Substrate proteins mitogen activated protein kinase 1. Medical search. Frequent questions

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
Targeted inhibition of individual kinases of the MAPK signaling pathway using synthetic compounds represents a promising way to effective anti-cancer therapy. (mdpi.com)
Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. (mdpi.com)
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is the canonical signaling pathway for many receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. (uni-giessen.de)

This complex behavioral profile was accompanied by decreases in ERK2 mRNA and protein phosphorylation within the VTA, while stress alone resulted in opposite neurobiological effects. (jneurosci.org)
They regulate all cellular processes by transducing inter- and intracellular signals via the phosphorylation of specific protein substrates. (dissertation.com)
In the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2,in mediating BK-induced AP-1 and DNA replication in cultured rat mesangial cells. (nih.gov)
BK (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) stimulated a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins with an estimated molecular mass of 120-130, 90-95, and 44-42 kDa. (nih.gov)
Genistein, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented the phosphorylation of ERK2 by BK. (nih.gov)
0.05) in phosphorylation of Elk-1, a transcription factor required for growth factor-induced c-fos transcription. (nih.gov)
In accord with the stimulation of Elk-1 phosphorylation, BK induced c-fos gene expression and the production of Fos/AP-1 complexes. (nih.gov)
AP-1 pathway and that BK mitogenic signaling is critically dependent on protein tyrosine phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of CaMKII abrogated the insulin-induced Erk-1/2 activation, DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of IRS-1 at S612. (cnr.it)
It is now recognized that a major mechanism involved in eNOS activation is phosphorylation of eNOS at the Ser 1177 residue ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In addition to subcellular location and protein-protein interactions, several phosphorylation and dephosphorylation sites also modulate eNOS activity ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
For example, PI3K/Akt-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at Ser 1177 increases the activity of the enzyme and reduces its Ca 2+ dependency ( 9 ) ( Fig. 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
On binding of insulinlike growth factors to the receptor, adaptor proteins, such as insulin-receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2, are recruited to the phosphorylation site of the cytoplasmic domain ( 19 - 21 ). (snmjournals.org)
Lates Smad-3 phosphorylation less directly than rhTGF-1.Fig. three. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
As CCN2 may possiblyLates Smad-3 phosphorylation less straight than rhTGF-1.Fig. three. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
DOK3 interacted with CARD11 and decreased its phosphorylation in T cells by recruiting the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4, thereby dampening downstream signaling. (bvsalud.org)
The c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) regulate cell death, generally through the direct phosphorylation of both pro- and anti-apoptotic substrates. (bvsalud.org)
In response to numerous tension stimuli, JNK turns into turned on via bis-phosphorylation by MAP kinase Hexanoyl Glycine supplier kinases (MKK4 and MKK7), and can subsequently phosphorylate many substrates(1, 3). (cgp60474.com)
Activation of JNK via phosphorylation by upstream MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) (1) causes a little people of JNK to migrate to mitochondria. (cgp60474.com)
nevertheless, an identical peptide (TI-JIP), in the JNK-interacting proteins-1 (JIP1) JNK-binding domains, could totally inhibit JNK-mediated c-jun phosphorylation (15). (cgp60474.com)
Analysis of the rrg-1 D921N allele, mutated in the predicted phosphorylation site, provides support for phosphorylation-dependent and -independent functions for RRG-1. (llu.edu)
So far, knowledge on these events is scarce in plants and no attempts have been made to focus on phosphorylation events of chromatin-associated proteins. (edu.sa)
Mutational analysis of the phosphorylation sites of AHL13 demonstrated that phosphorylation regulates AHL13 protein stability and thereby its immune functions. (edu.sa)

