IschemiaDelayed cerebral ischaemiaAneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhageSpontaneousAneurysmsIschaemiaASAHManagement of aneurysmal subarachnoidVasospasm after aneurysmalAngiographyStrokeAcuteRuptureInfarctionOxidative StressPatientsAnterior cerebrPathophysiologyThrombosisVitreous hemorrhageDiagnosisSevereBasal cisternsOccursClinicalCerebrospinal fluidMiddle CerebrArteriesIntracranial pressureBloodVasoconstrictionArteriovenous malformationOccurHead CT scan2018EtiologyAttenuationHeadacheBrainHypertensiveHemodynamicIntra-Arterial NimodipineIllustrative Case
Ischemia18
- Cerebral vasospasm leading to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) continues to be a major complication and source of morbidity in cases of aSAH. (medscape.com)
- For this reason, routine surveillance imaging studies are carried out to supplement the neurologic examination with the aim of diagnosing vasospasm before the onset of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). (medscape.com)
- Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. (medscape.com)
- Between 2010 and 2017, 527 papers were published with delayed cerebral ischemia, or another term to describe the same complication, as an endpoint. (ox.ac.uk)
- However, the term delayed cerebral ischemia was used only in 131/527 (25%) of papers and only 14/81 (17%) of clinical trials/cohort studies published in 2017 cited the consensus definitions when outlining study endpoints. (ox.ac.uk)
- Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common secondary complication and an important cause of disability and mortality among patients who survive aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). (biomedcentral.com)
- Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a common secondary complication among aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients who survived the initial bleeding caused by ruptured aneurysm. (biomedcentral.com)
- Background Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has a multifactorial pathophysiology, with immune dysregulation being an important component. (bmj.com)
- A model of global cerebral ischemia in C57 BL/6 mice. (riken.jp)
- One of the major determinates of morbidity is the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). (ox.ac.uk)
- Glibenclamide has been shown to improve outcomes in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (thejns.org)
- Similar results were found for analyses considering the dichotomized 6-month mRS score (favorable score 0-2), as well as for the secondary outcomes of discharge mRS score (either ordinal or dichotomized), mortality, and delayed cerebral ischemia. (thejns.org)
- Mortality and delayed cerebral ischemia rates were also similar compared with placebo. (thejns.org)
- A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate the association of the CONUT score with a modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≥ 3 and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). (nature.com)
- Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity may predict delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (uib.no)
- Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and cerebral vasospasm (CV) are severe complications of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) contributing to an inferior outcome. (thejns.org)
- Ischemic Stroke Ischemic stroke is sudden neurologic deficits that result from focal cerebral ischemia associated with permanent brain infarction (eg, positive results on diffusion-weighted MRI). (msdmanuals.com)
- Magnesium is a neuroprotective agent and is beneficial for the treatment of eclampsia , which shares pathophysiological mechanisms with the delayed cerebral ischemia that occurs after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASH), the authors noted. (medscape.com)
Delayed cerebral ischaemia5
- In 2010, a multidisciplinary research group proposed a consensus term and definition for the complication of delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). (ox.ac.uk)
- Delayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: looking beyond vasospasm. (ox.ac.uk)
- Despite improvements in the clinical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage over the last decade, delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) remains the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in those patients who survive the initial bleed. (ox.ac.uk)
- Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH) can result in delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) and CVS-associated infarction, both worsening patients outcome. (bmj.com)
- Delayed cerebral ischaemia prevention and treatment after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. (snacc.org)
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage3
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating subset of stroke. (ox.ac.uk)
- Treatment of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (snacc.org)
- Background and purpose The aim of this study was to assess the long term outcome after non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). (bmj.com)
Spontaneous7
- Relationshıp of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebral aneurysm to serum Visfatin and Nesfatin-1 levels. (iasp-pain.org)
