Study suggests that astrocytes astrocytes. Medical search. Frequent questions

The researchers recorded the activity of neurons and astrocytes in the behaving mice brain during social dominance behavior using two different methods known as fiber photometry and two-photon microscopy. (medicalxpress.com)
In contrast, BMSCs are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal lineages such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and even neurons and astrocytes [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
These induced stem cells can then be further differentiated to brain cells, e.g. neurons and astrocytes, with the same genetic background as the donor had. (neurosciencenews.com)
Primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes were treated with EO (0-25%) for up to 90 min. (hindawi.com)
About 15 years ago, scientists found that the mutant HTT protein builds up in neurons and astrocytes in a part of the brain particularly affected in Huntington's patients, the striatum. (alleninstitute.org)

However, the effects of GATA3 in human astrocytes after injury are not known. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, in this report, we investigated how overexpression of GATA3 in primary human astrocytes would affect the neurogenic potential before and after injury in 2D and 3D cultures. (frontiersin.org)
We found that primary human astrocytes are unable to induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)
Primary human astrocytes do not induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
In cultured human astrocytes, adropin expression also declines with donor age. (medrxiv.org)
Recent evidence suggests that human astrocytes are very different from their rodent counterparts and thus, it would be essential to use human cells to study human diseases. (neurosciencenews.com)
However, the availability of human astrocytes for research has been very limited. (neurosciencenews.com)
In this image of the brain of the transplanted mice, the human astrocytes appear in green. (rochester.edu)
As a result, individual human astrocytes can potentially coordinate the activity of thousands of synapses, far more than in mice. (rochester.edu)
It was this observation that suggested that human astrocytes might play a significant role in integrating and coordinating the more complex signaling activity found in human brains, and hence help regulate our higher cognitive functions. (rochester.edu)
Human brain vascular pericytes treated with either scrambled or RGS5 targeting siRNA, will be co-cultured in a spheroid model of the BBB together with human brain endothelial cells and human astrocytes. (lu.se)

The brain responds to a stroke, i.e. occlusion of a cerebral artery, with an inflammatory process characterized by rapid activation of resident cells including microglia and astrocytes, production of proinflammatory mediators, and infiltration of various types of immune cells. (europa.eu)
suggests a previously unknown function of NURR1 in microglia and astrocytes in protecting dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death. (mpkb.org)
Moreover, when the media was sequentially used to culture shNURR1-treated microglia and then shNURR1-treated astrocytes, its toxicity for dopaminergic neurons was increased further, indicating that NURR1 inhibits the production of toxic inflammatory factors in both microglia and astrocytes. (mpkb.org)

To explore the role of cortical astrocytes in male dominance behavior, Lee and his colleagues carried out experiments on live and adult male mice. (medicalxpress.com)
Kyungchul Noh et al, Cortical astrocytes modulate dominance behavior in male mice by regulating synaptic excitatory and inhibitory balance, Nature Neuroscience (2023). (medicalxpress.com)
Cortical astrocytes displayed a quicker rate of growth (confluence) and a lower ramification (analyzed using the Incucyte ® Neurotrack Analysis Software Module) compared to astrocytes isolated from the cerebellum or hippocampus. (news-medical.net)
Time-course profile compares growth across brain regions and reveals cortical astrocytes have the fastest rate of growth. (news-medical.net)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Using multiwalled carbon nanotube s (MWCNT) via pulmonary delivery in mice, we observed acute deficits in blood brain barrier, activation of astrocytes, and induction of cortical CCL5 and interleukin-6 (IL6) mRNA that were abrogated by coadministration of a rho kinase inhibitor that improves endothelial barrier integrity. (cdc.gov)

Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times the number of synapses. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes influence axonal migration during development and aid the production and function of developing synapses. (news-medical.net)
Regional islands of non-overlapping astrocytes consisting of thousands of synapses are formed. (news-medical.net)
Given that an individual astrocyte can touch thousands of synapses, Chung and colleagues wondered if astrocyte phagocytosis contributes to synaptic turnover. (alzforum.org)
Using confocal microscopy, the researchers saw astrocytes engulfing axon terminals and synapses on these retinal cells. (alzforum.org)
Unlike wild-type cells, astrocytes in the MEGF10- and MERTK-deficient mice ingested no synaptic components and the visual system of these animals failed to mature, suggesting that phagocytosis of synapses contributes to development of the retina. (alzforum.org)
The wild-type astrocytes phagocytosed synapses in 1- and 4-month-old mice, as well, indicating that they prune synapses into adulthood. (alzforum.org)
Based on preliminary data in older mice, however, Barres suspects the rate by which astrocytes eat synapses slows with age, leading to accrual of senescent synapses that would normally get recycled. (alzforum.org)
He plans to examine AD mouse models to see if their astrocytes engulf synapses poorly relative to wild-type animals. (alzforum.org)
Marie-Ève Tremblay of Laval University, Quebec City, has addressed similar questions in her studies of how microglia interact with synapses. (alzforum.org)
Some of these glial cells, known as astrocytes, intimately surround synapses, the points of contact where neurotransmitters are released to transmit information between neurons. (myscience.ch)
We have identified a subgroup of astrocytes that respond to selective stimulation by rapidly releasing glutamate from spatially delimited areas of these cells reminiscent of synapses", says Andrea Volterra, Honorary Professor at the University of Lausanne, Visiting Faculty at the Wyss Center and co-director of the study. (myscience.ch)
In humans, individual astrocytes project scores of fibers that can simultaneously connect with large numbers of neurons, and in particular their synapses, the points of communication where two adjoining neurons meet. (rochester.edu)
Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)

