• Very roughly, they can be categorized into two different classes: those logics that attempt to make a probabilistic extension to logical entailment, such as Markov logic networks, and those that attempt to address the problems of uncertainty and lack of evidence (evidentiary logics). (wikipedia.org)
  • A binomial opinion applies to a single proposition and is represented as a 3-dimensional extension of a single probability value to express probabilistic and epistemic uncertainty about the truth of the proposition. (wikipedia.org)
  • This approach provides the ability to account for both, (i) the contribution of different source regions to an air mass by adjoint diffusion and (ii) the uncertainty of theses source regions with respect to forecast dynamics. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The sensitivity of the nonconformance criterion to the uncertainty in our knowledge of desirable statistics is also studied. (caltech.edu)
  • Another class of algorithms for efficient string processing are powered by probabilistic data structures such as Bloom Filter, Count-Min Sketches, Skip Lists, etc. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations. (wikipedia.org)
  • A probabilistic approach combined with a geographic information system (GIS) framework is applied, in order to assess the accuracy of point rainfall in terms of acceptance probability. (iwaponline.com)
  • A simple equation for calculating the acceptance probability is presented which facilitates the application of the probabilistic approach in a GIS environment. (iwaponline.com)
  • As probabilistic data structures operate based on a certain probability of error, they cannot by directly used for exact pattern matching. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • Based on their mathematical foundations, the solutions are: either non-probabilistic when all time properties are estimated and/or bounded by numerical values or probabilistic when at least one time property is estimated and/or bounded by probability distributions. (inria.fr)
  • The approach is validated against the failure case study of the Adige river embankment in Italy, by comparing the probability of failure of two sections, within and outside the failure segment respectively. (strath.ac.uk)
  • This approach also often points at connections with the fields of probability and combinatorics. (birs.ca)
  • Therefore the main topic of the workshop will be probabilistic and experimental study of geometric and topological properties of links, and the interplay of such properties with probability and combinatorics. (birs.ca)
  • Decision analysis -- An analytic technique in which probability theory or probabilistic information processing is used to obtain a quantitative approach to decision making. (cdc.gov)
  • To this day, many low dose radiation carcinogenesis studies assume that the probability that one cell of a multicellular organism will acquire multiple mutations transforming it into cancer and the ability of that cancer to thrive can be described by a curve plotted against an axis that shows total radiation dose. (cdc.gov)
  • The major idea of the probabilistic algorithm is to take random samples of points from both shapes and give a "vote" for that transformation matching one sample with the other. (fu-berlin.de)
  • use advanced algorithm design methods in order to approach hard algorithmic problems in a pragmatic way, such as by using randomised algorithms (such as universal hashing), approximation algorithms, stochastic local search (such as simulated annealing and tabu search), integer programming, propositional satisfiability (SAT), and SAT modulo theories (SMT). (uu.se)
  • Advanced techniques in algorithm analysis and design such as amortised and probabilistic analysis, universal hashing, integer programming, simulated annealing, tabu serach, probabilistic satisfiability (SAT). Connections to modern research in algorithmics. (uu.se)
  • You will study different algorithms such as Aho-Corasick automata, the Rabin-Karp algorithm, etc. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • We demonstrate that the underlying probabilistic framework offers several advantages over traditional methods, in terms of flexibility in the generation of the recommendation list and consequently in the accuracy of recommendation. (videolectures.net)
  • This computational framework involves two stages, whereby the feasible experimental space is sampled using a probabilistic approach in the first stage, and a continuous-effort optimal experiment design is determined by searching over the sampled feasible space in the second stage. (rsc.org)
  • We developed a framework to address these challenges by building probabilistic disease progression models to enable better understanding of chronic diseases and provide insights that could lead to better disease management. (ibm.com)
  • Materials and Methods: We developed a framework to build probabilistic disease progression models using observational medical data. (ibm.com)
  • We applied the framework to an integrated observational HD dataset curated from four recent observational HD studies. (ibm.com)
  • The paper considers the aspects of hazard assessment within the framework of a generalized approach. (mdpi.com)