- Inflammation plays a role in the development of aneurysm, and spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is typically caused by rupture of the aneurysmal sac because of the increased inflammation. (iasp-pain.org)
- Background For endovascular rescue therapy (ERT) of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) due to spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH), non-compliant (NCB) and compliant (CB) balloons are used with both balloon types bearing the risk of vessel injury due to specific mechanical properties. (bmj.com)
- Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects individuals with a mean age of 55 years and accounts for 5% of stroke cases. (nature.com)
- On average, in 15% (5-30%) of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), no obvious source of bleeding can be demonstrated, even with high quality four vessel cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA). (bmj.com)
- 9-11 Some researchers do not accept this and speculate that spontaneous thrombosis, vasospasm, destruction of the aneurysm by haemorrhage, narrowing of the aneurysmal neck, alterations in blood flow, inadequate angiographic technique or observer error may be responsible. (bmj.com)
- 8. Sung W, Arnaldo B, Sergio C, Juliana S, Michel F. Terson's syndrome as a prognostic factor for mortality of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. (cns.org)
Aneurysms7
- Subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) due to true aneurysms of the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) during puerperium in young and healthy females are extremely rare. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Aneurysms associated with subarachnoid hemorrhages tend to occur in a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- 2 ⇓ ⇓ - 5 Although most cases of SAH are caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysms, 4 prior studies have shown that in 5%-36% of cases, the initial neurovascular examination does not reveal a causative cerebral aneurysm or other vascular abnormality. (ajnr.org)
- Cerebral aneurysms are particularly dangerous because of their difficulty to treat and their high mortality and morbidity rate. (awm-math.org)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- LightGBM was used to predict the rupture of cerebral aneurysms using a machine learning model that takes clinical, hemodynamic and morphological information into account. (easychair.org)
- Brain Aneurysms Brain aneurysms are focal dilations in the cerebral arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
Ischaemia1
- Visfatin and nesfatin are recently discovered peptides that play a role in various metabolic reactions exhibiting inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and their levels are known to increase in cerebral ischaemia and haematomas. (iasp-pain.org)
ASAH8
- nimodipine is currently recommended as first-line medical treatment for preventing post-aSAH cerebral vasospasm. (medscape.com)
- There are many postulated theories as to the etiology of cerebral vasospasm after aSAH, but the mechanisms ultimately responsible for vasospasm are still incompletely understood. (medscape.com)
- [ 5 ] has been found to be elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after aSAH and may play a role in cerebral vasospasm and DCI. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral vasospasm has been estimated to occur in 12-30% of the approximately 30,000 North American patients who experience aSAH each year. (medscape.com)
- On the Fisher Scale, the thickness of the aSAH clot and the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are strong predictors of vasospasm. (medscape.com)
- Various imaging modalities are employed to diagnose cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). (medscape.com)
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a serious condition with high mortality and a high permanent disability rate. (nature.com)
- Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility and potential role of bedside optical coherence tomography (OCT) in Terson's Syndrome (TS) in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its potential role in blindness prevention. (cns.org)
Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid1
- Postinterventional critical care management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (snacc.org)
Vasospasm after aneurysmal1
- Effects of cilostazol on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter prospective, randomized, open-label blinded end point trial. (snacc.org)
Angiography4
- More invasive means of treating vasospasm depend on the utilization of cerebral angiography and include intra-arterial vasodilator administration and balloon angioplasty. (medscape.com)
- Cerebral angiography revealed an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. (medscape.com)
- Angiography demonstrated severe narrowing of the right anterior cerebral artery (ACA). (medscape.com)
- Of these, 97 (8.4%) patients were included in the study because the aetiology of the SAH could not be verified by repeated four vessel cerebral angiography or postmortem examination. (bmj.com)
Stroke5
- A hemorrhage of this type can lead to a stroke and often has severe consequences. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Rupture of cerebral aneurysm (subarachnoid hemorrhage) can cause stroke. (awm-math.org)