Erk3, also known as MAPK6 or p97 MAPK, is almost 50% identical to Erk1/2 at the kinase domain located in its amino-terminal region. (creativebiomart.net)
In recent years, it has become evident that MAPK signaling is regulated and fine-tuned by proteins that can bind to several MAPK signaling proteins simultaneously and, thereby, affect their function. (uni-giessen.de)
These so-called MAPK scaffolding proteins are, thus, important coordinators of the signaling response in cells. (uni-giessen.de)
In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the research on MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway scaffolders. (uni-giessen.de)
The present study used in vitro expression systems to investigate interactions of members of the KDN series with δ-κ heterodimers through competition binding using selective ligands and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) assay. (aspetjournals.org)
Additionally, approximately 66% of melanomas harbour the BRAFV600E mutation, which represents a constitutive signal of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is known to phosphorylate a range of substrates, resulting in the regulation involved in hyper-proliferation and survival of transformed cells. (bl.uk)
In this thesis we specifically investigated whether 1) EMT drivers, such as SNAI1, have any impact on VDR signalling and modulation of E-cadherin expression within metastatic melanoma and whether 2) the presence of a constitutively active MAPK function (BRAFV600E) have relevance to VDR signalling in metastatic melanoma. (bl.uk)
An abrogation of MAPK activity by the clinically applied BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032) or MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 has shown to downregulate the overall VDR levels in BRAFV600E melanoma, in part by shortening the half-life of this protein involving proteasomal activity. (bl.uk)
We identified two potential MAPK acceptor sites on VDR protein, which are T175 and S177 on VDR isoform 1 and T225 and S227 on VDR isoform 2, both of which lie within the PEST region that is commonly associated with short-lived regulatory proteins mediated through the ubiquitinproteasome system. (bl.uk)
Through immunoprecipitation we confirm that VDR becomes a substrate for ubiquitin when BRAFV600E/MAPK activity is inhibited and subsequently degraded by proteasomes. (bl.uk)
The c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) are serine/threonine proteins kinases and associates from the mitogen-activated proteins kinase (MAPK) superfamily (1). (cgp60474.com)
os-4 (MAPK kinase kinase), os-5 (MAPK kinase), and os-2 (MAPK). (llu.edu)
The data indicate that RRG-1 controls vegetative cell integrity, hyperosmotic sensitivity, fungicide resistance, and protoperithecial development through regulation of the OS-4/OS-5/OS-2 MAPK pathway. (llu.edu)
The term RASopathies includes disorders with mutations in the genes that code for the proteins of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Legius syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medscape.com)

Secondly, I studied the functional roles of two extremely conserved phosphosites that exist ubiquitously in the activation T-loops of most protein-serine/threonine kinases. (dissertation.com)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that functions as the major effector of the Ras protein, a small GTPase. (proteinkinase.biz)
A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (bvsalud.org)

Each of these effects was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibition with genistein or herbimycin A. Similarly, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting of ERK1/2 mRNA inhibited BK-stimulated DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
In contrast, protein kinase C inhibition or depletion had no effect on BK-induced c-fos mRNA, AP-1-DNA binding activity, or DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
Subsequently, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways can be activated, resulting in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis ( 13 , 14 ). (snmjournals.org)
Inhibition of VEGF/KDR pathway by using SU5416, a selective inhibitor of KDR, alleviated the hyperpermeability and the cav-1 overexpression induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
Zinc has "mimetic" activity where it is involved in a range of functions including insulin receptor signal transduction, insulin storage, secretion and tissues/organelle distribution, and inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
1 Thus, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms involved in inhibition of myocardial fibrosis. (dovepress.com)
Added lime didn't conclusively explain the inhibition in germination percentages of Sphagnum moss substrate when compared to control treatment gauze. (helsinki.fi)

The substrate specificities of the ERK1 and ERK2 protein kinases are very similar. (proteinkinase.biz)
The consensus sequence for ERK1 substrates has been identified as -Pro- Leu-Ser/Thr-Pro. (proteinkinase.biz)
ERK1 / 2 differentially phosphorylates a variety of nuclear (Elk-1, c-Myc), cytosolic (MNK1/2, Raf) and cytoskeletal (MAP2, Tau) targets. (proteinkinase.biz)
Gonzalez FA, Raden DL, Davis RJ (1991) "Identification of substrate recognition determinants for human ERK1 and ERK2 protein kinases" J. Biol. (proteinkinase.biz)
1996) "A structural basis for substrate specificities of protein Ser/Thr kinases: primary sequence preference of casein kinases I and II, NIMA, phosphorylase kinase, calmodulin-dependent kinase II, CDK5, and Erk1" Mol Cell Biol. (proteinkinase.biz)
Regarding the selectivity of KDN21 for phenotypic δ and κ opioid receptors, we investigated the effect of KDN21 on the activation of MAPKs [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)] by δ- or κ-selective agonists. (aspetjournals.org)