Under pathological conditions, such as infection, injury, or neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytes in combination with microglia contribute to the inflammatory response, playing a vital part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases. (news-medical.net)
Co-labeling studies identified the cells as neurons, reactive astrocytes, and, rarely, the multinucleated giant cells of HIV encephalitis. (nih.gov)
Additionally, we hypothesize that apoptotic death of reactive astrocytes may be a normal mechanism whereby the brain removes an excess number of astrocytes that have proliferated after certain types of brain injury. (nih.gov)
Reactive astrocytes, a type of brain cell, could help scientists understand why some people with healthy cognition and amyloid-β deposits in their brains do not develop other signs of Alzheimer's, such as tangled tau proteins. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Therefore, a plausible regenerative therapeutic option is to coax the endogenous reactive astrocytes to a pre-neurogenic progenitor state and use them as an endogenous reservoir for repair. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, finding out molecular mechanisms by which reactive astrocytes can be coaxed into neurons will be of utmost importance for regenerative therapies as these astrocytes are the imminent cell types around the lesion site. (frontiersin.org)
AD astrocytes also showed alterations in their energy metabolism which likely led to increased production of reactive oxygen species and reduced production of lactate, an important energy substrate for neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)

Furthermore, treatment with IGF-1 reduced intracellular cAMP levels in wild type astrocytes, yet had no effects on cAMP levels in β 2 AR deficient astrocytes. (medsci.org)

Brain tissue may be noted consisting of a small nodule of predominant eosinophilic fibrillary stroma, containing astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurones. (medscape.com)
We performed gain and loss of function studies for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and showed a depletion of NSCs, a subset of multipotential neural precursors and immature oligodendrocytes in LIF null mice. (karger.com)
Double-staining studies with specific cell markers to distinguish astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes were performed. (lu.se)
The results suggest that COMT is synthesized by cultured astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. (lu.se)
Gliomas, tumors derived from neuroepithelial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells), account for the majority of these primary CNS tumors. (cdc.gov)

The new study shows that astrocytes, also known as the housekeeping cells of the brain, promote the decline of neuron function in AD. (neurosciencenews.com)

Previous accounts assumed that astrocytes captured synaptic K⁺ solely via Kir4.1 channels. (wikipedia.org)
The somato-dendritic localization of Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 in Purkinje cells suggests that these isoforms are involved in the integration of synaptic input. (nih.gov)
Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
To test whether astrocyte phagocytosis is responsible for this synaptic pruning, Chung turned to mice lacking multiple EGF-like-domains 10 (MEGF10) and C-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK), two phagocytic receptors that are highly expressed in astrocytes (see Jan 2008 news story ). (alzforum.org)
For this reason, neuroscientists have long suggested that astrocytes may play an active role in synaptic transmission and information integration. (myscience.ch)
By identifying a new cell type with the characteristics of an astrocyte and expressing the molecular machinery required for synaptic transmission, neuroscientists from the Department of Basic Neuroscience in the Faculty of Biology and Medicine at the University of Lausanne (UNIL) and the Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering in Geneva have put an end to years of controversy. (myscience.ch)
Astrocytes play crucial functions within neuronal circuits by providing metabolic and functional support, regulating biochemical composition in the space between neurons, and modulating synaptic transmission between them. (epfl.ch)
Low concentrations significantly inhibited GABA uptake, especially in astrocytes, suggesting an accumulation of endogenous GABA in the synaptic cleft. (hindawi.com)
Considering that PTZ blocks the chloride channel coupled to the GABA A receptor complex, the present study aimed to analyze the possible modulation of GABAergic homeostasis within synaptic clefts in vitro . (hindawi.com)

The recent paper, published in Nature Neuroscience , highlights the role of astrocytes in the outer layer of the brain (i.e., the cortex), in modulating the dominance behavior of male mice. (medicalxpress.com)
Previously the role of astrocytes in neuronal communication had been overlooked since glial cells do not conduct electricity like neurons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
But the University of Pittsburg study challenges this notion and sheds light on the critical role of astrocytes in brain health and disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Now, growing evidence points to an essential role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases like AD. (epfl.ch)

Researchers at Seoul National University and other institutes in South Korea recently conducted a study specifically exploring male dominance behavior among male mice . (medicalxpress.com)
With models, researchers can study the mechanisms of a disease and test therapies. (michaeljfox.org)
In this study, researchers also discovered another interesting finding that unlike COVID-19 infection in other organs which uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the entry point, the virus uses other receptors to enter and infect the brain. (aku.edu)
In this new study, researchers conducted blood tests on 1,000 participants from three separate studies involving cognitively healthy older adults with and without amyloid buildup. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers discovered that only those who had both amyloid burden and blood markers indicating abnormal astrocyte activation or reactivity were likely to develop symptomatic Alzheimer's in the future. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Summary: Researchers have discovered a direct association between astrocytes and Alzheimer's disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
In a new study, researchers report astrocytes in the brains of Alzheimer's patients produced significantly more amyloid beta than astrocytes in the brains of people without the disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
This is the first time researchers discovered a direct association between astrocytes and AD. (neurosciencenews.com)
The researchers found out that astrocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease produced significantly more beta-amyloid than astrocytes in persons without AD. (neurosciencenews.com)
To confirm or refute the hypothesis that astrocytes, like neurons, are capable of releasing neurotransmitters, the researchers first examined the molecular content of astrocytes using modern molecular biology approaches. (myscience.ch)
Researchers at URMC have been pioneers in unlocking the secrets of astrocytes and demonstrating that they not only serve to support the neurons in the brain, but also communicate with neurons and each other. (rochester.edu)
The study, conducted by teams of researchers from the University of Lausanne and EPFL's Blue Brain Project, found that overexpressing a specific protein in the astrocytes prevented many of the neurological changes seen in AD mice model and helped in preserving short term memory. (epfl.ch)
Working with the mice equivalent of AD, the researchers overexpressed a naturally present protein within the astrocyte mitochondria, their power plants. (epfl.ch)
While observing the mice, the researchers also noticed that a unique group of astrocytes in the brain responded atypically to these injuries. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
Instead, the researchers observed that the astrocytes responded in different ways almost immediately after the injury which were linked to later seizures. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
Much more recently, researchers found that certain disease-associated genes are preferentially switched on in astrocytes and other glial cells. (alleninstitute.org)
Out of that set of 14 experiments, the researchers noticed that one experiment yielded nearly the opposite result of the Huntington's experiment: When the scientists artificially dialed up the activity of a protein known as a GPCR, the astrocytes switched on genes that were switched off in the Huntington's model, and vice versa. (alleninstitute.org)