- This study focuses on a predictive method for subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is a type of stroke. (easychair.org)
- This event is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and may cause a hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Didier Leys, MD, PhD, professor and head of neurology at Lille University Hospital in Lille, France, and past president of the European Stroke Organization, agreed and told Medscape Medical News , "The results are completely neutral, so we have no proof of any efficacy and no proof of any safety concern with using magnesium in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, so we cannot recommend the use of this treatment. (medscape.com)
Acute3
- The following conditions each represent 1 percent or more of diagnostic radiology claims: subarachnoid hemorrhage, malignant neoplasm of colon, malignant neoplasm of pancreas, cerebral thrombosis with infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebral aneurysm, pelvis fracture, ankle fracture, and intracranial abscess. (thedoctors.com)
- Bedside Optical Coherence Tomography for Terson's Syndrome screening in Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A pilot study. (cns.org)
- Brain CT scan showing subtle finding of blood at the area of the circle of Willis consistent with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
Rupture3
- Novel pathological mechanisms have been suggested, including damage to cerebral tissue in the first 72 h after aneurysm rupture ('early brain injury'), cortical spreading depression, and microthrombosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- Phase synchronisation index (PSI), an expression of the interdependence between CBF and arterial blood pressure (ABP) and thus cerebral autoregulation, was calculated before and during sodium nitrite administration in 10 high-grade SAH patients acutely post-rupture. (ox.ac.uk)
- The first evidence of a brain aneurysm is most often a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), due to rupture of the aneurysm. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Infarction2
- MRI Detection of Cerebral Infarction in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. (uchicago.edu)
- Neurologic end-organ damage due to uncontrolled BP may include hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident/cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage , and/or intracranial hemorrhage . (medscape.com)
Oxidative Stress1
- We examined whether overexpression of murine extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) alters SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm, oxidative stress, and neurological outcome. (duke.edu)
Patients12
- Of those patients who are able to reach neurosurgical centers and have their aneurysm treated, an estimated 14% either die or sustain significant morbidity as a result of cerebral vasospasm. (medscape.com)
- within the last decades several clinical trials were performed to analyze the effectiveness of cisternal and ventricular lavage on cerebral vasospasm in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. (nih.gov)
- so far the literature search revealed a total of nine clinical trials using cisternal or ventricular lavage alone in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. (nih.gov)
- In conclusion, there is strong evidence that cisternal or ventricular lavage alone and in combination with kinetic therapy lead to a reduction of cerebral vasospasm and better outcome in patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage. (nih.gov)
- It may also occur due to intrathecally administered contrast material, leakage of high-dose intravenous contrast material into the subarachnoid spaces, or in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, severe meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, intracranial hypotension, cerebellar infarctions, or bilateral subdural hematomas. (wikipedia.org)
- How often do chronic extra-cerebral haematomas occur in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts? (uib.no)
- Results of vitrectomy and the significance of vitreous hemorrhage in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. (cns.org)
- Serum cardiac troponin measurement is important in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, even in those without underlying cardiac conditions. (medscape.com)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients who require SAH surgery and post-operative routine treatment. (who.int)
- Reporting results of the Magnesium for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage trial (MASH-2), Sanne Dorhout Mees, MD, from the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, showed that about one quarter of the patients in each group had a poor outcome. (medscape.com)
- Between April 2004 and September 2011, patients aged 18 years or older with an aneurysmal pattern of subarachnoid bleed on brain imaging within 4 days of the event were randomly assigned in a fully blinded manner to receive IV magnesium sulphate 64 mmol/day or saline placebo by continuous IV infusion for 20 days or until hospital discharge or death if it occurred sooner. (medscape.com)
- In an editorial accompanying the publication, Chethan P. Venkatasubba Rao, MBBS, and Jose I. Suarez, MD, from the Department of Neurology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, call the results "disappointing," but "are nonetheless very pertinent to the management of patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
