Structures ion channel gating. Medical search. Frequent questions

The GluN2B protein is one component (subunit) of a subset of specialized protein structures called NMDA receptors. (medlineplus.gov)
NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels. (medlineplus.gov)
This third edition continues to combine current understanding of classical quantitative pharmacology and drug-receptor interactions with the basics of receptor structure and signal transduction mechanisms, providing an integrated analysis of the mechanisms of drug action at membrane receptors. (routledge.com)
Maintaining the second edition's focus on cell membrane receptors and the immediate signal transduction events at the membrane, this edition includes updated chapters on receptor structure and signal transduction by G-proteins and tyrosine kinases as well as enhancements to the quantitative treatment of drug-receptor interactions. (routledge.com)
His current major research interests are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the stubstantia nigra in relation to cell death in Parkinson's disease and also ion transport and signaling in mast cells in relation to intracellular pH and volume regulation. (routledge.com)
This includes examples of ligand-gated receptors , voltage gated ion channels and the G-protein coupled receptors. (southampton.ac.uk)
The Cys-loop class of LGICs forms a superfamily of ionotropic receptors that includes two types of anion-permeable channels , which are represented by receptors for the neurotransmitters GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, and allow negatively charged chloride ions to migrate through the cell membrane. (axonmedchem.com)
2] Structure, Function, and Modulation of GABAA Receptors. (axonmedchem.com)
3] Structure and Function of the Glycine Receptor and Related Nicotinicoid Receptors. (axonmedchem.com)
Nicotine is a small molecule ligand that binds to and gates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and a thorough understanding of nicotine structure could aid efforts to elucidate receptor structure-function relationships and design new pharmaceuticals. (caltech.edu)
These potent peptides, which fold into small, highly structured frameworks, largely target ion channels, either voltage- or ligand-gated receptors and transporters in excitable cells. (medscape.com)
The structures of AMPA receptors in complex with auxiliary proteins are resolved by cryo-electron microscopy, and reveal conformational and permeation pathway changes that are associated with activation and desensitization of ionotropic glutamate receptors. (nature.com)
Peimine (Pm), an anti-inflammatory compound from Fritillaria , is known to inhibit some voltage-dependent ion channels and muscarinic receptors, but its interaction with ligand-gated ion channels remains unexplored. (mdpi.com)
However, the prokaryotic ancestors of these receptors contain no such loop and the term pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) is gaining acceptance in the literature [ 5 ]. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
The ionotropic glutamate and P2X receptors are tetrameric and trimeric structures, respectively. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
A subfamily of ligand-gated ion channel receptors that share a characteristic loop which is formed by a disulfide bond between two CYSTEINE residues. (bvsalud.org)
The nicotinic receptors are cylindrically-shaped proteins imbedded in synaptic walls that act as chemically-controlled sodium channels (also called ligand-gated sodium channels) that penetrate through the cell walls of post-synaptic nerves and myocytes at the skeletal neuromuscular junctions. (cdc.gov)
In addition we have recently started to explore the structure and molecular function of pain receptors from animals, i.e. transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and their activation by temperature and various ligands. (lu.se)

