Substantia pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Pedunculopontine nucleus neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain, particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus. (wikipedia.org)
Although DBS at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) are well established for the treatment of the distal symptoms in PD, long-term studies of axial symptoms show a decline in efficacy with progression of the disease. (springer.com)
However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
Their input comes instead from a set of other brain structures, and in particular from a region called the subthalamic nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can help to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (elifesciences.org)
Furthermore, although the organisation of subcortical connections within the PPN has not been extensively demonstrated in animals, we show here in a rhesus monkey that there are clearly separated connections of the PPN with the thalamus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (ox.ac.uk)

The major inhibitory input is from the GPi and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), and bilateral output is to the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), thalamus and spinal cord. (ox.ac.uk)

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
In fact, studies have suggested that RBD may be associated with alpha-synuclein-mediated degeneration of sleep-regulating nuclei in the brainstem, particularly the pontine tegmentum. (medscape.com)
ACh cells are located within collections of nuclei within your brainstem and midbrain such as nucleus basalis, the septum, the substantia innominata, the diagonal band of Broca, pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental area. (poweronpoweroff.com)
We explore the patterns of cell loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PpT), a major locomotor and muscle tone suppression centre of the brainstem, in two animal models of Parkinson disease, namely MPTP (methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-treated monkeys and 6-hydroxydopamine(6OHDA)-lesioned rats. (hal.science)
The anatomical connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a brainstem structure associated with locomotion, have been determined recently in healthy humans using probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT). (ox.ac.uk)

It both projects to and receives input from most parts of the basal ganglia, with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta (which it projects to but does not receive input from), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which it receives input from but does not project to). (wikipedia.org)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the development of alpha-synuclein-containing aggregates called Lewy-bodies and Lewy-neurites 1 . (nature.com)
The principal motor symptoms of PD are attributable to the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). (touchneurology.com)
While there is a widespread distribution of neuropathologic changes in the brain responsible for the spectrum of the motor and non-motor manifestations of PD, degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is central to the primary motor signs of the disease. (touchneurology.com)

Unlike glutamate and GABA, whose cells are located throughout the brain, dopamine cell bodies are only found in small collections of nuclei within your "midbrain" - such as the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. (poweronpoweroff.com)

In PD, these symptoms are currently inadequately managed by drugs and also the present surgical treatment of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). (ox.ac.uk)

6 LBs are widely distributed in the brains of PD patients, including the SNc, raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, olfactory bulb, and some cortical structures. (touchneurology.com)

Cortical and subcortical connections within the pedunculopontine nucleus of the primate Macaca mulatta determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography. (ox.ac.uk)

Various pontine nuclei are known to influence the REM and non-REM sleep circuits, including the locus coeruleus(LC), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN). (medscape.com)

Although there have been many studies documenting the loss of dopaminergic cells from the substantia nigra in these animal models, there has been little, if any, documentation of a loss of cells in the PpT. (hal.science)

Research is being done on whether deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found in Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease: primate studies. (ox.ac.uk)

Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus are switched on during real and imagined movement. (wikipedia.org)
The highest density of GABAergic neurons is present in the so-called intercalated cell (ITCc) masses, which surround the deep amygdaloid nuclei ( Millhouse, 1986 ). (jneurosci.org)

2014). "Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Thus, the design of novel stimulation strategies to treat gait disturbances and postural instability has been investigated, including targets such as the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). (springer.com)

The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the main components of the reticular activating system. (wikipedia.org)

Although the cells within these nuclei have their cell bodies located within these specialized dopamine hubs, their "axons" - the neuronal projections which get sent out of the cell body to connect with other brain cells - extend out into the far reaches of the brain as a diffuse neural network. (poweronpoweroff.com)
Cell survival patterns in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys and 6OHDA-lesioned rats: evidence for differences to idiopathic Parkinson disease patients? (hal.science)

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been implicated in these symptoms. (ox.ac.uk)

Based on animal (cats, rats), lesional, and neuropathologic studies, sleep-regulating nuclei, particularly the pontine tegmentum, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of RBD. (medscape.com)

It lies caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)