Anterior cerebr2
- Angiogram shows severe narrowing of right anterior cerebral artery. (medscape.com)
- METHODS: Mice exhibiting a 2-fold increase in vascular EC-SOD and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to sham surgery or SAH by perforation of the right anterior cerebral artery. (duke.edu)
Pathophysiology2
- The knowledge of the pathophysiology of DCI has evolved over years and it is thought that a combination of multiple mechanisms underlies DCI and poor functional outcomes, including cerebral vascular dysregulation, microthrombosis, cortical spreading depolarization, and neuroinflammation [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Disruption of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and consequently the control of cerebral blood flow (CBF), known as cerebral autoregulation, is believed to play a role in its pathophysiology. (ox.ac.uk)
Thrombosis2
- I'd like to welcome you to today's COCA Call: Johnson and Johnson Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine and Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia -- Update for Clinicians on Early Detection and Treatment. (cdc.gov)
- Today I'll be discussing some background on the CVST situation and then move into a description of the reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia following the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Vitreous hemorrhage1
- Intraocular hemorrhage (bleeding into the eyeball) may occur in response to the raised pressure: subhyaloid hemorrhage (bleeding under the hyaloid membrane, which envelops the vitreous body of the eye) and vitreous hemorrhage may be visible on fundoscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis2
- The diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) usually depends on a high index of clinical suspicion combined with radiologic confirmation via urgent computed tomography (CT) scan without contrast. (medscape.com)
- After the diagnosis of SAH is established, further imaging should be performed to characterize the source of the hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
Severe6
- This occurs in cases of severe cerebral edema, such as by cerebral hypoxia. (wikipedia.org)
- The first symptom of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is often a sudden and severe "thunderclap headache. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A severe head injury, such as a blow to the head, can cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If a person experiences a stiff neck and severe headache with no other known cause, these may be signs of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A falsely negative CT scan can result from severe anemia or small-volume subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
- The primary endpoint was a poor outcome, as defined by a score of 4 to 5 on the modified Rankin Scale (denoting severe disability) 3 months after the hemorrhage, or death. (medscape.com)
Basal cisterns2
- Initial presenting head CT scan showing subarachnoid hemorrhage and blood filling basal cisterns. (medscape.com)
- A true subarachnoid hemorrhage may be confused with a Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage, an apparent increased attenuation on CT scans within the basal cisterns that mimics a true subarachnoid hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
Occurs5
- When caused by trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage commonly occurs with other types of bleeding in the head. (medlineplus.gov)
- A subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the space between two of the membranes surrounding the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs in approximately 10 in every 100,000 people in the United States, equivalent to around 30,000 new cases each year. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The bleeding in subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs in the arteries just below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Symptoms do not often become apparent until a hemorrhage occurs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Clinical2
- In the presented case, a young female patient with fulminant refractory DCI and CV, despite induced hypertension and nimodipine application, was treated with three-vessel continuous intra-arterial infusion and additional repetitive angioplasty of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries using a stent retriever, leading to a good clinical outcome. (thejns.org)
- We report a unique rescue strategy involving implantation of an additional intra-arterial catheter into the vertebral artery and repetitive stent retriever dilatations of the middle cerebral and basilar arteries as an extra therapy for continuous intra-arterial nimodipine vaspospasmolytic therapy in three vessel territories, resulting in a very good clinical outcome. (thejns.org)
Cerebrospinal fluid2
- Cerebrospinal fluid fills the part of the brain known as the subarachnoid space. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- During a subarachnoid hemorrhage, the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space fills with blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Middle Cerebr2
