• This protein is one of two paralogs of the Ral protein, the other being RalA, and part of the Ras GTPase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a Ras GTPase, RalB functions as a molecular switch that becomes active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr. (embl.de)
  • Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Ral isoforms share an 80% overall match in amino acid sequence and 100% match in their effector-binding region. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the above functions appear to be shared between the two Ral isoforms, their differential subcellular localizations result in their differing involvement in certain biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paralog group of RAS proteins is composed of four isoforms (H-RAS, N-RAS, K-RAS4A, and K-RAS4B) that are encoded by three genes, H-RAS , N-RAS , and K-RAS [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins include 23 genes coding for at least 25 proteins that are divided into eight paralog groups based on sequence identity, structure, and function: RAS, RAS-like (RAL), RAS-related protein (R-RAS), RAS-like protein in tissues (RIT), RAS-related protein Rap (RAP), RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), Dexamethasone-induced RAS-related protein (RASD), and GTP-binding protein Di-RAS (DIRAS) [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations of the NF1 gene potentially results in the activation of multiple Ras proteins, which are key regulators of many biologic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RAS family proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduced through their receptors, with multiple signaling pathways, and consequently regulate a wide array of cellular processes [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, we have reviewed the role of RAS protein related to the biological events of the corpus luteum in the ovary. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In cellular signaling, the monomeric small GTPases (small G proteins) are known to play an important role in diverse molecular processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. (embl.de)
  • Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics identified thirteen protein networks distinctly regulated by DN R-Ras, including multiple networks regulating cellular movement and morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Closer study of an R-Ras regulated pathway containing the signaling protein ROCK1 showed that inhibition of either R-Ras, R-Ras2 or ROCK1 similarly impaired cellular migration and invasion and altered cellular morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Point mutations cluster into the positively charged end of the molecule around the predicted binding site for phosphatidylinositol lipids. (embl.de)
  • Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynamin (see IPR001401 ), Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see IPR001752 ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1. (embl.de)
  • RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Those molecular functions of RAS family proteins exhibit an essential role that co-occurs in the repeated pattern of physiological change during the ovarian cycle. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We assessed the expression and activation of these proteins in MPNST cells and inhibited them to determine the effect this had on proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and the phosphoproteome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RalB is one of two proteins in the Ral family, which is itself a subfamily within the Ras family of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The small-G-protein family consists of numerous proteins with varying degrees of homology, one of which is a guanosine nucleotide-binding protein (RAS) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The domain family possesses multiple functions including the abilities to bind inositol phosphates, and various proteins. (embl.de)
  • Ser/Thr protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family. (embl.de)
  • whereas phosphorylation of Serine 198 on RalB by the kinase PKC results in the relocation of RalB to other internal membranes and activation of its tumorigenic function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. (embl.de)
  • Recently, we focused on the role of RAS protein in the ovarian corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small modular domains that occur in a large variety of proteins. (embl.de)
  • In addition to its association with Ras, GAP has been shown to bind to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in cells stimulated by growth factors or expressing transforming tyrosine kinase variants. (embl.de)
  • whereas phosphorylation of Serine 198 on RalB by the kinase PKC results in the relocation of RalB to other internal membranes and activation of its tumorigenic function. (wikipedia.org)
  • RalB is one of two proteins in the Ral family, which is itself a subfamily within the Ras family of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ras proteins are signal-transducing GTPases that cycle between inactive GDP- bound and active GTP-bound forms. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • A domain of about 100 residues, termed RA for RalGDS/AF-6 or Ras-Associating, interacts with Ras and other small GTPases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • RAS proteins are the founding members of the RAS superfamily of GTPases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The RAS protein family is a set of small GTPases that function as binary switches by alternating their activation state from GTP-bound (active) to GDP-bound (inactive). (oncotarget.com)
  • In total, 243 hotspots were novel and appeared to affect a broad spectrum of molecular function, including hotspots at paralogous residues of Ras-related small GTPases RAC1 and RRAS2 . (nature.com)
  • Mammalian Ras proteins regulate multiple effectors including Raf, Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RalGDS), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • To search for other effectors in C. elegans, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening for LET-60-binding proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • We found specific conserved amino acid positions in this group that map to the binding sites of RAS with many of their signaling effectors, suggesting that these pairs could share interacting partners. (oncotarget.com)
  • Similar to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 S has been reported to bind the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as a cellular entry receptor via the receptor binding domain (RBD), located in the C-terminal region of the S1 subunit ( 7 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Furthermore, by integrating structural data, in silico mutagenesis and coevolution analysis we could elucidate the role of SDPs in mediating ACE2 binding across the Sarbecovirus lineage, either by engaging the receptor through direct intermolecular interactions or by affecting the local environment of the receptor binding motif. (biorxiv.org)
