AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
2-AcetylaminofluoreneHydroxyacetylaminofluoreneAcetoxyacetylaminofluoreneFluorenesCarcinogensLiver Neoplasms, ExperimentalSubstance PRats, Inbred F344LiverDiethylnitrosamineDNA AdductsBiotransformationgamma-GlutamyltransferasePrecancerous ConditionsMutagensBenzopyrene Hydroxylasep-DimethylaminoazobenzeneDNANitroanisole O-DemethylaseBenzo(a)pyreneMethyldimethylaminoazobenzeneMicrosomes, LiverHepatectomyLipotropic AgentsRats, Inbred Strains4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxideAldrinBenzopyrenesLiver RegenerationDeoxyguanosinePolydeoxyribonucleotidesDNA RepairAminobiphenyl CompoundsMutagenicity TestsSulfuric AcidsHydroxylationSubstance-Related DisordersAminesDNA ReplicationMethylcholanthreneDNA DamageNitrophenols
BenzeneToxicity1992TumorsThresholdMethylCompoundsLiverAdditionChemicalSyntheticBiologicalSpeciesGuidelinesDangerousCancerHumanGroupsPriceSectionAnimalsResearchSettingsTransportHazardousCarcinogenConcentrations2000MutagenSalmonellaExposureTumorRatsPublicationAgentsTendActivityLaboratoryIncludeControlFormCells
Benzene2
  • 2-AF has 3 cyclic rings: a benzene attached to a cyclopentane which is attached to another benzene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, benzene rings are able to interact with other substances which can be rationalized in the Reactions section below. (wikipedia.org)
Toxicity3
  • Several experiments have been conducted that have suggested 2-aminofluorene be treated with care and with an overall awareness of the toxicity of this compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the mechanism by which a substance causes toxicity enhances different areas of toxicology in different ways. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Different substances can act at different levels of the biological system in causing toxicity. (cloudaccess.net)
19921
  • 1992. Threshold limit values for chemical substances in the work environment. (cdc.gov)
Tumors3
  • 2-Acetylaminofluorene is able to cause tumors in mice and other animals in the liver and kidney. (wikipedia.org)
  • clarification needed] 2-AF is able to induce tumors in the livers of male and female rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pol η appearance level was considerably higher in quality 1 to quality 2 tumors (well to reasonably differentiated). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Threshold3
  • 1998. Documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. (cdc.gov)
  • 2000. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
  • If the State Board has found there to be a threshold exposure level below which no significant adverse health effects are anticipated from exposure to the identified substance, that level is specified as the threshold determination. (ca.gov)
Methyl1
  • In the HPRT test there was a significant increase in the number of mutants per dish, both after addition of N-acetylaminofluorene and N-methyl-N0-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (with and without an external metabolic activation system=7S9), but not after treatment of the cells with PEEK-DMSO-eluate. (orthoclinic-hamburg.de)
Compounds1
  • Therefore, it is mostly used as a model compound that can help researches study carcinogens and the functionality of such compounds that are similar in structure to 2-AF. (wikipedia.org)
Liver2
  • The most frequent types of primary liver cancer in adults are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), constituting HCC the 70-85% of cases and CCA the 30-15%, depending on the country [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Liver cancer also appears in children and adolescents, accounting hepatoblastoma (HB) and HCC for 67-80% and 20-33% of cases, respectively [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Addition1
  • The addition of these side groups to 2-AF are very dangerous in biological systems. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical3
  • The guidelines were for individual substances and included the following information: chemical names and synonyms, chemical and physical properties, exposure limits, signs and symptoms of exposure, recommendations for medical monitoring, respiratory and personal protective equipment, and control procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • This series of reports on animal experimentation with a large number of chemical substances by Lehmann and associates continued through Part 35 in Volume 83 (1914), followed by a final comprehensive paper of 137 pages on chlorinated hydrocarbons in Ref. 14. (cdc.gov)
  • It helps toxicologists in recommending courses of action regarding clean-up or remediation of contaminated sites and, along with physical and chemical properties of the substance or mixture, can be used to select the degree of protective equipment required. (cloudaccess.net)
Synthetic1
Biological1
  • In biological systems, the conversion of 2-AF to different forms can react with DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Species3
  • Furthermore, it has been suggested that 2-aminofluorene can undergo acetylation reactions that causes these reactive species to undergo such reactions in cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • There have been experiments carried out using 2-AF as a possible mutagen that can be introduced into a host species. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other species, 2-AF was also the cause of mutations in the host genome. (wikipedia.org)
Guidelines1
  • Even after these methods were developed, and even after various guidelines were developed by various regulatory agencies in the United States, they were often not observed (2, 3, 7, 9, 10). (cdc.gov)
Dangerous2
  • There is evidence that 2-aminofluorene is a carcinogen and an intercalating agent that is extremely dangerous to genomic DNA that potentially can lead to mutation if not death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concentrations for 20 substances were listed under the headings: (1) Rapidly fatal to man and animals, (2) Dangerous in 0.51 h, (3) 0.51 h without serious disturbances, and (4) Only minimal symptoms observed (3). (cdc.gov)
Cancer1
  • Papain Inhibitor HNSCC may be the sixth Papain Inhibitor most regularly occurring cancer world-wide and makes up about 2% of most cancer death each year. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
Human2
  • For example, it has been shown that human leukocytes are able to metabolize 2-AF into a human mutagen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 189 substances are known to have or may have adverse effects on human health or the environment. (ca.gov)