- Middle cerebral artery (MCA) diameter was measured or immunohistochemically stained for nitrotyrosine. (duke.edu)
- In this study, using fluid-structure interaction (FSI), 3-dimensional blood flow in an aneurysm in the circle of Willis - which is located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) - has been simulated. (karger.com)
Arteries3
- In a study that compared three-dimensional (3D) spin-echo-based black-blood MRA (BBMRA) with time-of-flight (TOF)-MRA for detection of cerebral vasospasm in the early posttreament period after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Takano et al found that BBMRA, owing to its contrast properties, may be superior to TOF-MRA for the evaluation of intracranial arteries. (medscape.com)
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage: what happens to the cerebral arteries? (medscape.com)
- Cerebral aneurysm can occur anywhere in the brain, but most are located along a loop of arteries that run between the underside of the brain and the base of the skull (Circle of Willis). (awm-math.org)
Intracranial pressure2
- The combination of intracerebral hemorrhage and raised intracranial pressure (if present) leads to a "sympathetic surge", i.e. over-activation of the sympathetic system. (wikipedia.org)
- Blood in the subarachnoid space causes a chemical meningitis that commonly increases intracranial pressure for days or a few weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
Blood9
- Follow-up head CT scan showing subarachnoid blood. (medscape.com)
- [ 26 ] and bedside cerebral blood oxygenation monitoring. (medscape.com)
- Blood samples were collected within 48 h post hemorrhage and used for DNA methylation profiling at ~ 450k CpG sites. (biomedcentral.com)
- It may help identify the hemorrhage and other blood vessel problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Phase dynamics of cerebral blood flow in subarachnoid haemorrhage in response to sodium nitrite infusion. (ox.ac.uk)
- Simulation of cerebral blood-flow was used to calculate the hemodynamic features while the surface curvature was extracted from the 3D blood-vessel-shape data as morphological features. (easychair.org)
- A brain aneurysm (also called a cerebral aneurysm or an intracranial aneurysm ) is a ballooning arising from a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Ellis JA, Yocum GT, Ornstein E, Joshi S. Cerebral and spinal cord blood flow. (medlineplus.gov)
- The location of blood within the subarachnoid space correlates directly with the location of the aneurysm in 70% of cases. (medscape.com)
Vasoconstriction2
- [ 4 ] The alteration of these regulatory processes results in excess cerebral arterial vasoconstriction. (medscape.com)
- The recent failure of the drug clazosentan to improve functional outcomes despite reducing vasoconstriction has moved the focus of research into DCI away from cerebral artery constriction towards a more multifactorial aetiology. (ox.ac.uk)
Arteriovenous malformation1
- SAH in a person known to have seizures is often diagnostic of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. (wikipedia.org)
Occur3
- SAH may occur as a result of a head injury or spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. (wikipedia.org)
- Up to 80 percent of subarachnoid hemorrhages occur when a cerebral aneurysm ruptures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Aneurysmal hemorrhage may occur at any age but is most common from age 40 to 65. (msdmanuals.com)
Head CT scan1
- If your doctor thinks you have a subarachnoid hemorrhage, a head CT scan (without contrast dye) will be done right away. (medlineplus.gov)
20181
- On January 26th, 2018, Pam suffered a sub-arachnoid cerebral hemorrhage. (gofundme.com)
Etiology2
- However, the etiology of cerebral vasospasm remains poorly understood. (medscape.com)
- Ruptured dissecting aneurysm as a cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage of unverified etiology. (riken.jp)
Attenuation1
- Scholars@Duke publication: Attenuation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase. (duke.edu)
Headache2
- The classic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage is thunderclap headache (a headache described as "like being kicked in the head", or the "worst ever", developing over seconds to minutes). (wikipedia.org)
- About one-third of people have no symptoms apart from the characteristic headache, and about one in ten people who seek medical care with this symptom are later diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
Brain3
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space-the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- This is called "sentinel hemorrhage" into the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Hypertensive1
- The presence of new retinal hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema suggests a hypertensive emergency. (medscape.com)
Hemodynamic1
- Early intensive versus minimally invasive approach to postoperative hemodynamic management after subarachnoid hemorrhage. (snacc.org)
Intra-Arterial Nimodipine1
- Continuous Local Intra-Arterial Nimodipine for the Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm. (uib.no)
Illustrative Case1
- Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as an Overlooked Complication of Induced Hypertension for Cerebral Vasospasm: Systematic Review and Illustrative Case. (snacc.org)