  • Just as in courtroom reasoning, the goal of employing uncertain inference is to gather evidence to strengthen the confidence of a proposition, as opposed to performing some sort of probabilistic entailment. (wikipedia.org)
  • These approaches shed new light on the intimate connections between probabilistic inference and optimal control. (upenn.edu)
  • The aim of the study is to improve the methodology for more accurate and detailed probabilistic assessments of risks of various nature. (mdpi.com)
  • Probabilistic exposure assessments for these scenarios were performed using a combination of personal samples collected from pesticide handlers and generic exposure measurements from the Agricultural Handlers Exposure Database (AHED). (cdc.gov)
  • 2006). New studies have attempted cancer risk assessments based on exposure assessments via oral and dermal/inhalation routes (Liao et al. (who.int)
  • However, drinking water is a complex mixture, and only a few epidemiology studies have had adequate exposure assessments to permit associations between cancer and specific compounds in the water. (who.int)
  • The potential risks associated with these application scenarios are presented, together with an analysis of strengths and weaknesses of comparative probabilistic health risk assessment methods. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results have demonstrated that a Bayesian approach yields a pdf of CF rather than a single CF value and is feasible to blend both TSI and ARSCL data with some form of bias correction. (sdsu.edu)
  • 60) and epidemiological studies. (louisbolk.nl)
  • Thus, for example, most epidemiological studies include hundreds of thousands of samples and generate risk estimates that are statistically meaningful only when they are considered on scale of hundreds or thousands of people. (cdc.gov)
  • Since IARC vol. 73, a number of epidemiological studies have been published on the association between water DBP exposure and the risk of bladder cancer, the two most important ones being a pooled analysis of previous case-control studies by Villanueva et al. (who.int)
  • The risk assessment for a building portfolio or a spatially distributed infrastructure requires multi-site probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (MSPSHA). (researchgate.net)
  • In this work, a qualitative analysis of the study plan for high school and a current textbook for Mexican technological high school is carried out, around probabilistic approaches. (ibict.br)
  • The results show certain discrepancies between both analysis tools in terms of the use and concentration of the concepts identified for them, it is necessary to make important modifications in school mathematics to achieve better learning results and adequate development of probabilistic reasoning. (ibict.br)
  • In this work we perform an analysis of probabilistic approaches to recommendation upon a different validation perspective, which focuses on accuracy metrics such as recall and precision of the recommendation list. (videolectures.net)
  • These methods were used to study the convergence of direct approach for slope stability analysis and are developed for a linear soil behavior. (ac.ir)
  • The application of the systems biology approach to the analysis of a gene regulatory network is demonstrated with a case study of the regulation of p21 by multiple miRNAs [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Materials and methods Using an incidence-based cost of illness analysis from a household perspective employing a bottom-up approach all direct medical and non-medical costs, and indirect costs were estimated for a sample of RTI people who sought care during 1 month in four different medical facilities. (bmj.com)
  • A multivariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate variations resulting from assumptions used. (bmj.com)
  • Traditional deterministic approaches to stability analysis do not allow taking into account and quantifying the uncertainties in soil characterisation. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The paper presents a probabilistic approach for the stability analysis of flood embankments taking into account the probabilistic distribution of soil hydro-mechanical properties. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Based on an analysis of the Monte Carlo simulation results for the case study application, it was found that locating the monitoring station near the Victoria Street Bridge, approximately 11 km upstream of the intake, represents the best tradeoff in the design objectives. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • On the second level results of Goethean phenomenological studies, anthroposophic spiritual science and immunological studies were combined and integrated (working principle analysis). (louisbolk.nl)
  • A capacity-building contract with the Colorado School of Mines to develope improvements in ground characterization, monitoring, analysis, and design approaches. (cdc.gov)
  • Meta-analysis -- A systematic, quantitative method for combining information from multiple studies in order to derive the most meaningful answer to a specific question. (cdc.gov)
  • Historically, attempts to quantify probabilistic reasoning date back to antiquity. (wikipedia.org)