Groups1
  • CARB has formally identified over 200 substances and groups of substances as TACs. (ca.gov)
Price1
Section1
  • Each substance identified in this section has been determined by the State Board to be a toxic air contaminant as defined in Health and Safety Code section 39655. (ca.gov)
Animals1
  • 2-AF can undergo a reaction to become a toxic carcinogen to animals. (wikipedia.org)
Research1
  • 2-Aminofluorene is used in laboratory research settings, in which it is converted into differentiating substances that can be harmful to deoxyribonucleic acids. (wikipedia.org)
Settings1
  • It is a white to tan solid with a melting point of 125-132 °C. 2-AF has only been tested in controlled laboratory settings thus far. (wikipedia.org)
Transport1
  • Disruption in homeostasis of bile acids occurs when there is dysregulation in the synthesis/secretion, transport, or biotransformation of these endogenous substances ( Li and Apte, 2015 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Hazardous2
  • The WHS Regulation requires that prior to a hazardous substance being used, a risk assessment must be conducted. (edu.au)
  • Dräger masks and filters can be used to protect for a large number of hazardous substances. (draeger.com)
Carcinogen3
  • There is evidence that 2-aminofluorene is a carcinogen and an intercalating agent that is extremely dangerous to genomic DNA that potentially can lead to mutation if not death. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-AF can undergo a reaction to become a toxic carcinogen to animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now, 2-AAF will be turned into N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene which is a carcinogen. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations1
  • Concentrations for 20 substances were listed under the headings: (1) Rapidly fatal to man and animals, (2) Dangerous in 0.51 h, (3) 0.51 h without serious disturbances, and (4) Only minimal symptoms observed (3). (cdc.gov)
20001
  • 2000. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
Mutagen3
  • There have been experiments carried out using 2-AF as a possible mutagen that can be introduced into a host species. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, it has been shown that human leukocytes are able to metabolize 2-AF into a human mutagen. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-AF is a mutagen and causes genetic mutations, DNA damage, chromosomal transformations, and sister-chromatid exchanges in animal genomes. (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella1
  • When inserted into Salmonella, it was noted that 2-AF was metabolized and created a mutagenic strain of Salmonella. (wikipedia.org)
Exposure3
  • The guidelines were for individual substances and included the following information: chemical names and synonyms, chemical and physical properties, exposure limits, signs and symptoms of exposure, recommendations for medical monitoring, respiratory and personal protective equipment, and control procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • Three weeks aflatoxin feed mice and mice with no aflatoxin/neem extract exposure were used as controls 1 and 2, respectively. (scialert.net)
  • however, if a substance or exposure is only on one agency's list, this it does not necessarily mean there is a controversy , as one agency may not have evaluated it. (cancer.org)
Tumor2
  • The leukocytes, in particular, were able to uptake this foreign particle and the researchers were able to conclude that the metabolism of 2-AF was the precursor to the tumor formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wistar rats receiving a single injection of 2,2′-dihydroxy-N-nitrosodipropylamine (a tumor initiator) followed by 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA) in the diet for 19 weeks, developed thyroid follicular cell carcinomas and follicular cell and papillary adenomas. (cdc.gov)
Rats3
  • clarification needed] 2-AF is able to induce tumors in the livers of male and female rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F l mice receiving MDA as 4,4′-methylenedianiline dihydrochloride ad libitum in drinking water for 2 years developed thyroid follicular cell carcinomas and adenomas, C-cell adenomas of the thyroid, hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas, alveolar bronchiolar adenomas, malignant lymphomas, and benign tumors of the adrenal gland. (cdc.gov)
  • In the more than 10 strains of rats that have been tested with N -2-fluorenylacetamide, the response in a given target organ varied from zero to almost 100 percent, depending on the strain. (nih.gov)
Publication1
  • WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 1,2-Dichloroethane. (inchem.org)
Agents1
  • 1998. Documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. (cdc.gov)
Tend2
  • These agencies tend to focus on substances and exposures most likely to cause cancer, but there are many others that have not been fully studied yet. (cancer.org)
  • Nationwide, short-beaked common dolphins tend to be subject to bycatch fatality in 2 fisheries: your purse-seine fishery with regard to sardines away central To the south Sydney and the gillnet fishery with regard to gummy sharks away from the southern area of Sydney. (fakpathway.com)
Activity1
  • 2. phenylalanyl-trna synthetase activity is found with the 60s subunit, 80s monoribosome and individual polyribosomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Laboratory2
  • It is a white to tan solid with a melting point of 125-132 °C. 2-AF has only been tested in controlled laboratory settings thus far. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2-Aminofluorene is used in laboratory research settings, in which it is converted into differentiating substances that can be harmful to deoxyribonucleic acids. (wikipedia.org)
Include2
  • The lists do not include substances that have been classified as possible carcinogens, for which the evidence is not as strong. (cancer.org)
  • These lists also do not include substances evaluated as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. (cancer.org)
Control1
  • 0.05) MN and sperm morphology compared to control 2. (scialert.net)
Form1
  • After this reaction to form the N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, there can be spontaneous formations that will form. (wikipedia.org)
Cells1
  • Furthermore, it has been suggested that 2-aminofluorene can undergo acetylation reactions that causes these reactive species to undergo such reactions in cells. (wikipedia.org)