AcidsProteinMetabolismEnzymeAbsence of substrateAnaloguesProlyl hydroxylaseEnzymesSelenocysteineAcid sequencesCatalysePutativeInhibitorInhibitorsMethionineOxidationResiduesAmideCatalyticLysineDerivativeMicrobialHydrogenBacteriaOxygenBindHumansMechanismsCompoundsProteinsMoleculesCoordinatesInvolvesFoundTypePotentialFormActivationBasic
Acids11
- Asymmetric β-Methylation of l- and d-α-Amino Acids by a Self-Contained Enzyme Cascade. (unibas.ch)
- However, the clinical significance of free amino acids (plasma-free amino acids (PFAAs)) and tryptophan-related metabolites in plasma has not been fully understood in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors. (bmj.com)
- c) It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the unnatural (D-) forms of amino acids. (biologydiscussion.com)
- c) It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring L-amino acids. (biologydiscussion.com)
- Nitrogen fixation is carried out by bacterial nitrogenases forming reduced nitrogen, NH4+ which can then be used by all organisms to form amino acids. (medmuv.com)
- Reduced nitrogen enters the human body as dietary free amino acids, protein, and the ammonia produced by intestinal tract bacteria. (medmuv.com)
- A pair of principal enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthatase, are found in all organisms and effect the conversion of ammonia into the amino acids glutamate and glutamine, respectively. (medmuv.com)
- Aminotransferases exist for all amino acids except threonine and lysine. (medmuv.com)
- Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of two vicilins, seed proteins with a characteristic beta-barrel core, led to the identification of a small number of conserved residues and thence to the discovery of several microbial proteins which share these key amino acids. (embl.de)
- Using the pyrrolysine amber suppression system we genetically inserted three of the new amino acids ε-N-propionyl-, ε-N-butyryl-, and ε-N-crotonyl-lysine site specifically into histone H3. (cipsm.de)
- The mechanism of selenocysteine incorporation involves an intricate machinery that deviates from the mechanism of incorporation for the canonical 20 amino acids. (2sars.com)
Protein7
- In mammals and humans, αKG-dependent dioxygenase have functional roles in biosyntheses (e.g. collagen biosynthesis and L-carnitine biosynthesis), post-translational modifications (e.g. protein hydroxylation), epigenetic regulations (e.g. histone and DNA demethylation), as well as sensors of energy metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, significant protein structural changes have been observed upon substrate binding for human prolyl hydroxylase isoform 2 (PHD2), a αKG-dependent dioxygenase that is involved in oxygen sensing, and isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), a microbial αKG-dependent dioxygenase. (wikipedia.org)
- Reexamination of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Protein Kinase Substrate. (unibas.ch)
- TIM barrel domain, Glyoxalase/fosfomycin resistance/dioxygenase domain, Glyoxalase/Bleomycin resistance protein/Dioxygenase superfamily [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
- protein_coding" "AGT24100","N559_2404","Klebsiella pneumoniae","putative ABC transporter substrate binding protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
- d) It is highly significant in the liver and kid-neys of birds which excrete uric acid as the end product of purine metabolism and also of protein and amino acid catabolism. (biologydiscussion.com)
- 0.4 mg/ml, if both the risk of contamination and concentration os protein and substrate are high. (enzytec.com)
Metabolism5
- In plants, αKG-dependent dioxygenases are involved in diverse reactions in plant metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Background Amino acid metabolism is essential for tumor cell proliferation and regulation of immune cell function. (bmj.com)
- In humans, L-cysteine is involved in cysteine metabolism. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
- Thiamin pyrophosphate plays a key role in the stabilization of the acyl carbanion synthon in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. (tamu.edu)
- By focusing on the critical roles of different metabolic programs, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism, as well as their essential regulators in modulating Treg proliferation, migration, and function, we hope to provide new insights into Treg cell-targeted antitumor immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme9
- The inhibitors that were regularly used to target αKG-dependent dioxygenase include N-oxalylglycine (NOG), pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA), 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline, FG-2216 and FG-4592, which were all designed mimic the co-substrate αKG and compete against the binding of αKG at the enzyme active site Fe(II). (wikipedia.org)