Finally, when astrocytes were co-cultured with healthy neurons, AD astrocytes caused significant changes on the signalling activity of neurons when compared to healthy astrocytes. (neurosciencenews.com)

Historically, astrocytes have been considered supporters of neuronal function, but increasing evidence suggests that they directly contribute to and support neuronal activity. (news-medical.net)
These are cells that modulate neuronal activity, controlling the level of communication and excitation of neurons", explains Roberta de Ceglia, researcher at the University of Lausanne and first author of the study. (myscience.ch)

The inhibition could be mimicked by the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (1 μ m ) as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 μ m ) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 n m ), and blocked by the PKC inactivator (±)-1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (200 μ m ), suggesting a mechanism involving PKC modulation of L-type calcium channels. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggested that HSP90β is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury in rats and that inhibition of HSP90β expression increases EAAT2 levels, conferring a neuroprotective effect in MCAO model rats. (spandidos-publications.com)

They also observed the social behavior of the mice, to determine whether activating or inhibiting astrocytes in the dmPFC increased or reduced dominance behaviors among males. (medicalxpress.com)
The results gathered by Lee and his colleagues hint at the involvement of communication between dmPFC astrocytes and neurons in the dominant behavior of male mice. (medicalxpress.com)
We have recently demonstrated that neonatal astrocytes derived from mice lacking beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β 2 AR) possess higher proliferation rates, as compared to wild-type cells, an attribute that was shown to involve insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. (medsci.org)
Prior work suggested complement helps rid plaques in AD mice (see Jun 2008 news story ), though perhaps at the expense of cognition ( Aug 2013 news story ). (alzforum.org)
This in turn suggested that, when transplanted into mice, human glia may influence underlying patterns of neural activity. (rochester.edu)
The human glia cells essentially took over to the point where virtually all of the glial progenitor cells and a large proportion of the astrocytes in the mice were of human origin, and essentially developed and behaved as they would have in a person's brain," said Goldman. (rochester.edu)
In promising results, the study found it prevented alterations of metabolite levels, hippocampal atrophy, reduction of the arborization of certain neurons, and preserved episodic-like memory in AD mice models. (epfl.ch)
In the previous study, four doses of clarified açaí juice (10 μ l/g body weight, equivalent to approximately 700 ml/day for a person weighing 70 kg) were sufficient to significantly protect against PTZ-induced seizures and seizure-related oxidative stress in mice [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
They found that injecting lentiviruses encoding short hairpin RNAs against NURR1 (shNURR1) into the substantia nigra of mice significantly accelerated and augmented the loss of dopaminergic neurons in this region in response to LPS, suggesting that NURR1 can protect neurons from LPS-induced cell death. (mpkb.org)
We show that A1 neurotoxic astrocytes are prevalent in optic nerve tissue and retina, and are associated with subsequent RGC loss in the most commonly used form of the EAE model induced by MOG 35-55 peptide in C57/B6 mice. (listlabs.com)
The study, conducted by Stefanie Robel, Oleksii Shandra, and colleagues, identified a unique cellular response to repeated brain injuries in mice that appears to contribute to the development of seizures similar to those experienced by humans after traumatic brain injury. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
For the study, the team induced brain injuries in mice that are analogous to traumatic brain injury or concussions in humans. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
The study also found that some - but not all - of the disease-linked behaviors in mice can be reversed by boosting the activity of a certain protein in astrocytes in one part of the brain. (alleninstitute.org)
2003). The therapeutic effects of different genes delivered by ment of the hGFAP promoter used here has been extensively studied and lentiviral vectors have been documented in a number of animal found to be up-regulated after several different stimuli both in vitro and models, both in rodents and primates, and examples include delivery in vivo in transgenic mice (Brenner et al. (lu.se)
Interestingly, loss of RGS5 in pericytes in RGS5-KO mice prevents this detachment and reduces BBB leakage suggesting that RGS5 has an important role in the process of BBB breakdown (3, 4). (lu.se)

This study was designed to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which AMPK suppresses vascular inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
At first, the team assumed the astrocytes were "dead" because they were no longer producing the proteins that characterize astrocytes. (traumaticbraininjury.net)

