reductase (NADPH), and EC 1.8.7.1 , assimilatory sulfite reductase (ferredoxin), which are involved in sulfate assimilation. (genome.jp)
  • Its clinical presentation clearly differs from other forms of GSD, because it is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, leading to the pathologic accumulation of normally structured glycogen within the lysosomes of most tissues, differs Three forms of the disease exist: infantile-onset, late-onset juvenile and adult onset. (medscape.com)
  • It is an autosomal recessive disorder in which there is an AGL gene mutations which causes deficiency in glycogen debranchinging enzyme and limited storage of dextrin. (medscape.com)
  • GSD type IV, also known as amylopectinosis, Glycogen Branching enzyme deficiency (GBE) or Andersen disease, is a rare disease that leads to early death. (medscape.com)
  • In certain metabolic disorders ( ADA and PNP deficiency) enzyme substitution therapy can be applied. (lu.se)
  • Iron-sulfur protein maturation in Helicobacter pylori:Identifying a Nfu-type cluster carrier protein and its iron-sulfur protein targets. (uga.edu)
  • Therapeutic enzymes as non-conventional targets in cardiovascular impairments: A comprehensive review. (du.ac.in)
  • Moreover, a molecular-level understanding of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis is crucial for understanding a variety of human diseases involving anemias, myopathies and ataxias that arise from defects in Fe-S cluster biogenesis proteins. (uga.edu)
  • LDHA is a key enzyme that controls the production of lactate in the glycolysis pathway. (rndsystems.com)
  • Secondly, cell recognition proteins allow cells to recognise each other as from the same organism. (bionity.com)
  • We found that DppA2 shows the highest flexibility on substrate recognition and that DppA2 and DppA4 have a higher tendency to utilize tripeptides. (nih.gov)
  • Phospho-HPr then transfers the phosphoryl group to a sugar-specific permease which consists of at least three structurally distinct domains (IIA, IIB, and IIC) which can either be fused together in a single polypeptide chain or exist as two or three interactive chains, formerly called enzymes II (EII) and III (EIII). (wikipedia.org)
  • Distinct enzymes catalyze decarboxylation of (1) oxaloacetate, (2) methylmalonyl-CoA, (3) glutaconyl-CoA and (4) malonate. (tcdb.org)
  • The active full-length CRYAA protein corresponding to amino acids 1-173 of CRYAA was recombined. (molvis.org)
  • In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere. (bio-techne.com)
  • Include a Substrate Blank containing 50 µL Assay Buffer and 50 µL of substrate mixture. (rndsystems.com)
  • Low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism studies of iron-sulfur proteins. (uga.edu)
  • Serum elevations of ALT activity are rarely observed except in parenchymal liver disease, since ALT is a more liver-specific enzyme than aspartate aminotransferase (AST). (cdc.gov)
  • 2015). Determining the composition of protein, carbohydrate, moisture, fat, and ash in raw EBN is essential for various purposes, including the hydrolysis process for the extraction of its valuable components. (researchgate.net)
  • This high-throughput method enabled us to screen hundreds of dipeptides with various side-chains, and subsequently, to determine the substrate profile of the dipeptide permease. (nih.gov)
  • 3.0: hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1 (HCLS1), Kelch domain-containing 6 (KLHDC6), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), KIAA1706 protein (KIAA1706), RNA guanylyltransferase and 5′-phosphatase (RNGTT), chromosome 10 open reading frame 57 (C10orf57), chromosome 9 open reading frame 52 (C9orf52), and plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR). (molvis.org)
  • Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. (ne.jp)
  • All the chemistry of respiration is catalysed by the specific enzymes in cells. (docbrown.info)
  • Oligonucleotide which displays specific binding to a protein or other target, often selected by an iterative cycle of affinity- based enrichment. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • X-ray crystallography was used to investigate this complex enzymatic process, which showed Orf1 has two substrate-binding sites that sit 13.5 Å apart unlike canonical FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathway s occur in that cell. (ne.jp)
  • Channel proteins are involved in using the energy released from ATP being broken down to facilitate active transport and ion exchange. (bionity.com)
  • The active site of the dimeric enzyme lies at the interface between the two monomers. (tcdb.org)
  • CRYAA interacted with these proteins to maintain their solubility and decrease the accumulation of denatured target proteins. (molvis.org)
  • ST3GAL5 protein solution (1mg/ml) containing In 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 10% glycerol and 0.4M Urea. (prospecbio.com)
  • Gene/protein expression and cytokine production were investigated too. (bvsalud.org)
  • The resulting sequence data holds immense opportunities for the discovery of new microbial enzymes and their associated NPs [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)