We identified the major connections of the PPN from single seed voxels that could be confidently located within the nucleus on the diffusion images. (ox.ac.uk)

F, A control scan of patient 3, taken 1.5 years after (E), is axial, T 1 -weighted, and shows a small residual tegmental lesion close to the aqueduct of Sylvius, sparing the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. (jamanetwork.com)

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
An important region for breathing control, the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPTg), is composed of cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) receives phenotypically distinct innervations from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). (nih.gov)

the same findings are seen in the projection neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex. (medscape.com)
Finally, important modulatory afferents come from substantia nigra pars compacta ( dopamine ) and the raphe nuclei (serotonin) in the midbrain. (scholarpedia.org)
After the injections, cells containing the tracer delivered in caudate nucleus (caudate-labeled cells) and others labeled with the complementary tracer injected in putamen (putamen-labeled cells) occur in large number in intralaminar nuclei, substantia nigra pars compacta, midbrain raphe nuclei and central midbrain tegmentum. (nih.gov)
In the first category, we included dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin neurons of the raphe nuclei (R), and cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). (eneuro.org)
Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)

It both projects to and receives input from most parts of the basal ganglia, with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta (which it projects to but does not receive input from), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which it receives input from but does not project to). (wikipedia.org)
STN neurons containing α4β2 nAChRs (α4β2 neurons) received more glutamatergic inputs, and preferentially innervated GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. (jneurosci.org)
The main output nuclei are the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus/entopeduncular nucleus (not shown). (scholarpedia.org)

Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus are switched on during real and imagined movement. (wikipedia.org)

Various pontine nuclei are known to influence the REM and non-REM sleep circuits, including the locus coeruleus(LC), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTN). (medscape.com)
He demonstrated that NA is released from the axon terminals of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, and this then suppresses the activity of neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus that promotes REM sleep. (darmedicare.com)
In addition, a small to moderate number of putamen-labeled cells is found in external pallidum, pulvinar and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, whereas some caudate and putamen-labeled cells are scattered in ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus. (nih.gov)

The external globus pallidus (GP) is an intrinsic nucleus as most of its connections are with the input and output nuclei of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
The external globus pallidus (GPe) is principally an intrinsic structure that receives most of its afferents from, and provides efferent connections to other basal ganglia nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
Striatal medium spiny neurones are GABAergic providing inhibitory inputs to adjacent spiny neurones via local axon collaterals, to the globus pallidus (external), and to both basal ganglia output nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)

2. Temporal-Spatial Profiling of Pedunculopontine Galanin-Cholinergic Neurons in the Lactacystin Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. (nih.gov)
5. Role of pedunculopontine cholinergic neurons in the vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
6. DREADD Activation of Pedunculopontine Cholinergic Neurons Reverses Motor Deficits and Restores Striatal Dopamine Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats. (nih.gov)
Rats were rendered Parkinsonian through a unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) stereotaxic injection of the proteasome inhibitor Lactacystin, to investigate whether the lesion's pathological effects spread to impact the integrity of PPN cholinergic neurons which are affected in PD. (ox.ac.uk)

Previous studies have found that the nucleus accumben is involved in the regulation of reward, addiction, feeding, learning, sleep-wake and other neurobiological behaviors, and has complex fibrous connections with the cortex and midbrain dopaminergic nuclei. (301hospital.com.cn)
The lateral habenula (LHb) is a brain structure receiving inputs from limbic forebrain areas and innervating major midbrain monoaminergic nuclei. (nih.gov)
Numerous striatal afferent cells are also found bilaterally in the peribrachial region of midbrain tegmentum, comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus area. (nih.gov)
In the midbrain, NAIP-LI was located primarily within neurons of the red nucleus, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the oculomotor nucleus, and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
Dense vascular net is found in the supra trochlear nucleus which lies in the central gray substance of the midbrain. (brainmaps.org)
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), a GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, has been hypothesized to be broadly activated by aversive stimuli. (inscopix.com)

It lies caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
In caudal intralaminar nuclei, caudate-labeled cells are strictly confined to parafascicular nucleus and putamen-labeled cells present only in centre median, without any overlap between the two neuronal populations. (nih.gov)
The contralateral pattern consisted of motoneurons innervating the superior rectus and the superior oblique that were located respectively in the caudal portion of the ventral oculomotor nucleus and in the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
The highest levels of [ 3H]8-OH-DPAT binding were found in the ventrolateral subnucleus at the level of the caudal extent of the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