Investigators tested the blood of 1000 cognitively healthy individuals with, and without, amyloid-beta pathology and found that only those with a combination of amyloid-beta burden and abnormal astrocyte activation subsequently progressed to AD. (medscape.com)
The findings suggest abnormalities in astrocyte reactivity is an early upstream event that likely occurs prior to tau pathology, which is closely related to the development of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. (medscape.com)
Future studies should include cognitively normal patients who are positive for both amyloid pathology and astrocyte reactivity but have no overt p-tau abnormality, said Pascoal. (medscape.com)
A new study suggests that astrocytes, a type of brain cell, are important for connecting amyloid-β with the early stages of tau pathology. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The findings suggest that astrocytes are important for connecting amyloid-β with the early stages of tau pathology, which could change how we define early Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the present study, we describe the time course of glial activation and retinal neurodegeneration in the EAE model, and highlight the utility of studying the anterior visual pathway for modeling mechanisms of neuronal injury that may recapitulate critical aspects of the pathology described in people with MS following optic neuritis and subclinical optic neuropathy. (listlabs.com)
The retinal pathology manifests weeks after the microglial and astrocyte activation, which were prominent in optic nerve tissues at PID 16. (listlabs.com)

Alongside other glial cells, the brain's resident immune cells, astrocytes support neurons by providing them with nutrients, oxygen, and protection against pathogens. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Astrocytes are important brain cells, as they support neurons in many different ways. (neurosciencenews.com)

Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research within the field of neuroscience. (wikipedia.org)
The social behavior of animals has been the key focus of extensive neuroscience and biomedical studies, as it is often aligned with behaviors observed in humans. (medicalxpress.com)
Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
We are thrilled that our simulation neuroscience tools could support this study, and look forward to many more such applications. (epfl.ch)
The study was conducted during the doctoral research of Simoni Avansini under the aegis of the Brazilian Research Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology ( BRAINN ), a Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center ( RIDC ) funded by FAPESP. (eurekalert.org)
Our experiments show a strong relationship between changes in astrocytes and the eventual occurrence of a seizure," says Robel, an assistant professor with the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and the School of Neuroscience in Virginia Tech's College of Science. (traumaticbraininjury.net)