Barbiturates induce anesthesia by modulating the activity of anionic and cationic pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). (nih.gov)
5. Hilf RJ, Dutzler R. (2009) A prokaryotic perspective on pentameric ligand-gated ion channel structure. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Lipid-gated ion channels are a class of ion channels whose conductance of ions through the membrane depends directly on lipids. (wikipedia.org)
PIP2 is a cell membrane lipid, and its role in gating ion channels represents a novel role for the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Depletion of PA shifted the Vmid -40 mV near resting membrane potential which could open the channel absent a change in voltage suggesting these channels may also be lipid-gated. (wikipedia.org)
A specialized set of mechanosensitive ion channels is gated by lipid deformation in the membrane in response to mechanical force. (wikipedia.org)
A theory involving the lipid membrane, called "force from lipid", is thought to directly open ion channels. (wikipedia.org)
Channels can also respond to membrane thickness. (wikipedia.org)
An amphipathic helix that runs along the inner membrane of TREK-1 channels is thought to sense changes in membrane thickness and gate the channel. (wikipedia.org)
however, due to theoretical calculations of lipids diffusion in a membrane, the ligand was thought to diffuse away much to fast to activate a channel. (wikipedia.org)
CLIC1 is a member of the highly conserved class of chloride ion channels that exist in both soluble and integral membrane forms. (proteopedia.org)
We will use examples of specific molecules and cell-cell interactions to provide explicit details of such function to highlight core principles of neuronal development, ion channel function, synaptic transmission and membrane excitability. (southampton.ac.uk)
Changes in membrane potential occur when ion channels pore-forming membrane proteins open to facilitate the passage of specific ions (e.g. (cshlpress.com)
His current research is now concentrating on liquid junction potential effects on membrane potential measurements and their role in ion permeation and selectivity, and the reliability of their calculation and measurement, including the importance of using ion activities in their calculation in many situations, and complications that can arise in solutions containing polyvalent ion mixtures. (edu.au)
Biological Membrane Ion Channels , edn. (edu.au)
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins found in all cells that mediate the selective passage of specific ions or molecules across a cell membrane. (caltech.edu)
MscL is an ion channel gated only by membrane tension. (caltech.edu)
MscS is also gated by membrane tension, but its gating can be modulated by changes in transmembrane potential. (caltech.edu)
Many cells have microscopic gates, called ion channels, which open to allow the flow of ions across the cell membrane. (neurosciencenews.com)
The fact that the field of cryo-electron microscopy has advanced to where we can now solve the structures of these small membrane-embedded complexes to such high resolution is exciting," said TSRI Research Associate Mark Herzik Jr., who was co-first author of the study with Lejla Zubcevic of Duke University. (neurosciencenews.com)
Prof. Kuchitsu surmises, "These observations, when tied down together, indicated that the type 1 TPCs-which are ubiquitous in all land plant species-are responsible for SV channels in their vacuolar membrane, but the type 2 TPCs likely encode ion channels that are different from the SV channel and animal TPCs. (sciencedaily.com)
Sodium channels selectively open and close to allow the passage of millions of tiny charged particles across the cell membrane. (neurosciencenews.com)
A major problem in studying sodium channels is that they want to be in a cell membrane," Catterall said. (neurosciencenews.com)
We hope to gain insight into why they selectively let in sodium ions and nothing else," the researchers said, "and how they respond to changes in the cell membrane voltage, how they open and close, and how they generate electrical signals. (neurosciencenews.com)
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
This resting potential is determined by the concentration gradients of 2 major ions, Na + and K + , and the relative membrane permeability to these ions (also known as leak currents). (medscape.com)
In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)
Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels are non-selective cation channels sharing the membrane topology of six transmembrane helices but varying in sensory N- and C-terminal domains. (lu.se)
NMR and X-ray studies were rather carried out on stable regions within cytosolic domains of TRP channels, which have been structurally investigated without the membrane part. (lu.se)
Combining these results obtained from different structural biology methods gave important mechanistic insights, e.g., into gating, ion permeation and selectivity, as well as into the activation of this enigmatic and medically important membrane protein family. (lu.se)
HvPIP1;6, a Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plasma Membrane Water Channel Particularly Expressed in Growing Compared with Non-Growing Leaf Tissues. (lu.se)
HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. (bvsalud.org)

Modulation of gating can occur by the binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Ligand discrimination and gating in cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels from apo and partial agonist-bound cryo-EM structures. (cornell.edu)
Cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels have important roles in visual signal transduction and pacemaking. (cornell.edu)
Binding of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) elicits diverse functional responses in different channels within the family despite their high sequence and structure homology. (cornell.edu)
Using single particle cryo-electron microscopy and single-channel recording, we assigned functional states to high-resolution structures of SthK, a prokaryotic cyclic nucleotide-gated channel. (cornell.edu)
The structures of pseudechetoxin and pseudecin suggest that both proteins bind to cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in a manner in which the concave surface occludes the pore entrance. (iucr.org)
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca 2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al. (elifesciences.org)
His interests and those of his research groups have included exploring the mechanisms of ion permeation and selectivity in ion channels, the relationship between the molecular structure and the physiological function of channels, such as those of the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor glycine channel and the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, and investigating the factors that determine their ion permeation, selectivity and conductance. (edu.au)
In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K + channel (CNGK) mediates a cGMP-induced hyperpolarization that evokes Ca 2+ influx. (elifesciences.org)
This channel is activated by signalling molecules inside cells, called 'cyclic nucleotides', and its activity ultimately leads to calcium ions flowing into the sperm cell's tail. (elifesciences.org)