  • IThe author is grateful to Christian Wagner, Ali Ozdagli, Peter Nyberg, Bent Jesper Christensen and participants at Arne Ryde Workshop (Lund), the 2011 Nordic Finance Network Research Workshop (Helsinki), and the finance seminar at Knut Wicksell Centre for Financial Studies at Lund University, for their comments and suggestions. (lu.se)
  • Within the H2020 project, InnoForEst, I am collaborating with the Universeum Science Centre in Gothenburg to study how school children interact with forest ecosystems, and how they can learn more about climate change through multi-actor collaborations. (lu.se)
  • The present study shows that the probabilistic approach adds valuable information to deterministic exposure assessment, especially when extrapolating data on a subpopulation to populations of individuals at large. (bmj.com)
  • To demonstrate the benefits of applying a probabilistic approach to wind energy scheduling, we have conducted a 6-month study of day-ahead forecasting comparing the results of using a P-value versus a deterministic forecast haircutting approach. (confex.com)
  • The main goal was to investigate the potential of a probabilistic approach for exposure assessment and use this information to evaluate the impact of a complex of policy actions/interventions on dermal exposure to antineoplastic agents among oncology nurses. (bmj.com)
  • The probabilistic projections combine information from several collections of computer models with observations using advanced statistical methods. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • A summary of the results, methods, evaluation and limitations of the probabilistic projections in Section 2.2. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • This document summarizes methods and techniques for the preparation, gathering, evaluation, and interpretation of paleoflood information, including uncertainties, especially with respect to new statistical approaches available to efficiently use such data. (usgs.gov)
  • The purpose of this study is to compare the results of different probabilistic methods such as the perturbation method, Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM) and Monte Carlo Method. (ac.ir)
  • These questions have traditionally been studied using analytic techniques such as entropy methods or splitting of operators. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • In many, not enough attention was paid to methodologic issues, resulting in unreliable results, while the rest have differing methods that make comparisons between studies difficult. (ajnr.org)
  • This study employs comparative risk methods to evaluate the recent replacement of azinphos methyl as a pest control agent for codling moth in the tree fruit industry. (cdc.gov)
  • However, recent studies have pointed several limitations of this approach, showing that a lower RMSE does not necessarily imply improvements in terms of specific recommendations. (videolectures.net)
  • However, experimental approaches have limitations when dealing with complex biological systems composed of multiple layers of regulation such as the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation by transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These limitations have contributed to the lack of agreement between studies. (ajnr.org)
  • Traditionally, state-of-art approaches to recommendations consider the recommendation process from a "missing value prediction" perspective. (videolectures.net)
  • One of way to generate new questions is through a probabilistic viewpoint and experimental data. (birs.ca)
  • The approach taken to generate probabilistic projections is based on the use of multiple variations of a specific climate model to simulate a wide range of different climate outcomes. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • Monte Carlo simulation was used to integrate information from available (exposure) studies and generate exposure distributions for the total population of oncology nurses in both pre- and post-intervention situation. (bmj.com)
  • Such an approach is characterized by an iterative process, including biological data acquisition and integration, network construction, mathematical modeling and experimental validation. (hindawi.com)
  • Most experimental approaches focus on the identification of miRNA targets and the investigation of physiological consequences when perturbing miRNA expressions but are unsuited to provide a system-level interpretation for observed phenomena. (hindawi.com)
  • Several new random models of knots and 3-manifolds have appeared recently, and probabilistic, experimental, and computer-aided studies of knots have been increasingly common. (birs.ca)
  • Quantitative, quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test study, conducted with 25 women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy at an Oncology Center in the South of Minas Gerais, between July 2019 and March 2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results of the study indicated substantially higher upper arm and trunk movement speeds among workers performing predominantly cyclic tasks relative to workers performing non-cyclic tasks despite similar postures, and greater exposure variability both between and within workers in the non-cyclic group. (cdc.gov)