Astrocytes are the major source of cholesterol in the central nervous system.Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are a sub-type of glial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are macroglial cells in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
An illustration portraying a dominant mouse gazing at the activation of star-like cells (astrocytes) in the sky, symbolizing the influence of mPFC astrocytes in conferring dominant status. (medicalxpress.com)
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells ubiquitously distributed throughout the spinal cord and brain. (news-medical.net)
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with distinguishing functional and morphological characteristics and are specialized to their different brain regions and locations. (news-medical.net)
8 Astrocytes interact with blood vessels, pericytes, and epithelial cells to organize CNS flow and modulate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (news-medical.net)
Interestingly, the study team found significant SARS-Cov-2 infection of the astrocytes - star-shaped neural cells that hold neurons in place and help with their proper functioning while the other neural cell types showed minimal infection in the brain. (aku.edu)
Astrocytes are a major component of the central nervous system (CNS), comprising more than 60% of cells in the human brain, and regulate many functions in the developing and adult brain. (aku.edu)
The study found that blood cells were also infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus at a lower level than astrocytes. (aku.edu)
Blood cells are present adjacent to astrocytes which are important in BBB formation and protection of the brain from any harmful molecule entries. (aku.edu)
Post-mortem studies show astrocyte reactivity - changes in glial cells in the brain and spinal cord because of an insult in the brain - is an early AD abnormality. (medscape.com)
In the present study, we demonstrate that basal cAMP levels in β 2 AR knockout astrocytes were significantly lower than in wild type cells. (medsci.org)
the location and absence of cell-specific markers suggested a glial origin for the labeled cells. (nih.gov)
So they studied two of the largest human brain biopsy cohorts from Stanley Medical Research Institute (USA) and what they found confirmed their assumption: "We were able to find active infection of HHV-6 predominantly within Purkinje cells of human cerebellum in bipolar and major depressive disorder patients," Prusty sums up the central result of their study. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Now, new research from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine suggests that astrocytes, which are star-shaped brain cells, play a crucial role in determining the progression of Alzheimer's. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The abnormal reactivity of a group of brain cells called astrocytes is crucial to patients [who] develop Alzheimer's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dr. Keith Vossel , professor of neurology and director of the Mary S. Easton Center for Research and Care at the University of California, Los Angeles, not involved in the research, told MNT that "once considered glue-like cells, astrocytes have many important functions in the brain, including immune functions and regulating brain activity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In situ hybridization and immunolocalization studies demonstrated that granule cells predominantly express Nav1.2, Nav1.6, Nabeta1, and Nabeta2. (nih.gov)
Electrophysiological studies suggest that Nav1.6 is responsible for spontaneous firing and bursting features in Purkinje cells, but the specialized functions of the other subunits in the cerebellum remain unknown. (nih.gov)
Indeed, the potent pathotropic migratory properties of BMSCs and ability to circumvent both the complications associated with immune rejection of allogenic cells and many of the moral reasons associated with embryonic stem cell use suggest that BMSCs are most promising stem cells as a potential target for the clinical use of genetically engineered stem cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Previous studies using cultured cells from the brains of human donors suggest high expression in astrocytes. (medrxiv.org)
Astrocytes, the supporting cells of the brain, could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), according to a new study from the University of Eastern Finland. (neurosciencenews.com)
The study carried out at the University of Eastern Finland used the induced pluripotent stem cell technology, which enables the generation of pluripotent stem cells from human skin fibroblasts. (neurosciencenews.com)
The study compared astrocytes from familial AD patients carrying a mutation in the presenilin 1 gene to astrocytes from healthy donors, and the effects of these cells on healthy neurons were also analysed. (neurosciencenews.com)
Astrocytes could thus play a key role in the early stages of the disease and changes in the function of these cells could lead to neurodegeneration. (neurosciencenews.com)
The induced pluripotent stem cells we used in this study proved to be extremely useful in disease modelling, and they could offer an excellent platform for drug discovery and testing new therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease in the future," says Early Stage Researcher Minna Oksanen, the lead author of the study. (neurosciencenews.com)
Increased accumulation of senescent (aged) cells has been suggested to contribute to AD development. (vu.nl)
Femke Feringa will use human induced pluripotent stem cells to generate astrocytes and study how the AD risk mutation APOE4 contributes to senescence in these supportive brain cells. (vu.nl)
To achieve this goal we will study the temporal and spatial role of inflammatory cells in stroke-induced brain damage and determine the action of inflammatory cells in the activation and support of regenerative processes, including the formation of new neurons from endogenous and transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs). (europa.eu)
In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
[ 25 ] The dermis has an island of malformed brain tissue composed of glial cells and some neurons in a pattern that may suggest abortive gyri and sulci. (medscape.com)
Thanks to the precision of single-cell transcriptomics techniques, we were able to identify transcripts of VGLUT proteins, responsible for filling neuronal vesicles to release glutamate, in cells with an astrocyte profile. (myscience.ch)
Moreover, we detected in these same cells other proteins crucial to the function of glutamatergic vesicles", explains Ludovic Telley, assistant professor at the University of Lausanne and co-director of the study. (myscience.ch)
In recent years scientists have begun to understand and appreciate the role that glia cells - and more specifically astrocytes - play in brain function. (rochester.edu)
The scientists first isolated human glial progenitors - the cells in the central nervous system that give rise to astrocytes - from brain tissue. (rochester.edu)
11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
As the most abundant glial cells, the "star cells" - astrocytes - were discovered more than a century ago but were only considered to have passive supporting functions to neurons. (illinois.edu)
Extracellular excitatory amino acids are mainly transported into cells by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed on astrocytes to avoid excessive excitation of neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
COMT immunoreactivity colocalized with a specific oligodendrocyte marker galactocerebroside in cells displaying oligodendrocyte morphology, flat cells displaying type-1 astrocyte morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein, in branched cells displaying type-2 astrocyte morphology and in cell bodies of neurons, the processes of which displayed neurofilament immunoreactivity. (lu.se)
A new study published in the journal GLIA has found that targeting astrocytes, which are cells that play crucial functions within neuronal circuits, may be an effective strategy in preventing the decline of neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). (epfl.ch)
The surrounding brain cells were astrocytes, named for their star-like shape. (alleninstitute.org)
Astrocytes are part of a larger class of brain cells known as glia, which are basically the "everything else" in the brain besides neurons. (alleninstitute.org)
Astrocytes make up as much as 20 to 40% of the cells in the human brain but their function remains mysterious. (alleninstitute.org)
As much as we don't understand about how our brains work and where things go wrong in disease, we know even less about astrocytes and other glial cells. (alleninstitute.org)
Khakh and his colleagues had also seen that striatum astrocytes look very different from astrocytes in other parts of the brain, lending further credence to the idea that the cells are not just glue. (alleninstitute.org)
To test that theory, the UCLA team "poked" mouse striatum astrocytes with 14 different types of experiments, including a model of Huntington's disease, and looked at how gene activity changed in the cells. (alleninstitute.org)
Because cells of the central nervous system (neurons, astrocytes and microglia) can be grown in a laboratory culture system, we can also test whether manipulations that induce transposable element activity in these cells also causes an immune response that would result in inflammation. (lu.se)
The vast majority of these cells did not divide, suggesting that the transgene was indeed regulated in a similar fashion as the endogenous GFAP gene. (lu.se)
A study by White et al (2009) found that psychosine's cytotoxic effects on oligodendroglia and Schwann cells was mediated through disruption of the architecture and composition of lipid rafts (cell membrane regions characterized by high cholesterol and sphingolipid concentration), followed by altered protein kinase C (PKC) function. (medscape.com)
They are required to support the endothelial cells and to maintain the BBB together with endothelial cells and astrocytes. (lu.se)

Western blots detected both soluble 24 kDa and membrane-bound 28-kDa COMT proteins in neuronal and astrocyte cultures. (lu.se)
this is explained by the proteins that was termed "S100" because it fact that astrocytes form part of the BBB and was soluble in 100% saturated ammonium the increase in its permeability in HE due to sulfate solution [4]. (who.int)

These findings also suggest an approach for forestalling hypoglycemic coma and brain injury in diabetic patients. (aspetjournals.org)
These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have the ability to infect astrocytes via a leaky BBB route which causes disruptions in astrocytes role that can severely impact the overall brain function resulting in seizures, inability to control motor function, and other neurological symptoms. (aku.edu)
The study findings carry significant implications for future clinical trials of potential Alzheimer's drugs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The findings suggest that at least some familial forms of AD are strongly associated with irregular astrocyte function, which promotes brain inflammation and weakens neurons' energy production and signalling. (neurosciencenews.com)
We hope that our findings will expand the understanding of astrocyte physiology as well as offer mechanistic insights into new biomarkers for early diagnosis and potential therapeutic treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. (illinois.edu)
The findings suggest that targeting astrocytes and their mitochondria is an effective strategy to prevent the decline of neurons facing AD-related stress at the early stages of the disease," says Blue Brain scientist Maria Reva , who led the neuromodeling part of the study. (epfl.ch)
The findings point to a unique population of astrocytes that respond within 30 minutes of an injury being at the root of a problem where seizures may occur after a latency period of weeks or months, suggesting a therapeutic window to prevent seizure disorders after concussive injuries. (traumaticbraininjury.net)