We will not only review the well-known members of the family, such as kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR), but also put a special focus on the function of the recently identified or less studied scaffolders, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2, flotillin-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1. (uni-giessen.de)
IRS-1/2, insulin receptor substrate 1/2. (diabetesjournals.org)
The insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a new target for the treatment of breast cancer. (snmjournals.org)
Although they account for only 10%-17% of all breast carcinomas ( 1 - 8 ), tumors are often high grade and patients are relatively young and have a reduced breast cancer-specific survival, compared with patients with estrogen receptor- or HER2 / neu -expressing tumors ( 2 , 9 ). (snmjournals.org)
A potential new target for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer is the insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). (snmjournals.org)
The scaffolding protein CARD11 is a critical mediator of antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. (bvsalud.org)
3.0: hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1 (HCLS1), Kelch domain-containing 6 (KLHDC6), sarcoglycan delta (SGCD), KIAA1706 protein (KIAA1706), RNA guanylyltransferase and 5′-phosphatase (RNGTT), chromosome 10 open reading frame 57 (C10orf57), chromosome 9 open reading frame 52 (C9orf52), and plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR). (molvis.org)
KDN21 contains δ and κ opioid receptor antagonist pharmacophores that are connected through a 21-atom spacer ( Fig. 1 ). (aspetjournals.org)
The results of studies with selective agonists and antagonists in vivo are consistent with cooperativity between δ and κ receptors, and it has been proposed that the putative δ 1 and κ 2 opioid receptor subtypes are actually phenotypes ( Portoghese and Lunzer, 2003 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D3), has shown to induce anti-cancerous effects through its cognate vitamin D receptor (VDR), in part through inducing the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin and inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signalling. (bl.uk)
type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"SKF83959″,"term_id":"1155968032″,"term_text":"SKF83959″SKF83959 exhibited an extraordinary neuroprotective influence on H2O2-broken RGC-5 cells, that was clogged by the precise D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390. (mycareerpeer.com)
Conclusions We conclude that "type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"SKF83959″,"term_id":"1155968032″,"term_text":"SKF83959″SKF83959 attenuates hydrogen peroxideCinduced damage in RGC-5 cells with a system involving activation from the ERK and p38 pathways as well as the D1 receptor can be a potential molecular focus on for developing neuroprotective medicines. (mycareerpeer.com)

The extensively examined extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1/2 from the mitogen-activated protein kinase family were used as a model in this study. (dissertation.com)

Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
NF-κB pathways can be mainly activated by two pathways. (springer.com)
Growing proof shows that under pathologic circumstances further, excessive levels of ROS induced by oxidative tension can modify protein, lipids, and DNA to improve their features and activate signaling pathways leading to loss of life of retinal neurons [9]. (mycareerpeer.com)

The p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are a family of four related Ser/Thr kinases activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stresses. (rndsystems.com)
In many eukaryotic systems during immune responses, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) link cytoplasmic signaling to chromatin events by targeting transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and the RNA polymerase machinery. (edu.sa)
Among the chromatin targets, we characterized the AT-hook motif containing nuclear localized (AHL) DNA-binding protein AHL13 as a substrate of immune MAPKs. (edu.sa)

Consistently, LTD by dopamine + 1 S ,3 R -ACPD coapplication, as well as the two other forms of LTD (LTD by dopamine + tetani and LTD by 1S,3R-ACPD + tetani), was blocked by bath application of MAP-K kinase inhibitor PD98059. (jneurosci.org)
Apart from being an acidic medium containing an assortment of antimicrobial molecules including antibodies (IgA and IgG), mucins, β-defensins, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), surfactant protein etc. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, there is concomitant production of mucins, immunoglobulins (secretory IgA and IgG), secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and β-defensins, and other antimicrobial proteins, which all together provide a formidable first line of defense against infection. (frontiersin.org)
Nevertheless, the precise c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor, SP600125, got no influence on the "type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"SKF83959″,"term_id":"1155968032″,"term_text":"SKF83959″SKF83959-induced safety. (mycareerpeer.com)

MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. (wikipedia.org)
Among its diverse biological actions, the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (BK) induces the transcription factor AP-1 and proliferation of mesangial cells (S. S. El-Dahr, S. Dipp, I. V. Yosipiv, and W. H. Baricos. (nih.gov)
IGF-1 is a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin and can promote chondrocyte proliferation, enhance matrix production, and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Besides stimulating ECM production, IGF-1 can stimulate the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In a rat fracture model, IGF-1 combined with TGF-ß could stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage formation at the early stage of day 5 [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation from the AP-1 transcription aspect initiates proliferation or pro-apoptotic transcription with regards to the stimulus(1, 4). (cgp60474.com)