  • A logical approach to remedy the situation for low dose research was to conduct well controlled animal studies with hundreds of animals, nevertheless, even after many such studies were completed our understanding of biological basis for risk from low dose radiation exposure is still not conclusive. (cdc.gov)
  • In our direct replication study spanning 9 laboratories ( N =334), pre-registered replication-analyses and exploratory Bayes factor analyses successfully replicated the noun-results but, crucially, not the article-results. (elifesciences.org)
  • The study found that the perturbation method of the second order is easy to apply using the field's theory because accuracy is reached even with different coefficients of variation of input variables, while the spectral finite element method yields accurate results only for high levels of solution development. (ac.ir)
  • Results 297 injured were included in the study, 20% were hospitalised and 237 only received care at ER. (bmj.com)
  • The results of most of these MR imaging studies remain conflicting and controversial. (ajnr.org)
  • Using the results of studies conducted in the aftermath of Tohoku-a period of industrywide earthquake model re-examination-AIR has developed a comprehensive view of Japan's earthquake risk. (air-worldwide.com)
  • Even with longitudinal studies the results are often reported as mean prevalence of symptoms before and after menopause across the sample, which may obscure the underlying variability in scores across individual women and across groups of women within a sample. (bmj.com)
  • This manuscript reports on the reliable estimates of internal dose of a compound or a key workshop where a process and criteria that were created for PBPK model review were discussed along with other issues related to model metabolite are available, the results of toxicology studies can review and application in HHRA. (cdc.gov)
  • Given as input a sequence of timestamped events (the log without case IDs) and a process model describing the underlying business process, our approach returns an event log in which every event is mapped to a case identifier. (researchgate.net)
  • Our approach returns an event log in which every event is associated with a case identifier. (researchgate.net)
  • The tractability of this methodology is demonstrated on a case study involving the exothermic esterification of priopionic anhydride with significant risk of thermal runaway during experimentation. (rsc.org)
  • We integrate two case studies from our recent work to illustrate a new approach to developing zoning ordinance boundaries that can reduce debris flow hazards to communities and infrastructure. (stantec.com)
  • I'll consider case studies in activity forecasting of drivers and pedestrians as well as the imitation learning of robotic locomotion and rough-terrain navigation. (upenn.edu)
  • These case-studies highlight key challenges in applying the algorithms in practical settings. (upenn.edu)
  • Two specific case study examples are animal-to-human extrapolation of dose-response information. (cdc.gov)
  • 2004) (data from only one of the six pooled studies was included in IARC vol. 73), and a new case-control study from Spain (Villanueva et al. (who.int)
  • These programs are designed to provide a probabilistic estimate of the likelihood that various widths of catch bench will. (cdc.gov)
  • We converted questions and modules to a time variable and applied Kaplan-Meier method and a proportional hazard model to estimate the conditional and cumulative probabilities of breakoff and study the potential risk factors associated with breakoff. (cdc.gov)
  • The interdisciplinary nature of the centers gives rise to a broad spectrum of research priorities that range from mechanistic studies investigating workplace exposures to studies on healthcare disparities to the effects of psychosocial factors on worker health and wellbeing. (cdc.gov)
  • A study to gather insights around the relational dynamics between nurse, teacher and individual with Intellectual Disabilities. (lu.se)
  • The central theme of this study was to make optimal use of existing data, supplemented only with limited additional information from a questionnaire survey. (bmj.com)
  • Recently, our group has developed a set of techniques that learn these functions from human demonstration by applying an Inverse Optimal Control (IOC) approach to find a cost function for which planned behavior mimics an expert's demonstration. (upenn.edu)
  • In this thesis we study a probabilistic approach for the shape matching problem. (fu-berlin.de)
  • This was a cross-sectional field study with a quantitative approach. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientific studies addressing anatomical variations in meditators' brains have emerged rapidly over the last few years, where significant links are most frequently reported with respect to gray matter (GM). (frontiersin.org)
  • By studying geomagnetic field variations at the Earth's surface we can learn more about the deep Earth where the field is generated. (lu.se)
  • The term "probabilistic logic" was first used by Jon Von Neumann in a series of Cal Tech lectures 1952 and 1956 paper "Probabilistic logics and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components", and subsequently in a paper by Nils Nilsson published in 1986, where the truth values of sentences are probabilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this paper, we lift these assumptions by presenting a novel technique called EC-SA based on probabilistic optimization. (researchgate.net)