- Many assays were developed to study αKG-dependent dioxygenases so that information such as enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition and ligand binding can be obtained. (wikipedia.org)
- Structure of formylglycine-generating enzyme in complex with copper and a substrate reveals an acidic pocket for binding and activation of molecular oxygen. (unibas.ch)
- which is mediated by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase type 1. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
- In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
- When an enzyme has multiple substrates, inhibitors can show different types of inhibition depending on which substrate is considered. (tpca-1inhibitor.com)
- As the thiolate anion is not energetically favoured in the hydrophobic interior of the enzyme, it swings into the active site where it can be stabilized by the His202 imidazolium and the dipole of helix C. The Cys123 thiolate which now lies adjacent to the acyl carbon of the substrate, is thus generated only in the presence of substrate. (inrae.fr)
- The root-mean-square deviation from ideal bond distances for the model is 0.014 A and the error in atomic co-ordinates is estimated to be 0.15 A. DLH is a monomeric enzyme containing 236 amino acid residues and is a member of the beta-ketoadipate pathway found in bacteria and fungi. (inrae.fr)
- Here we show that the enzyme establishes a complex radical transfer cascade and creates a cysteine and a tyrosyl radical dyade to establish repair. (cipsm.de)
Absence of substrate2
- Many αKG-dependent dioxygenase also catalyse uncoupled turnover, in which oxidative decarboxylation of αKG into succinate and carbon dioxide proceeds in the absence of substrate. (wikipedia.org)
- In the absence of substrate, Glu36 is also ion paired with Arg206. (inrae.fr)
Analogues1
- Unlike the proteases, DLH seems to protonate the incipient leaving group only after the collapse of the first tetrahedral intermediate, rendering DLH incapable of hydrolyzing amide analogues of its ester substrate. (inrae.fr)
Prolyl hydroxylase1
- Inhibitors that compete against the substrate were also developed, such as peptidyl-based inhibitors that target human prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) and Mildronate, a drug molecule that is commonly used in Russia and Eastern Europe that target gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes2
- The derived amino acid sequence of Ov-phy-1 encoded a peptide that was most similar to the two Caenorhabditis elegans prolyl 4-hydroxylase homologues and to the isoform II enzymes of vertebrates. (embl.de)
- a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
Selenocysteine2
- Selenocysteine as a Substrate, an Inhibitor and a Mechanistic Probe for Bacterial and Fungal Iron-Dependent Sulfoxide Synthases. (unibas.ch)
- Many open questions remain in the field of selenoprotein biology, including the functions of a number of uncharacterized human selenoproteins, and the properties of selenocysteine compared to its analogous amino acid cysteine. (2sars.com)
Acid sequences2
- These amino acid sequences are glycosylated with a range of sugars and both these carbohydrate residues and the peptides themselves are sulfated. (simplymimi.net)
- A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains. (lookformedical.com)
Catalyse2
- αKG-dependent dioxygenases catalyse oxidation reactions by incorporating a single oxygen atom from molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. (wikipedia.org)
- a) They catalyse the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and use either oxygen or artificial substances such a methylene blue as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
Putative1
- highly transcribed non-coding RNAs associated with transcriptional regulation, showing potential evidence of putative metabolic flexibility in response to substrate availability. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitor1
- Our inhibitor binding studies suggest that its substrate, dienelactone, is held in the active site by hydrophobic interactions around the lactone ring and by the ion pairs between its carboxylate and Arg-81 and Arg-206. (inrae.fr)
Inhibitors3
- Given the important biological roles that αKG-dependent dioxygenase play, many αKG-dependent dioxygenase inhibitors were developed. (wikipedia.org)
- Although they are potent inhibitors of αKG-dependent dioxygenase, they lack selectivity and hence sometimes being referred to as so-called 'broad spectrum' inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally, as αKG-dependent dioxygenases require molecular oxygen as a co-substrate, it has also been shown that gaseous molecules such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are inhibitors of αKG-dependent dioxygenases, presumably by competing with molecular oxygen for the binding at the active site Fe(II) ion. (wikipedia.org)
Methionine2
- It is also formed in the body by oxidation of the aminoacids cysteine and methionine. (simplymimi.net)