Another study reports that astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
In these experiments, they used optogenetic and chemo-genetic techniques to activate or inhibit astrocytes in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), a brain region known to play a role in social behavior and decision-making. (medicalxpress.com)
It implies that astrocytes also play critical role in computing and processing high-order brain functions. (medicalxpress.com)
In their next works, Lee and his colleagues plan to investigate the function of specific astrocytes in different subregions of the brain. (medicalxpress.com)
Their goal is to clearly map the involvement of astrocytes in these different brain regions in various high-order brain functions. (medicalxpress.com)
Rat primary astrocytes were isolated from different brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) and grown in vitro to demonstrate the utilization of live-cell analysis for monitoring and comparing the diversity of cultured astroglia phenotypes. (news-medical.net)
Glycogen in the brain is localized almost exclusively to astrocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
These studies establish a novel approach for manipulating brain glycogen concentration in normal, awake animals and provide in vivo confirmation that astrocyte glycogen supports neuronal function and survival during glucose deprivation. (aspetjournals.org)
The results of the study have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer-reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), confirming the effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the human brain. (aku.edu)
They found interaction with receptors DPP4 and CD147 in infected astrocytes suggesting that they are also involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human brain. (aku.edu)
Astrocytes play a major role in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulation of neurotransmitters, control metabolic support, and inflammation in neurons. (aku.edu)
This study contributes to the global effort to investigate underlying mechanisms causing brain-related symptoms with the COVID-19 virus. (aku.edu)
Our study argues that testing for the presence of brain amyloid along with blood biomarkers of astrocyte reactivity is the optimal screening to identify patients who are most at risk for progressing to Alzheimer's disease," senior investigator Tharick A. Pascoal, MD, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry and neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, said in a release. (medscape.com)
In addition, evidence suggests plasma measures of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) could be a strong proxy of astrocyte reactivity in the brain. (medscape.com)
Astrocytes are abundant in brain tissue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Previous research suggests that disruptions in brain processes beyond amyloid burden, such as increased brain inflammation, may play a crucial role in initiating the pathological sequence of neuronal death that leads to rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Astrocytes increase in number and change their activity in response to brain injury or infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This study] supports GFAP as a useful blood test to predict future progression to Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal people who have amyloid buildup in the brain, which would be helpful for future clinical trials that select cohorts of patients at highest risk of developing Alzheimer's. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Suppression of astrocyte adropin expression in the brain is a plausible link between aging, neuroinflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. (medrxiv.org)
Published in Stem Cell Reports , the study investigated the brain cell function of familial AD patients by using stem cell technologies. (neurosciencenews.com)
Astrocytes are responsible, for example, for the energy production of the brain, ion and pH balance, and they regulate synapse formation, the connections between neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
Thus, this study investigated the influence of Arg on some biochemical markers of Mes associated with the brain function and on the brain histology of female Wistar rats. (scialert.net)
Brain section of Arg-treated rats revealed degeneration, characterized by necrosis, oedema and reduction of astrocytes. (scialert.net)
The results suggest Arg-induced adverse influence on the studied markers of Mes associated with the brain function. (scialert.net)
Won-suk Chung , a postdoc in in Ben Barres' lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, studies astrocytes-the most common glial cell in the brain. (alzforum.org)
Astrocytes are far more abundant, larger, and diverse in the human brain compared to other species. (rochester.edu)
Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)
Further, modeling and docking studies suggest DDL-701 interacts with the active site region of the PL pro enzyme and pilot pharmacokinetic studies indicate it is brain permeable. (biorxiv.org)
Significant changes in brain activation, structure, microstructure, and structural and functional connectivity were reported with different types of trainings in the majority (87%) of the studies. (frontiersin.org)
With the recent discovery that adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis in the human brain likely ceases after 18 months of age, there is increased interest in studying the NPs of the neonate [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
In this study, we found that maternal marijuana use begins to negatively impact the fetal brain at an earlier stage in pregnancy than we expected. (drugwarrant.com)
Previous biochemical and histochemical studies have suggested that catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a predominantly glial enzyme in the brain. (lu.se)
COMT immunoreactivity was studied in primary astrocytic cultures from newborn rat cerebral cortex, and in neuronal cultures from rat brain from 18-day-old rat embryos using antisera against rat recombinant COMT made in guinea pig. (lu.se)
However, a new animal study published in the journal JNeurosci may provide some much-needed insight into the relationship between traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
In the case of severe traumatic brain injury, astrocytes may change to form a scar. (traumaticbraininjury.net)
Astrocytes, shown here in red and light blue, in a brain region known as the striatum. (alleninstitute.org)
The connection between astrocytes and brain disease is an age-old problem that's now taking on increased importance because of this emerging genetic evidence," said Baljit Khakh , Ph.D., a neuroscientist at UCLA who is also an Allen Distinguished Investigator . (alleninstitute.org)
from April 2008) after acquisition of a TP53 mutation or loss of 1p/19q, suggesting that IDH1 We assessed IDH1 mutations in brain mutations are very early events in tumors diagnosed in patients from 3 gliomagenesis and may affect a common families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. (who.int)

When exposed to drugs of abuse, astrocytes go through a series of alterations, contributing to the development of addiction. (degruyter.com)
How can we link and predict circuit and behavioral alterations based on astrocyte signaling changes? (illinois.edu)