  • In a previous paper [18] , we proposed the Event Correlation by Simulated Annealing (EC-SA) approach, which uses the event names and timestamps in addition to the process model. (researchgate.net)
  • A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
  • This paper presents a probabilistic method of record linkage, developed using the U.S. full count censuses of 1900 and 1910 but applicable to many sources of digitized historical records. (lu.se)
  • In this paper we argue that the problem lies in the fact that our approach to animal studies is not comprehensive but conceptually binary. (cdc.gov)
  • To demonstrate the application of this approach, we adopt it to investigate mechanisms of collective repression on p21 by multiple miRNAs. (hindawi.com)
  • Here you will study different data structures of this kind as well as their applications. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • For a better understanding of the regulatory role of miRNAs in coordinating gene expression, we here present a systems biology approach combining data-driven modeling and model-driven experiments. (hindawi.com)
  • The systems biology approach, combining data-driven modeling and model-driven experiments, provides a systematic and comprehensive perspective on the regulatory roles of miRNAs in gene regulatory networks [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 3 Many studies have relied on cross sectional data so that links with menopausal transition have been difficult to disentangle from those due to ageing. (bmj.com)
  • Previous research using data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a population based study, has shown that reported health symptoms at age 47 years tend to cluster into vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes and cold night sweats, somatic symptoms such as headaches and muscle and joint pain, and psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression. (bmj.com)
  • and the few studies of African data make difficult the definition of a probabilistic rational therapeutic approach. (bvsalud.org)
  • and (3) approaches to ally, understanding ADME leads to a more complete use of integrating PBPK model outputs with other HHRA tools, including biological and toxicological data to support route-to-route and benchmark dose modeling. (cdc.gov)
  • 2017) as an example of how an altered approach to data interpretation may change the conclusions of a study. (cdc.gov)
  • and in the latter study data were also collected on bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. (who.int)
  • Product substitution is a common approach to reducing occupational hazards. (cdc.gov)
  • The research reported here is a feasibility study designed to explore the method. (sdsu.edu)
  • According to a Sustainability Science approach, my research is based in perspective that natural and social systems as closely coupled, which in practice means that both research and teaching is carried out in interdisciplinary teams. (lu.se)
  • Thus, to establish differential effects within the hippocampal formation (cornu ammonis, fascia dentata, entorhinal cortex, subiculum) as well as the hippocampal-amygdaloid transition area, we utilized refined cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of (peri-) hippocampal subsections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, since the hippocampal formation represents a complex of anatomic divisions varying in size and shape, we utilized a second volumetric approach refined by cytoarchitectonic probabilistic mapping to establish differential effects within (peri-) hippocampal subregions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such approaches allow to establish geometric and topological properties of knots beyond well-studied families, and often suggest a perspective encompassing less-known cases. (birs.ca)
  • Here you will study different approaches and assess their performance in practice. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • Psychological, personality-based, sociological, or ethnographic studies of social media, or the relationship between social media and mainstream media. (videolectures.net)
  • Panel members were provided with background information regarding ATSDR's current epidemiologic study, including activities conducted thus far, findings to date, and the role of modeling and historical reconstruction in the study. (cdc.gov)
  • Summerfield and de Lange, 2014 ), hard-wired to continuously match sensory inputs with top-down, grammatical or probabilistic expectations based on context and memory. (elifesciences.org)
  • The proposed semantical generalization induces a probabilistic logical entailment, which reduces to ordinary logical entailment when the probabilities of all sentences are either 0 or 1. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, two dimensional random fields are used and both the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Limited Step Length Iteration Method (LSLIM) have been adopted to evaluate the reliability index. (ac.ir)