I also examined the substrate specificities of more than 200 human protein kinases with peptide microarrays populated with semi-optimal substrate sequences. (dissertation.com)
LTD by dopamine + 1 S ,3 R -ACPD coapplication was also blocked by postsynaptic injection of synthetic MAP-K substrate peptide. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)

Once activated, p38 alpha phosphorylates a number of targets, including the cytoplasmic kinases MNK 4 and PRAK5 and the nuclear transcription factors ATF2 1 and STAT1. (rndsystems.com)

NO production in response to various factors, such as increased shear stress, is mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and is tightly controlled by various membrane-bound receptors and regulatory proteins under physiological conditions ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In the next series of experiments, coapplication of dopamine and 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, but not application of either drug alone, consistently induced LTD without tetani or even single test stimuli during drug application, suggesting that coactivation of dopamine receptors and the mGluRs is sufficient for LTD induction. (jneurosci.org)
Immunoblot analyses with anti-active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-Ks) revealed that D1 receptors, D2 receptors, group I mGluRs, and group II mGluRs all contribute to MAP-K activation in prefrontal cortex, and that combined activation of dopamine receptors and mGluRs synergistically or additively activate MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
Taken together, these data support the idea that the organization of δ and κ receptors as heterodimers gives rise to δ 1 and κ 2 phenotypes. (aspetjournals.org)
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are typically considered to function as monomers. (aspetjournals.org)
D1-like receptors possess high structural homology across varieties between proteins 445 and 488 [14]. (mycareerpeer.com)

Once on the mitochondria catalytically energetic JNK can dock using a scaffold proteins and substrate, Sab(13, 14). (cgp60474.com)

Suitable as substrate for kinase activity assays and for western blot analyses. (proteinkinase.biz)
kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, with traditional western blot and particular inhibitors. (mycareerpeer.com)

On the other hand, an increase in Ca 2+ induces eNOS translocation from the cell membrane to the cytosol or Golgi complex ( 8 ), where it is phosphorylated and fully activated by protein kinases that reside in caveolae, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, and 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase ( 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

The role of two members of the ETS (E26 avian leukemia oncogene) family of transcription factors, ETS-1 and ETS-2, has been investigated in many cancers but has not yet been studied in ocular tumors. (molvis.org)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK9 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
This kinase targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to various cell stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
This gene and MAPK8 are also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinases. (wikipedia.org)
Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)
Although A375 and SK-MEL-28 express appreciable levels of what appears to be a transcriptionally competent VDR, downstream transcriptional effects of VDR within our study remained overall muted with the exception of the 1,25D3-sensitive target gene CYP24 that catabolises 1,25D3 to its inactive form. (bl.uk)
LEOPARD syndrome, also known as Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Molecular studies have proven that LEOPARD syndrome and Noonan syndrome are allelic disorders caused by different missense mutations in PTPN11, a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 located at band 12q24.1. (medscape.com)

B-Raf-dependent regulation of the MEK-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC12 cells and regulation by cyclic AMP. (wikidata.org)
Activated eNOS converts L-arginine to L-citrulline and increases NO, which diffuses into VSMCs and activates guanylyl cyclase, producing cyclic guanosine monophosphate and activating kinases responsible for vessel relaxation ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Cyclic peptides are poised to target historically difficult to drug intracellular protein-protein interactions, however, their general cell impermeability poses a challenge for characterizing function. (bvsalud.org)

When cartilage is damaged, MSCs derived from synovial fluid can partially move to the injured site and differentiate into chondrocytes to repair the defect, and IGF-1 induces chondrogenic differentiation [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Insulin stimulation generated partly independent signals leading to the rapid activation of Akt, Erk-1/2 and CaMKII Akt activation was followed by Glut-4 translocation to the plasma membrane and increase of glucose uptake. (cnr.it)
Metabolic risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), can initiate and accelerate endothelial dysfunction leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin, has shown profound effects on chondrocyte biological behavior and fundamentally regulates cartilage matrix metabolism during cartilage repair. (biomedcentral.com)

Once activated, p38 phosphorylates a number of targets, including the nuclear transcription factors ATF2 and Max. (rndsystems.com)

ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNA and protein levels were much higher in the ocular tissues of Tyrp-1-TAg mice than in control ocular tissues from wild-type mice. (molvis.org)
In vitro, we show that 1,25D3 to modestly increase the expression of E-cadherin mRNA and protein in SK-MEL-28, but remained absent in A375, a cell line that expresses relatively higher levels of EMT transcription factors including SNAI1 and ZEB1. (bl.uk)
Upon investigation on the regulation of VDR expression and function in the context of BRAFV600E vs. BRAFWT melanoma, we show for the first time that VDR mRNA and protein expression, independently, acquire dependency on BRAFV600E signalling. (bl.uk)

In 2006, Hanna et al found that Noonan syndrome mutations enhance SHP-2 catalytic activity, whereas the activity of representative LS mutants is undetectable when assayed using a standard PTP substrate. (medscape.com)

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), an anchoring protein in the plasma membrane caveolae in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), attenuates endothelial NO production by occupying the calcium/calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM) binding site of eNOS ( 4 ) ( Fig. 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In ECs, Cav-1 anchors eNOS in plasma membrane caveolae, which limits its translocation and phosphorylated activation and thereby reduces its capacity to generate NO ( 7 ) ( Fig. 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
2010 ). Results from cav-1 (caveolin-1, the key structural protein of caveolae)-deficient mice indicated that cav-1 in endothelium is essential in the translocation of LDL-derived cholesterol into the vessel wall and in the development of atherosclerosis, and this result was further confirmed in apoE-/- mice (Fernandez-Hernando et al. (springer.com)

Its substrates include MKS1 and probably MAP65-1.The MAP65-1 interaction is involved in mediating cortical microtuble organization. (creativebiomart.net)
Proposed interaction of Cav-1 and eNOS in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. (diabetesjournals.org)
[ 9 ] Because the vast majority of mutations reside in and around the broad intramolecular interaction surface between the N-SH2 and PTP domains of the PTPN11 protein, they have been suggested to affect the intramolecular N-SH2/PTP binding in the absence of a phosphopeptide, leading to excessive phosphatase activities. (medscape.com)

Recent research in anisomycin-stressed major cortical neurons (10) and ageing brain (11) show that pyruvate dehydrogenase complicated (PDHC) subunit E1 is usually a substrate for mitochondrial JNK (10, 11). (cgp60474.com)

Given the low plasma concentration of zinc and its importance in cellular signaling, it is essential that the availability and distribution of "free" zinc (free zinc is used to differentiate zinc involved in cell signaling from zinc that tightly bound to protein and therefore thermodynamically unavailable) are tightly controlled [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

2 - after the initial stimulation of the IRS-1/Akt pathway, CaMKII mediates the down-regulation of stimulated glucose uptake. (cnr.it)
The transcriptional repressor HBP1 is a target of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cell cycle regulation. (nih.gov)

This kinase blocks the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53, and thus it increases the stability of p53 in nonstressed cells. (wikipedia.org)
111 In-R1507 specifically and efficiently accumulated in the SUM149 xenografts: the tumor uptake was 20 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g), 33 %ID/g, and 31 %ID/g at 1, 3, and 7 d after injection, respectively. (snmjournals.org)

We also examined the effects of FLX on the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-related signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adolescent mice and Sprague Dawley rats. (jneurosci.org)
Increased permeability and caveolin-1 (cav-1) expression were observed in monolayer ECs exposed to high glucose. (springer.com)
Similar alterations within the VDR signalling pathway are known to occur in the context of colon cancer, in which a diminished response of 1,25D3 signal is associated with increased expression of the epithelial mesenchymal transcription factor (EMT) SNAIL1, which can directly inhibit the activities of VDR and E-cadherin, resulting in epithelial cells to lose their polarity. (bl.uk)
It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
HUVECs were administrated with TMZ or TMZ and lentivirus, the expression of EndMT and related proteins was observed by wound healing assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. (dovepress.com)

However, Erk3 is distinguished from other MAP kinases in that it lacks the conserved TXY motif in its activation loop, poss Encodes a nuclear and cytoplasmically localized MAP kinase involved in mediating responses to pathogens. (creativebiomart.net)
On one hand, increased cytosolic Ca 2+ /CaM leads to eNOS activation and its dissociation from Cav-1 ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Orthologous to human HBP1 (HMG-box transcription factor 1). (nih.gov)

The most frequently analyzed family member, p38 alpha, also known as SAPK2a and MAPK14, was initially purified as a kinase critical to the signaling cascade linking IL-1 to MAPKAPK-2 and the small heat shock protein HSP27. (rndsystems.com)
JNK may use Bcl-2 and various other BH3 family protein as substrates (4, 16, 17). (cgp60474.com)