In primates the striatum comprises the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and in all mammals, the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (Gerfen and Wilson 1996, Voorn et al. (scholarpedia.org)
The cellular origin and degree of collateralization of the subcortical afferents to the caudate nucleus and the putamen in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were studied using the following combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers: Evans blue and DAPI-Primuline, Fast blue and Nuclear yellow, True blue and Nuclear yellow. (nih.gov)

Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)

Based on this classification, synucleinopathic involvement of the structures suggested to underlie motor parkinsonism -- the substantia nigra (SN), tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus, oral raphe, amygdala, magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain and tuberomamillary bodies -- does not become evident until stage 3. (medscape.com)

Role of nucleus accumbens in sleep-wake and general anesthesia[J]. ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF CHINESE PLA MEDICAL SCHOOL. (301hospital.com.cn)
Therefore, this review focuses on the role of each subtype of neurons in the nucleus accumbens and their projection pathways in sleep-wake and general anesthesia. (301hospital.com.cn)
Although the cerebellum is now recognized as part of a long-range brain network that serves limbic functions and motivated behavior, knowledge of cerebello-limbic connectivity is limited, and nothing is known about how the cerebellum connects functionally to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (elifesciences.org)
The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)
The finding extends previous investigations about the connections between these two brain areas, and are important for elucidating the role of the cerebellum in influencing functions supported by the nucleus accumbens, such as motivation and reward. (elifesciences.org)

In fact, studies have suggested that RBD may be associated with alpha-synuclein-mediated degeneration of sleep-regulating nuclei in the brainstem, particularly the pontine tegmentum. (medscape.com)
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), with classical and non-classical symptoms such as respiratory instability. (bvsalud.org)
1. An animal model mimicking pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)

At this level, the caudate-labeled cells lie more dorsally and medially relative to putamen-labeled cells, but a high degree of intermingling exists and some double-labeled cells occur particularly in nucleus centralis lateralis. (nih.gov)
In substantia nigra pars compacta, clusters of caudate-labeled cells are closely intermingled with clusters of putamen-labeled cells according to a complex mosaic-like pattern that varies along the rostrocaudal extent of the structure. (nih.gov)
Overall, however, caudate-labeled cells predominate rostrodorsally and putamen-labeled cells are more abundant caudoventrally in substantia nigra pars compacta, with only a few double-labeled cells. (nih.gov)
Some caudate and putamen-labeled cells are also scattered in contralateral substantia nigra pars compacta. (nih.gov)
The caudate and putamen-labeled cells are less numerous and more closely intermingled in nucleus centralis superior. (nih.gov)

The anatomical connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a brainstem structure associated with locomotion, have been determined recently in healthy humans using probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT). (ox.ac.uk)
A rostral brainstem structure, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), is severely affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology and is regarded a promising target for therapeutic deep-brain stimulation (DBS). (ox.ac.uk)

The present study examines its afferents from some nuclei involved in motor and cardiovascular control with anterograde tracer injections. (biomedcentral.com)
The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)

BDA injections into the central amygdaloid nucleus result in labeled fibers to the ipsilateral Li. (biomedcentral.com)

Without discounting the crucial importance of the primary motor cortex in the execution of voluntary movement, it is surprising that very few exercise studies pay any attention to the complex and dynamic organization of motor action in relation to the subcortical nuclei, given that they are essential for the execution of normal movement patterns. (springer.com)
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)

19. Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism. (nih.gov)

18. Pedunculopontine cholinergic cell loss in hallucinating Parkinson disease patients but not in dementia with Lewy bodies patients. (nih.gov)

15. Low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus affects gait and the neurotransmitter level in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus in 6-OHDA Parkinsonian rats. (nih.gov)

Based on animal (cats, rats), lesional, and neuropathologic studies, sleep-regulating nuclei, particularly the pontine tegmentum, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of RBD. (medscape.com)