We are pursuing these goals through molecular and biochemical studies, and, in collaboration with the Huguenard and Prince labs, through physiological and biosensor based imaging studies to better understand how pharmacological targeting of these molecules will influence neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)

Yu X*, Nagai J*, Marti-Solano M, Soto JS, Coppola G, Babu MM and Khakh BS (2020) Context-specific striatal astrocyte molecular responses are phenotypically exploitable. (illinois.edu)
Yu X*, Nagai J* and Khakh BS (2020) Improved tools to study astrocytes. (illinois.edu)
It is likely that there will be 1-2 new studies beginning in 2020. (movementdisorders.org)

A blood biomarker that measures astrocyte reactivity may help determine who, among cognitively unimpaired older adults with amyloid-beta, will go on to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), new research suggests. (medscape.com)
Studies like ours prove this thinking as wrong," Prusty says and he cites another study which shows that Alzheimer's disease can also be caused by human herpesvirus 6A. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
By incorporating astrocyte reactivity markers like GFAP into the diagnostic tests, the selection of individuals who are more likely to progress to later stages of Alzheimer's could be improved. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This study was the first to show that astrocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease manifest many pathological changes typical of AD. (neurosciencenews.com)
Both ABBV-8E12 and BIIB092 were abandoned for further studies in PSP, although Phase 2 programs in Alzheimer's disease are ongoing. (movementdisorders.org)

Histologic examination may show neural tissue staining with S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acid protein, but not with a neurofilament stain, suggesting glial cell origin. (medscape.com)

And without this functional machinery, the study shows that long-term potentiation, a neuronal process involved in the mechanisms of memorization, is impaired and that the mice's memory is impacted. (myscience.ch)
We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)
What are the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes contribute to neural circuit plasticity, motor learning and memory, and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders? (illinois.edu)
Altogether our FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter) analyses reveal that the neonatal subventricular zone is far more heterogeneous than previously suspected and our studies provide new insights into the signals and mechanisms that regulate their self-renewal and proliferation. (karger.com)
Although the etiology and pathogenesis of medulloblastoma is not entirely understood at present, some recent molecular genetic studies have provided important insights into possible disease mechanisms. (medscape.com)

In addition, AD astrocytes secreted more cytokines, which are thought to mediate inflammation. (neurosciencenews.com)
Recent studies have suggested that the local inflammation is not only detrimental but can also be beneficial for the repair process. (europa.eu)
These data advance the GLP-1R axis as a new target for platelet-mediated inflammation warranting further study in asthma. (bvsalud.org)
This study will seek to determine whether transposable elements are active in tissues from patients with Parkinson's disease and whether this activity can induce inflammation in the nervous system. (lu.se)
This would suggest that blocking transposon activity could block inflammation. (lu.se)
While this study is focused on understanding the basic triggers that cause inflammation in PD, the results could still have impact on clinical applications. (lu.se)

Pascoal explained that when astrocytes are changed or become bigger, more GFAP is released. (medscape.com)
Participants' mean age was 69.6 years and all were deemed negative or positive for astrocyte reactivity based on plasma GFAP levels. (medscape.com)
Although "we were able to have very good results" in the current study, additional studies are needed to better establish the cut-off for GFAP levels that signal progression, said Pascoal. (medscape.com)
Further studies that measure amyloid-beta, tau, and GFAP biomarkers at multiple timepoints, and with long follow-up, are needed, the investigators note. (medscape.com)
They analyzed the blood samples to assess biomarkers of astrocyte reactivity, specifically glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in combination with the presence of pathological tau. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Representative immunocytochemistry images of astrocytes from control, AD, and isogenic control lines matured with CNTF and BMP4 for 7 days, stained for S100β (green) and GFAP (red). (neurosciencenews.com)

Previous studies have demonstrated that immortalized astrocytes are not only easily manipulated, reproducible, and nontumorigenic but are also safe potential vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic genes (galanin) for chronic pain therapy [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
In subsequent experiments, the authors dissected the mechanism by which NURR1 influences the expression of inflammatory genes in astrocytes and microglia. (mpkb.org)
Astrocytes expressed high levels of complement component 3 and other genes associated with A1 neurotoxic astrocytes. (listlabs.com)

Multiple system atrophy can be explained as cell loss and gliosis or a proliferation of astrocytes in damaged areas of the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
A deficit of β 2 AR on astrocytes, as previously reported in multiple sclerosis, may influence cell proliferation, an action which could have implications in processes involved in astrogliosis. (medsci.org)
Although injuries in the mammalian central nervous system lead to profound proliferation of astrocytes, which cluster at the lesion site to form a gliotic scar, neurogenesis does not take place. (frontiersin.org)

Overall, our work provides a comprehensive understanding of the neuron-astrocyte communication that regulate mouse social behavior ," Lee added. (medicalxpress.com)

Several forms of astrocytes exist in the central nervous system including fibrous (in white matter), protoplasmic (in grey matter), and radial. (wikipedia.org)
Fibrous astrocytes are present in white matter. (news-medical.net)

In addition, it sheds some light on the specific neural processes through which astrocytes modulate these behaviors. (medicalxpress.com)
While astrocytes modulate the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance that could directly affect social behaviors, efforts to understand the biological basis of mouse dominance behavior have largely focused on the neuronal mechanism," Sung Joong Lee, a principal researcher who carried out the study, told Medical Xpress. (medicalxpress.com)
These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)