  • The evaluation approaches described in this publication and the findings of studies conducted using these approaches may also be useful to other stakeholders who are interested in the effects of smoke-free laws, including business organizations (e.g., chambers of commerce, restaurant associations) and labor unions. (cdc.gov)
  • Much of the information about its function has been gained from clinical studies of patients after surgical resection of the callosum for intractable epilepsy ( 1 - 5 ). (ajnr.org)
  • Dopa-responsive dystonia: clinical and family study in Taiwanese. (medscape.com)
  • In this proof-of-concept study, we illustrate the approach using specific observational datasets from the U. S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Programs Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in the central United States, but the method is quite general and is readily applicable to other datasets. (sdsu.edu)
  • Modeling the progression of chronic diseases based on observational studies is challenging. (ibm.com)
  • In the study, the conditional hazard procedure for MSPSHA is discussed and implemented in an illustrative application. (researchgate.net)
  • You will study both from construction to application. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • You will study applications of (universal) hash functions and how these can be efficiently computed, for instance, for their application in Bloom Filters or sketches. (tu-braunschweig.de)
  • The present study was taken up with an objective to isolate industrially useful pigments from mangrove microbes of Karwar mangrove region. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The present study from May 2006 to June 2007 included 107 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 94 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The experiments conducted on a variety of real-life datasets show the advantages of our approach over the state of the art. (researchgate.net)
  • Probabilistic retroplume calculations are applied to an air mass in the vicinity of a weak saddle-point in the Ex-UTLS in order to investigate its effect on source regions. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Investigation of health effects of low doses of radiation as a field of study has been riddled by difficulties since its inception. (cdc.gov)
  • The UKCP18 probabilistic projections address the continued requirement for a product exploring uncertainties. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • Recent studies have provided evidence should strengthen confidence in the safety of influenza vac- that influenza illness is associated with the development of cine and allow health professionals to better put GBS risk in GBS and that influenza vaccination may confer a much context when discussing influenza vaccination with patients. (cdc.gov)
  • The solution is a better understanding and exploitation of calibrated probabilistic forecasts, which allow more energy to be scheduled into the day-ahead market without increasing the risk of under delivering that energy. (confex.com)
  • While the downside risk of the two approaches is nearly equal, the value of the probabilistic approach becomes apparent when one compares the amount of energy scheduled by both strategies. (confex.com)
  • Even though both approaches had nearly equal downside risk profiles, the probabilistic approach was superior in scheduling more energy. (confex.com)
  • In both studies there was a clear dose-response relationship between average residential THM levels and risk of bladder in men but not in women (see Table). (who.int)
  • Overlaying the probabilistic projections on response surfaces that show the vulnerabilities of specific systems or sectors to climate change (see demonstration project on water resources and drought planning). (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • A standard, whole-brain voxel-based morphometry approach was applied and revealed significant meditation effects in the vicinity of the hippocampus, showing more GM in meditators than in controls as well as positive correlations with the number of years practiced. (frontiersin.org)
  • We first applied a standard, whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach and, in accordance with prior studies, revealed significant meditation effects in the vicinity of the hippocampus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, the calibrated model is used to study the effect of different miRNA expression profiles and cooperative target regulation on p21 expression levels in different biological contexts. (hindawi.com)
  • In previous work [18] , we introduced a probabilistic optimization technique called EC-SA (Events Correlation by Simulated Annealing) based on a simulated annealing heuristic approach. (researchgate.net)
  • To advance prior work, this study examined GM characteristics in a large sample of 100 subjects (50 meditators, 50 controls), where meditators have been practicing close to 20 years, on average. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our extraordinary scientists work in each of these locations advancing studies in their particluar areas of study. (usgs.gov)
  • Overall, the experts indicated that this was an important study to conduct and they were impressed with the quality of work performed to date. (cdc.gov)