charged amino acids on each end of the alpha helices could be part of the ion selectivity of this channel. (proteopedia.org)
Crystal structures of potassium channels show four K+ions bound to adjacent binding sites in the selectivity filter, while chemical intuition and molecular modeling suggest that the direct ion contacts are unstable. (sandia.gov)
Structural basis for ion selectivity in potassium-selective channelrhodopsins. (stanford.edu)
KCR channelrhodopsins (K+-selective light-gated ion channels) have received attention as potential inhibitory optogenetic tools but more broadly pose a fundamental mystery regarding how their K+ selectivity is achieved. (stanford.edu)
Here, we present 2.5-2.7 Å cryo-electron microscopy structures of HcKCR1 and HcKCR2 and of a structure-guided mutant with enhanced K+ selectivity. (stanford.edu)
rather than forming the symmetrical filter of canonical K+ channels achieving both selectivity and dehydration, instead, three extracellular-vestibule residues within each monomer form a flexible asymmetric selectivity gate, while a distinct dehydration pathway extends intracellularly. (stanford.edu)
Thus, discovery of a mechanism for ion-channel K+ selectivity also provides a framework for next-generation optogenetics. (stanford.edu)

The different orientations of cAMP and cGMP in the 'resting' and 'activated' structures suggest a mechanism for ligand discrimination. (cornell.edu)
The mechanism of ion conduction in potassium channels has recently emerged as a topic of debate. (sandia.gov)
The results reveal a mechanism by which quantitative competition between channel subunits for tetramer assembly can impact the phenotype of the mutation carrier. (elifesciences.org)
The mechanism how these various extracellular and intracellular stimuli can activate TRP channels is one of the emerging questions in the field. (lu.se)
Structural mechanism of plant aquaporin gating. (lu.se)

Sodium channels are pores in the membranes of excitable cells - such as brain nerve cells or beating heart cells - that emit electrical signals. (neurosciencenews.com)

These proteins act as channels and allow ions to move across cell membranes. (elifesciences.org)
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are cation-selective channels that function in processes as diverse as sensation and vasoregulation. (nih.gov)
Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy has enabled the structures of large proteins to be elucidated. (nature.com)
We applied this structure to design three proteins (rsChRmine and hsChRmine, conferring further red-shifted and high-speed properties, respectively, and frChRmine, combining faster and more red-shifted performance) suitable for fundamental neuroscience opportunities. (stanford.edu)
These findings suggest that while channel proteins found in sperm cells from different species look similar and serve similar roles, they are activated in ways that can be very different. (elifesciences.org)
Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics. (illinois.edu)
The main aim of our research is to understand the molecular details and physiological roles of the multitude of water channel-like proteins present in plants and animals. (lu.se)

The gated flow of sodium ions generates tiny amounts of electrical current. (neurosciencenews.com)
The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)
Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)
When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic receptor outside of the cell wall, it induces a conformational change that selectively opens up the channel to sodium ions. (cdc.gov)

PIP2 regulates the conductance of most TRP channels either positively or negatively. (wikipedia.org)
This research was catalyzed by the solving of atomic resolution crystal structures of the mechanosensitive channels of large and small conductance (MscL and MscS) by the Rees group. (caltech.edu)
Molecular dynamics simulations show how protonation of Kir2.2[G178D], or the D173 pore-lining residues, changes solvation, K + ion occupancy, and K + conductance. (nature.com)
Ion channel gating and conductance are classically understood as separate processes. (nature.com)
The present data reveal how individual protonation events change the electrostatic microenvironment of the pore, resulting in step-wise alterations of ion pooling, and hence conductance, that appear as 'gated' substates. (nature.com)
In the G178D structure, the HBC gate is slightly wider than in previous structures, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate rapid wetting of the G178D pore at the HBC region, followed by further expansion and K + conductance through the channel. (nature.com)