This suggests other biological processes may trigger the deleterious effects of amyloid-beta in the early stages of AD. (medscape.com)
Other research suggests a close link between amyloid-beta, astrocyte reactivity, and tau. (medscape.com)
Results showed amyloid-beta is associated with increased plasma phosphorylated tau only in individuals positive for astrocyte reactivity. (medscape.com)
The effect of astrocyte reactivity on the association between amyloid-beta and tau phosphorylation was greater in men than women. (medscape.com)
Pascoal noted anti-amyloid therapies, which might be modifying the amyloid-beta-astrocyte-tau pathway, tend to have a much larger effect in men than women. (medscape.com)

Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes propagate intercellular Ca2+ waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
It also suggests that such intercellular interplay may decipher the etiology of many psychiatric disorders. (medicalxpress.com)
Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger system in astrocytes, both in regulation of many subcellular processes and in long distance intercellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)

Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate. (wikipedia.org)

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of changes in heat shock protein (HSP)90β expression and verify whether HSP90β regulates EAAT2 expression in a cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury model. (spandidos-publications.com)
A study has shown that neurons in the ischemic penumbra may undergo apoptosis hours or days after ischemia and alleviating ischemia reperfusion injury is an achievable therapeutic goal in the early intervention of ischemic stroke aimed at limiting the amount of infarction ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

When in proximity to the pia mater, all three forms of astrocytes send out processes to form the pia-glial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
It's likely many types of insults or processes can lead to astrocyte reactivity, possibly including COVID, but more research in this area is needed, said Pascoal. (medscape.com)
Growing evidence suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to neuropathology in PD. (mpkb.org)

Астроцитоми Astrocytomas are central nervous system tumors that develop from astrocytes. (msdmanuals.com)

With the advent of improved tools to examine the astrocytes, which have been believed to play a supportive role in the central nervous system (CNS) for years, their participation in the operation of the CNS and drug addiction was unveiled. (degruyter.com)
However, many recent studies have challenged this view and suggested that astrocytes are an integral part of the central nervous system. (illinois.edu)

HSP90β expression coincided with astrocyte markers in the ischemic penumbra area, while no expression was observed in microglia. (spandidos-publications.com)
The aim of this work was to study its localization and molecular forms in primary cultures, where cell types can be easily distinguished with specific markers. (lu.se)

This suggests that astrocytes are more susceptible to infection compared to other neural cell types. (aku.edu)
This study suggests that developing astrocytes are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but adult astrocytes are also vulnerable. (aku.edu)
DPP4 is abundantly expressed in astrocytes before virus infection, suggesting it may be a key receptor in astrocyte infection," says Dr Jahan Salma, Assistant Professor at AKU's Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research. (aku.edu)
A previous study found no association between prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and parent-reported infant neurodevelopmental outcomes, but standardized observational assessments are needed to confirm this finding. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, results of a novel telehealth-adapted observational neurodevelopmental assessment extended a previous finding of no association between prenatal exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection and infant neurodevelopment. (cdc.gov)

We studied modulation of glutamate-evoked calcium rises in primary astrocyte cultures using fura-2 ratiometric digital calcium imaging. (jneurosci.org)

A study with over 1,000 participants looked at biomarkers and found that amyloid-β was only linked to increased levels of tau in individuals who had signs of astrocyte reactivity. (medicalnewstoday.com)

We monitored astrocyte calcium activities with fiber photometry and two-photon imaging experiments, and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques were used to manipulate astrocytic calcium signaling," Lee explained. (medicalxpress.com)

Yu X, Taylor AMW, Nagai J, Golshani P, Evans CJ, Coppola G and Khakh BS (2018) Reducing astrocyte calcium signaling in vivo alters striatal microcircuits and causes repetitive behavior. (illinois.edu)

In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)

Our data suggests that IGF-1 treatment influences cAMP production through a β 2 AR-dependant mechanism in astrocytes. (medsci.org)

4 Regional populations of astrocytes also seem to demonstrate local heterogeneity. (news-medical.net)
In this study we used a lentiviral vector that drives transgenic populations (BloÈmer et al. (lu.se)

Mounting evidence from animal models suggests that spread of abnormal 4R-tau contributes to disease progression. (movementdisorders.org)

Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Modulation of glutamate transmission has been studied extensively in neurons in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
We found that fleeting activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors sensitizes neurons but not astrocytes to complement attack. (duke.edu)

Furthermore, recent research suggests that other factors may also increase the risk of gliomas in adults, including a history of childhood obesity and/or tall stature. (cdc.gov)

Strong epidemiologic evidence suggests that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). (mpkb.org)

Anatomy17

Organisms6

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations1

Neurons and astrocytes5

Human astrocytes12

Microglia and astrocytes3

Cortical6

Synapses15

Reactive7

Wild type astrocytes1

Oligodendrocytes5

Shows that astrocytes1

Synaptic9

Role of astrocytes4

Researchers17

Activity of neurons1

Neuronal activity2

Inhibition2

Mice15

Characterize2

Pathology7

Support neurons2

Neuroscience6

Cells53

Proteins2

Findings7

Brain39

Alterations2

Physiological1

20203

Alzheimer's5

Glial cell1

Mechanisms5

Inflammation6

GFAP6

Genes3

Proliferation3

Regulate1

Fibrous2

Modulate3

Amyloid-beta5

Intercellular3

Release of glutamate1

Ischemia2

Processes3

Tumors1

Central nervou2

Markers2

Infection5

Cultures1

Biomarkers1

Imaging experiments1

Calcium1

Synapse formation1

Mechanism1

Populations2

Abnormal1

Glutamate3

Research suggests1

Evidence suggests1