In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

Comparisons of primary, secondary and tertiary structures supported the hypothesis that protein kinases and choline kinases evolved from an ancient aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. (dissertation.com)
The basis of hapten- molecular mechanisms of the sensitization pro- protein binding work is the hypothesis that upon cess will result in novel opportunities for the skin absorption, only protein-reactive chemicals development of alternative methods for assessing (or those that can be metabolically or chemically skin sensitization hazard and relative potency of converted to protein-reactive species) are able to chemicals. (cdc.gov)

We have studied the transgenic mouse strain, Tyrp-1-TAg, to try to gain insight into possible molecular mechanisms common to pigmented ocular neoplasms occurring spontaneously in the eyes of these mice and human choroidal melanoma. (molvis.org)
In this work, we show that cells are momentarily permeable (t 1/2 = 1.1-2.8 min) after microfluidic vortex shedding (µVS) and that lower molecular weight macromolecules can be cytosolically delivered upon immediate exposure after cells are processed/permeabilized. (bvsalud.org)
One of the key molecular events in skin sensitization is protein haptenation, i.e. the chemical modification of self-skin protein(s) thus forming macromolecular immunogens. (cdc.gov)

In normal control adult mouse eyes, ETS-1 was mostly present in the nuclei of all neuroretinal layers whereas ETS-2 was mostly localized in the cytosol of the cell bodies of these layers with a smaller amount present in the nuclei. (molvis.org)
In this report, we demonstrate an alternate mechanism of JNK-mediated cell death involving the anti-apoptotic protein human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1). (bvsalud.org)
Functional annotation clustering showed that they belong to cell cycle, organelle or nuclear lumen, protein transport, and DNA binding and repair clusters. (molvis.org)
The mitochondria Tm6sf1 from the cell include JNK substrates. (cgp60474.com)
Thus, the proteins that transport zinc likely facilitate cell signaling processes that contribute to glycemic control in peripheral tissues by modulating cytosolic zinc concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Theoretically, the possibilities include (1) a primary T-cell mediated autoimmune response causing muscle damage, (2) a primary degenerative process involving abnormal protein processing leading to a secondary inflammatory response, and (3) separate and independent immune and degenerative processes caused by an external trigger. (medscape.com)
ACD is a of Risk from Existing Knowledge (DEREK) may be delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction to an useful to some extent in the initial screening of exogenous chemical mediated by T-cell-related potential sensitization hazard of chemicals in processes (1-3). (cdc.gov)

The active full-length CRYAA protein corresponding to amino acids 1-173 of CRYAA was recombined. (molvis.org)

Introduction Oxidative tension can be broadly implicated in the loss of life of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) connected with different ocular neurodegenerative disorders, such as for example glaucoma, Leber optic neuropathy hereditary, ischemic optic neuropathy, and distressing optic neuropathy [1-4]. (mycareerpeer.com)
OS-2-phosphate levels are elevated in wild-type cells exposed to NaCl or fludioxonil, but they are nearly undetectable in Δ rrg-1 strains. (llu.edu)
The endomysial infiltrates in patients with s-IBM are composed primarily of CD8+ T cells and macrophages in a 2:1 ratio. (medscape.com)

Here, we found that the docking protein DOK3 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis by suppressing CARD11 activity. (bvsalud.org)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that is largely associated with increased rates of obesity and reduced physical activity [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

The HuProt microarray results showed that the signals of 343 proteins were higher in the recombinant CRYAA group than in the control group. (molvis.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs163

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes48

Information Science3

Health Care1

Signaling pathway4

Phosphorylation23

MAPK14

Serine3

Inhibition7

Erk16

Receptor13

Extracellular signal-1

Pathways4

MAPKs3

Inhibitor4

Proliferation6

Peptide3

Cytoplasmic1

Receptors6

Scaffold1

Western blot2

Phosphatidylinositol1

Oncogene1

Gene9

Cyclic3

Differentiation1

Insulin3

Phosphorylates1

MRNA3

Catalytic1

Caveolae3

Interaction3

Neurons1

Cellular1

Regulation2

Tumor2

Expression5

Activation2

Transcription factor1

Family2

Ankara1

Hypothesis2

Molecular3

Cell7

Amino acids1

Cells3

Activity2

Signals1