Structure of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel pore reveals mechanisms of opening and closing. (rcsb.org)
The similarity between apo and ligand-bound structures indicates that ligand-binding domains are strongly coupled to pore and SthK gates in an allosteric, concerted fashion. (cornell.edu)
It has a homodimeric structure with one pore per subunit, which creates an incredibly unique "double barreled" channel. (proteopedia.org)
that protrudes into the pore is proposed to participate in gating due to its negative charge. (proteopedia.org)
Several derivatives of barbiturates containing anomalous scatterers were synthesized, and these derivatives helped us unambiguously identify a unique barbiturate binding site within the central ion channel pore in a closed conformation. (nih.gov)
Accessory potassium channel protein which modulates the activity of the pore-forming alpha subunit. (ucsc.edu)
Two-pore ion channels are present in many eukaryotes -- both animals and plants. (sciencedaily.com)
Now, researchers have found the missing pieces of evolutionary history of two-pore channels in a species of liverwort. (sciencedaily.com)
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are ancient ion channels present in the cells of both animals and plants. (sciencedaily.com)
In a recent study, a team of researchers led by Prof. Kazuyuki Kuchitsu from Tokyo University of Science, Japan, collaborated with researchers from Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland, to explore the evolutionary and physiological significance of two-pore channels in the non-flowering bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha. (sciencedaily.com)
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels open at the 'helix bundle crossing' (HBC), formed by the M2 helices at the cytoplasmic end of the transmembrane pore. (nature.com)
Introduced negative charges at the HBC (G178D) in Kir2.2 channels forces opening, allowing pore wetting and free movement of permeant ions between the cytoplasm and the inner cavity. (nature.com)
Kir channels consist of only two transmembrane helices plus an extensive C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the channel pore. (nature.com)
For example, the authors of the Nature paper unexpectedly discovered a portal large enough for small pore-blocking drugs to enter the central cavity of the sodium channel. (neurosciencenews.com)
The recently identified 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are believed to be responsible for leak K + currents. (medscape.com)

For TRPV5, binding of PIP2 to a site in the transmembrane domain caused a conformational change that appeared to open the conduction pathway, suggesting the channel is classically lipid-gated. (wikipedia.org)
Potassium channels modulate various cellular functions through efficient and selective conduction of K+ions. (sandia.gov)
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been instrumental in the study of conduction and gating mechanisms of ion channels. (sandia.gov)
Structural basis for channel conduction in the pump-like channelrhodopsin ChRmine. (stanford.edu)
mechanisms for passive channel conduction in this family have remained mysterious. (stanford.edu)

Our diverse panel of speakers and discussion leaders are selected to maximize the perspectives presented, with approaches ranging from cryo-electron microscopy of channels and complexes to behavioral studies of model organisms engineered to recapitulate human disease phenotypes. (grc.org)
Their pioneering work on the use of cryo-electron microscopy to solve high-resolution structures of biomolecules has provided unprecedented insights into the complexity of life. (nature.com)
Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged over the last two decades as a technique capable of studying the structure of challenging systems. (nature.com)
The other co-authors on the paper, "Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the TRPV2 ion channel," were Ben Chung and Zhirui Liu of the Duke University Medical Center. (neurosciencenews.com)
Abstract for "Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the TRPV2 ion channel" by Lejla Zubcevic, Mark A Herzik Jr, Ben C Chung, Zhirui Liu, Gabriel C Lander and Seok-Yong Lee in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . (neurosciencenews.com)
We determined structures for the rhodopsin-transducin complex by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), which together with efforts from other laboratories, led to a detailed picture of how GPCRs activate their G protein partners. (cornell.edu)

Ion flux is passive and driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

The lipid binds in a well-defined ligand binding site in the transmembrane domain and causes the helices to splay opening the channel. (wikipedia.org)
K2p: PA directly activates TREK-1 potassium channels through a putative site in the transmembrane domain. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, in Chapter 4, we discuss the use of hydroxy acids to scan the α-M1 transmembrane helix of the nAChR for residues that undergo structural rearrangements during gating. (caltech.edu)
Here, we present the 2.0A resolution cryo-EM structure of ChRmine, revealing architectural features atypical for channelrhodopsins: trimeric assembly, a short transmembrane-helix 3, a twisting extracellular-loop 1, large vestibules within the monomer, and an opening at the trimer interface. (stanford.edu)
Depolarization is followed by the opening of other transmembrane channels that selectively allow the flow of K+ ions into the cell. (cdc.gov)