  • Furthermore, the bulk of Foxp3-bound Treg cell enhancers inaccessible in Foxp3- CD4+ cells became accessible upon T cell receptor activation prior to Foxp3 expression with only a small subset associated with several functionally important genes being exclusively Treg cell-specific. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • More precisely, our results indicate that host cell receptor usage is encoded in the amino acid sequences of different CoV spike proteins in the form of a set of specificity determining positions (SDPs). (biorxiv.org)
  • Both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV belong to the Sarbecovirus subgenus, their spike proteins share more than 75% sequence identity and show similar RBD architecture and mode of binding to the human receptor ( 8 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • While the above functions appear to be shared between the two Ral isoforms, their differential subcellular localizations result in their differing involvement in certain biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differential actions of p60c-Src and Lck kinases on the Ras regulators p120-GAP and GDP/GTP exchange factor CDC25Mm. (embl.de)
  • Among the best-studied therapeutic targets in human cancers are proteins encoded by genes with tumor-specific mutational hotspots, such as KRAS , NRAS , BRAF , KIT and EGFR . (nature.com)
  • 600 genes differentially expressed following the PDK1_knockout_265_GSE42187 kinase perturbation from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. (maayanlab.cloud)
  • Our molecular dynamics simulations of the p21ras-p120GAP-GTP complex suggest that the local structure around the catalytic region can be different from that revealed by the x-ray crystal structure. (embl.de)
  • phosphorylation by Lck increased its capacity to stimulate the GDP/GTP exchange on Ha-Ras, whereas its phosphorylation by p60c-Src was ineffective. (embl.de)
  • Our results suggest that phosphorylation by p60c-Src and Lck is a selective process that can modulate the activity of p120-GAP and CDC25Mm towards Ras proteins. (embl.de)
  • Our results show that many RAS proteins with divergent sequences are found close together in the human interactome. (oncotarget.com)
  • This dataset contains all the ubiquitylated sites found in renal medullas of untreated rats by LC-MS/MS in the publication "Endogenous Carbamylation of Renal Medullary Proteins" by Claxton et. (nih.gov)
  • Ral proteins have been associated with the progression of several cancers, including bladder cancer and prostate cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Ral isoforms share an 80% overall match in amino acid sequence and 100% match in their effector-binding region. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure of the complex of Ras with the Ras-binding domain of its effector RalGDS (RGS-RBD), the first genuine Ras-effector complex, has been solved by X-ray crystallography. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The ubiquitylation sites are represented by the single letter code of the amino acid and its position within the protein relative to the sequence contained in the Ref Seq record indicated. (nih.gov)
  • We show that the unsupervised analysis of statistical patterns in a MSA of the spike protein family can help tracing the amino acid space encoding the specificity of β-CoVs to their cognate host cell receptors. (biorxiv.org)
  • Analysis of the chromatin accessibility of Foxp3-bound enhancers in Treg and Foxp3-negative T cells showed that Foxp3 was bound overwhelmingly to pre-accessible enhancers occupied by its cofactors in precursor cells or a structurally related predecessor. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • 1998) and are discussed in relation to partial loss-of-function mutations and the specificity of Ras versus Rap binding. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Here we show that the unsupervised analysis of conservation patterns across the β-CoV spike protein family, using sequence information alone, can provide rich information on the molecular basis of the specificity of β-CoVs to different host cell receptors. (biorxiv.org)
  • In the present study, we survey the sequence conservation patterns of the β-CoV spike protein family to identify the evolutionary constraints shaping the functional specificity of the protein across the β-CoV lineage. (biorxiv.org)
  • Mutational studies were performed to investigate the contribution of selected interface residues to the binding affinity. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Ras-related protein Ral-B (RalB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALB gene on chromosome 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1995), the interaction is via an inter-protein beta-sheet between the switch I region of Ras and the second strand of the RGS-RBD sheet, but the details of the interactions in the interface are remarkably different. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the phylogeny of RAS proteins and their location in the protein interaction network. (oncotarget.com)
  • All known oncogenic mutants of Ras map to a small subset of amino acids. (embl.de)
  • Remarkably, the phosphorylations by the two kinases were accompanied by different functional effects. (embl.de)
  • With the exception of the relatively well-known KRAS, HRAS and NRAS proteins, little is known about how the interactions of the other RAS human paralogs affect cancer evolution and response to treatment. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, with the exception of a few well-studied protein models, the precise functions of the thirty-five human RAS paralogs and their relation in terms of sequence conservation, gene expression and protein-protein interactions remain poorly understood [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Moreover, RalB specifically interacts with Exo84 to assemble the beclin-1-VPS34 autophagy initiation complex, and with Sec5 to activate the innate immune response via the Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). (wikipedia.org)
  • In higher eukaryotes these proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways controlling a diverse array of essential cellular functions, such as growth, differentiation and survival [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Structurally, the RA domain of RalGDS consists of a five-stranded mixed beta- sheet interrupted by a 12 residue alpha-helix and two additional small alpha- helices. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing RA domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl-heidelberg.de)