- In the presence of dioxygen an aci-reductone dioxygenase yields the immediate precursor of methionine, ketomethylthiobutyrate. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidation1
- b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)
Residues1
- The active site contains a highly conserved 2-His-1-carboxylate (HXD/E...H) amino acid residue triad motif, in which the catalytically-essential Fe(II) is held by two histidine residues and one aspartic acid/glutamic acid residue. (wikipedia.org)
Amide1
- Amino and amide groups from these 2 substances are freely transferred to other carbon skeletons by transamination and transamidation reactions. (medmuv.com)
Catalytic2
- The catalytic activity of many αKG-dependent dioxygenases are dependent on reducing agents (especially ascorbate) although the exact roles are not understood. (wikipedia.org)
- Like the cysteine/serine proteases, DLH has a catalytic triad (Cys-123, His-202, Asp-171) and its mechanism probably involves the formation of covalently bound acyl intermediate via a tetrahedral intermediate. (inrae.fr)
Lysine1
- A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens. (lookformedical.com)
Derivative1
- Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Microbial1
- This cupin signature is found as a central component of many microbial proteins including certain types of phosphomannose isomerase, polyketide synthase, epimerase, and dioxygenase. (embl.de)
Hydrogen1
- a) They catalyze the removal of hydrogen from a substrate but not able to use oxy-gen as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
Bacteria1
- L-Cysteine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Oxygen1
- This Fe=O center then oxygenates the substrate by an oxygen rebound mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Bind1
- Some αKG-dependent dioxygenases bind their substrate through an induced fit mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Humans1
- Within humans, L-cysteine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Mechanisms1
- The latter mechanisms are the substrate of a neuroprogressive process, whereby multiple depressive episodes cause neural tissue damage and consequent functional and cognitive sequelae. (biomedcentral.com)
Compounds1
- L-Cysteine, also known as C or e 920, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cysteine and derivatives. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Proteins2
- Both itaconate and 4-OI have been shown to modify cysteines on a range of target proteins, with the modification being linked to a functional change. (biomed.news)
- As well as these single-domain cupins, this survey has identified other classes of two-domain bicupins including bacterial gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenases and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenases, fungal oxalate decarboxylases, and legume sucrose-binding proteins. (embl.de)
Molecules1
- As such, continued research involving the comparison of itaconate and related molecules holds exciting prospects for the study of cysteine modification and pathways for immunomodulation and the potential for new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. (biomed.news)
Coordinates1
- αKG coordinates as a bidentate ligand to Fe(II), while the substrate is held by noncovalent forces in close proximity. (wikipedia.org)
Involves1
- With labeled O2 as substrate, the one label appears in the succinate and one in the hydroxylated substrate: R3CH + O2 + −O2CC(O)CH2CH2CO2− → R3COH + CO2 + −OOCCH2CH2CO2− The first step involves the binding of αKG and substrate to the active site. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- A similar facial Fe-binding motif, but featuring his-his-his array, is found in cysteine dioxygenase. (wikipedia.org)
- Outside of the human body, L-Cysteine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as sunflowers, soy beans, and watermelons and in a lower concentration in common wheats, dates, and beers. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Type2
- 4-OI and DI are more electrophilic, and are therefore stronger NRF2 activators, and inhibit the production of Type I IFNs, while itaconate inhibits SDH and the dioxygenase, TET2. (biomed.news)
- cysteine dioxygenase type 1 [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Potential1
- This could make L-cysteine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Form1
- An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Activation1
- From the transcriptome analysis in PBMCs, this multivariate model was significantly correlated with the gene signatures related to immune responses, such as CD8 T-cell activation/proliferation and proinflammatory immune responses, and 12 amino acid-related genes were differentially expressed between the high-risk and low-risk groups. (bmj.com)
Basic1
- L-Cysteine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). (cannabisdatabase.ca)