Lander and his colleagues focused on an ion channel called the transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 (TRPV2), which resides within the membranes of cells throughout the body. (neurosciencenews.com)
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) cation channels are polymodal sensors involved in a variety of physiological processes. (neurosciencenews.com)

In silico docking studies indicate the full extent of the blocker binding site, and electrophysiology studies of NavMs channels with mutations at adjacent residues validate the location. (rcsb.org)
4. Dunlop J, Bowlby M, Peri R, Vasilyev D, Arias R. (2008) High-throughput electrophysiology: an emerging paradigm for ion-channel screening and physiology. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

This influx of calcium ions in turn controls the beating of the tail and, thereby, steers the sperm cell towards the egg. (elifesciences.org)
In zebrafish sperm, a more alkaline pH inside the cell causes calcium ions to flow in and this influx of calcium ions triggers a unique spinning-like swimming movement that is different from the swimming of other sperm from other species. (elifesciences.org)

The molecular mechanisms responsible for ligand discrimination and gating are unknown due to lack of correspondence between structural information and functional states. (cornell.edu)
In this study, we present the first X-ray structures of barbiturates bound to GLIC, a cationic prokaryotic pLGIC with excellent structural homology to other relevant channels sensitive to general anesthetics and, as shown here, to barbiturates, at clinically relevant concentrations. (nih.gov)
The vast progress made on the structural elucidation of ion pumping Rhodopsins over the past decades, allowed for a detailed understanding of the biophysical principles behind. (hu-berlin.de)
To overcome this limitation and gain insights into how the initial photochemical reaction triggers structural rearrangements within the protein we are working on solving the crystal structure of Channelrhodopsin-variants derived from algae as well as from representative members of enzyme-coupled Rhodopsins. (hu-berlin.de)
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. (ucsc.edu)
The ability to visualize the atomic structural details of the sodium channel was made possible by use of advanced methods of X-ray crystallography and data analysis in the laboratory of Ning Zheng, associate professor of pharmacology. (neurosciencenews.com)

Disease-associated missense mutations in GluN2B subunit alter NMDA receptor ligand binding and ion channel properties. (medlineplus.gov)
Homo sapiens potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A regulatory beta subunit 2 (KCNAB2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. (ucsc.edu)
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family. (ucsc.edu)
Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)

When brain chemicals called glutamate and glycine attach to the receptor, a channel opens, allowing positively charged particles (cations) to flow through. (medlineplus.gov)
This book is ideal for budding pharmacologists and cell physiologists, both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level, who have an interest in receptor structure and function â€¦ would also be of value to students and academics of pharmacy, physiology, medicinal chemistry, and related disciplines. (routledge.com)
Describe and give examples of the structure function relations receptor super families that are functionally important in the brain. (southampton.ac.uk)
The nAChR is a ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) and the M₂AChR is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (caltech.edu)
2009) The 5-HT3 receptor--the relationship between structure and function. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
The channel opening in the nicotinic receptor normally lasts less than a millisecond because the enzyme, cholinesterase, rapidly breaks down acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)
As a result, the chemical-gated nicotinic receptor Na+ channels are held in the open position, and a constant state of depolarization occurs. (cdc.gov)

In this study, functional electrophysiological studies show that the prokaryotic sodium channel from Magnetococcus marinus (NavMs) binds and is inhibited by eukaryotic sodium channel blockers in a manner similar to the human Nav1.1 channel, despite millions of years of divergent evolution between the two types of channels. (rcsb.org)