In contrast, STN neurons containing α7 nAChRs (α7 neurons) received more GABAergic inputs, and preferentially innervated dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. (jneurosci.org)

In rostral intralaminar nuclei, the labeled cells are not confined to the know cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the nuclei but impinge slightly upon ventrolateral and mediodorsal nuclei. (nih.gov)

2014). "Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
4. A non-cholinergic neuronal loss in the pedunculopontine nucleus of toxin-evoked parkinsonian rats. (nih.gov)
9. Mitochondrial abnormality associates with type-specific neuronal loss and cell morphology changes in the pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson disease. (nih.gov)
11. Altered neuronal activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus: An electrophysiological study in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
12. The anterior and posterior pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are involved in behavior and neuronal activity of the cuneiform and entopeduncular nuclei. (nih.gov)
Notwithstanding the obvious limitations related to the dissection of small brain nuclei and to the growth of these neurons in vitro , these findings support the hypothesis that axonal domain structure is a key characteristic of neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. (eneuro.org)

Here, we report that stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in mice of both sexes modulates spiking activity in both NAc core and medial shell with fast excitation and slower, less synchronized inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Dopamine neurons (DANs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) have been related to movement vigor, and loss of these neurons leads to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. (inscopix.com)

Labeled terminals were also found bilaterally in the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus , trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, and contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and inferior olive. (brainmaps.org)
from both medial and inferior rectus, they lie mainly in the C-group, on the dorsomedial border of oculomotor nucleus. (brainmaps.org)

3. Pedunculopontine cell loss and protein aggregation direct microglia activation in parkinsonian rats. (nih.gov)
10. Effect of neurotoxic lesion of pedunculopontine nucleus in nigral and striatal redox balance and motor performance in rats. (nih.gov)
14. Selective cholinergic depletion of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus aggravates freezing of gait in parkinsonian rats. (nih.gov)

The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)

This indicates chronic exposure to nicotinic agonist as a potential pharmacological intervention to alter selectively the balance between these two microcircuits, and may provide a means to inhibit substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated by gustatory rewards, but how animals learn to associate these oral. (inscopix.com)

The posterior commissure system gave rise to dense terminal fields in the contralateral NIC, the oculomotor nucleus, and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)

This part of the brain contains clusters of nuclei with diverse functions centered on speech, swallowing, cardiovascular and respiratory control and is expected to have different functional inputs from the rest of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)

Of these, 61 (43%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of the C1-C2 junction, 14 (10%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of the oculomotor or trochlear nucleus , and 14 (10%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of both the oculomotor or trochlear nucleus and the spinal cord. (brainmaps.org)

Vglut2-cre Ai6 animals also received retrograde tracer injections (cholera toxin b) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) or preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) and anterograde tracer injections (AAV-mCherry) into the SNpc. (bvsalud.org)

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. (inscopix.com)

The distribution of neurons projecting to the trochlear nucleus of goldfish (Carassius auratus) was studied by the electrophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the nucleus. (brainmaps.org)

Anatomy12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes2

Subthalamic nucleus6

Thalamus1

Brainstem5

Nigra pars compacta4

Ventral1

Globus pallidus internus1

Dorsal1

Cortical1

Laterodorsal1

Loss of dopaminergic1

Parkinson's2

Neurons2

Gait2

Reticular1

Cell2

Symptoms1

Animal1

Superior1

Major1

Small1

PPTg3

Raphe nuclei5

Nigra pars reticulata3

Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus1

Locus coeruleus3

Globus pallidus3

Cholinergic neurons4

Midbrain6

Caudal4

Caudate nucleus and the putamen2

Gigantocellular reticular nucleus1

Amygdala1

Accumbens5

Degeneration3

Putamen5

Brainstem structure2

Afferents2

Amygdaloid nucleus1

Subcortical nuclei2

Parafascicular nucleus1

Hallucinating Parkinson disease1

Thalamic1

Pontine1

GABAergic1

Rostral1

Neuronal6

Cerebellar2

Dopamine neurons1

Medial2

Rats3

Projections2

Dopaminergic neurons2

Posterior1

Inputs1

Stimulation1

Anterograde tracer injections1

Glutamatergic neurons1

Horseradish peroxidase1