Voltage-gated sodium channels are important targets for the development of pharmaceutical drugs, because mutations in different human sodium channel isoforms have causal relationships with a range of neurological and cardiovascular diseases. (rcsb.org)
Kv: PA binding can also influence the midpoint of voltage activation (Vmid) for voltage-activated potassium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Mutant EGL-2( gf ) channels exhibited a negative shift in voltage dependence of activation, and both wild-type (WT) and mutant currents were blocked by imipramine. (jneurosci.org)
brush resides in a cluster of redundant CNGCs encoding subunits which resemble metazoan voltage-gated potassium (Kv1-Kv4) channels in assembly and gating properties. (elifesciences.org)
The principles found to be important are that biology reveals that brains, hearts and cells use electromagnetic signals, charged ions, voltage-gated ion channels, ion regulated gap junctions, all of which can be interfered with by external electromagnetic fields in subtle but vital ways in relation to health. (whale.to)
this complex process depends on the neuronal morphology and the density and properties of dendritic voltage-dependent channels. (lsuhsc.edu)
The manual includes background on the structure, function, and regulation of different voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. (cshlpress.com)
Thus, studies on MscS began to identify the specific amino acid residues that are responsible for giving the channel its voltage sensitivity. (caltech.edu)
[ 8 ] A "lightning-strike cabal" triggers an "electrical storm" by depolarizing neurons around the injection site by preventing closing of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocking potassium efflux channels. (medscape.com)
the overall structure of this ion channel is found to share some common features with voltage-gated ion channels, although several unique, TRP-specific features are also characterized. (nature.com)
Topics include: Properties of voltage-and ligand-gated channels, single channel analysis, structure and function of ion channels. (mcgill.ca)
It is an important tool for studying ion transport across cell membranes, specifically voltage-gated sodium channels. (chemistryviews.org)
This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily. (ucsc.edu)
in many higher vascular plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Oryza sativa (rice), a single TPC gene is involved in the activity of slow vacuolar (SV) channels (voltage-dependent cation channels) along with long-distance signalling, defence, and responses to environmental stress. (sciencedaily.com)
Electrical signals from voltage-gated sodium channels encode and process information in the brain and nervous system, make heart muscle contract, and control the release of insulin from the pancreas," said Catterall, UW chair and professor of pharmacology. (neurosciencenews.com)
Mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels underlie inherited forms of epilepsy, migraine headaches, heart rhythm disturbances, periodic paralysis, and some pain syndromes. (neurosciencenews.com)
Examining kinetic models of its intricate molecular structure will tell scientists more about the biomechanics of a voltage-gated sodium channel. (neurosciencenews.com)
To evaluate the Swarm screening system, we optimized a series of heterologous optogenetic spiking HEK293 cell assays for several voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes including Nav1.2, Nav1.5, and Nav1.7. (frontiersin.org)
In the brain, toluene selectively affects both voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. (medscape.com)

Initially, the high concentration of PA required to activate nAChR suggested a related anionic lipid might activate the channel, however, the finding of local high concentration of PA activating TREK-1 may suggest otherwise. (wikipedia.org)
PA lipids were proposed to non-specifically gated a homologous channel from bacteria KvAP, but those experiments did not rule out the anionic lipid phosphatidylglycerol from contributing specifically to gating. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphatidylglycerol(PG) is an anionic lipid that activates many channels including most of the PA activated channels. (wikipedia.org)
Many mechanosensitive channels require anionic lipids for activity. (wikipedia.org)

A lipid ligand differs from a lipid cofactor in that a ligand derives its function by dissociating from the channel while a cofactor typically derives its function by remaining bound. (wikipedia.org)

Molecules such as phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, that activate the TPCs of mammalian cells, failed to affect the ion channel activity in isolated vacuoles of the mutant plants. (sciencedaily.com)
Sodium channels are important molecules because they regulate a wide range of physiological activities. (neurosciencenews.com)

Three crystal structures of the γ-carbonic anhydrase enzyme from P. horikoshii were solved in space group F 4 1 32. (iucr.org)
Initial studies of MscL verified the relevance of the crystal structure conformation under physiological conditions and compared different MscL homologues. (caltech.edu)
The diffraction images collected from single crystals can be used to calculate the electron density map of the crystal unit cell which finally allows to model the three dimensional structure of the crystallized protein. (hu-berlin.de)
We reported the crystal structure of a chicken Kir2.2[G178D] mutant channel 12 , in which the introduced G178D mutations at the HBC functionally stabilize the open conformation, a strategy used previously to obtain an open crystal structure of a bacterial homolog KirBac3.1 13 . (nature.com)
Never before have researchers been able to obtain a high-resolution crystal structure showing all of the atoms of this complex protein molecule and how they relate in three-dimensions. (neurosciencenews.com)

Contributors present electrophysiological methods to examine single-channel activity in cultured cells, to study synaptic plasticity and circuit dynamics in brain slice preparations, and to perform whole-cell recordings in awake and freely moving animals. (cshlpress.com)
Dodson PD, Billups B, Rusznák Z, Szûcs G, Barker MC, Forsythe ID (2003) Presynaptic rat Kv1.2 channels suppress synaptic terminal hyperexcitability following action potential invasion. (yale.edu)

Mutations that activate K + channels can lower cellular excitability, whereas those that inhibit K + channels may increase excitability. (jneurosci.org)

Kir channels: PIP2 binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir). (wikipedia.org)
All members of the Kir super-family of potassium channels are thought to be directly gated by PIP. (wikipedia.org)
Potassium channels are present in all types of cells and play critical roles in control of multiple physiological processes. (nature.com)

These channels include the bacterial channels MscL and MscS which open in response to lytic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
This thesis discusses the use of computational chemistry methods, such as molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio calculations, and experimental biochemical techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis, in vivo bacterial assays, chemical cross-linking, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, in tandem to elucidate ion channel structure-function relationships. (caltech.edu)
Although interesting themselves, these bacterial channels also provide good model systems for considering more complex eukaryotic channels. (caltech.edu)
New biochemical techniques allowed the research team to extract and purify bacterial sodium channels that they had expressed in the cell membranes of insect cells, and keep them in a stable, functional form for determination of their structure. (neurosciencenews.com)

This wide range of locations in the cell causes a plausible reason to assume that the CLIC chloride channel family participate in an equally wide variety of physiological processes. (proteopedia.org)
These channels are important in a diverse range of physiological processes, including signal transmission in the nervous system, sensory perception, and regulation of vital systems, such as circulation. (caltech.edu)

CLC chloride channels: correlating structure with function. (proteopedia.org)
1] Novel animal-health drug targets from ligand-gated chloride channels. (axonmedchem.com)

A PIP2 compatible site was found in TRPV1 but whether the lipid alone can gate the channels has not been shown. (wikipedia.org)
When the researchers compared the structure of TRPV2 with TRPV1, a genetically similar ion channel found only in the nervous system, they noticed some significant differences. (neurosciencenews.com)

Central to this surveillance system is the movement of calcium ions into and out of cells. (elifesciences.org)
Calcium ions are normally kept at very low levels inside of cells and subtle changes in these levels relay information about the external environment. (elifesciences.org)
In the case of plant roots, changes in the concentration of calcium ions herald essential information about soil conditions and the presence of microorganisms, and in turn trigger appropriate responses. (elifesciences.org)
Calcium ion signals are essential for peas, beans and other members of the legume family to form close relationships (known as symbioses) with soil bacteria called rhizobia. (elifesciences.org)
Further experiments found that the channel formed by the mutated CNGC protein is leaky and allows calcium ions to enter the cell in the absence of any cue from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
The leaky entry of calcium ions likely confuses the plant's surveillance system, which disturbs the normal development of the root. (elifesciences.org)
It is observed that both biological effects and epidemiological effects appear to be the same or very similar from ELF exposure and from RF/MW exposures, including calcium ion efflux, melatonin reduction, DNA strand breakage, chromosome aberrations, leukaemia, brain cancer, breast cancer, miscarriage and neurological effects. (whale.to)

We hypothesize that EGL-2( gf ) channels cause behavioral defects through suppression of excitability in critical cells. (jneurosci.org)
Thanks to these gates, cells can detect stimuli such as heat, pain, pressure and even spicy food. (neurosciencenews.com)
In 2009, researchers identified a potassium ion channel, called CNGK, that starts the electrical signal in the sperm cells of sea urchins. (elifesciences.org)
including some of the researchers involved in the 2009 work - now report that the CNGK channel also exists in the sperm cells of a freshwater fish, the zebrafish. (elifesciences.org)
Unexpectedly, the CNGK channel is located in the heads of this fish's sperm cells rather than in the tails. (elifesciences.org)
An estab- lished biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. (cdc.gov)

As well, interactions between the MscL channel protein and surrounding lipid and the potential relevance of helical kinking in MscL gating pathways were investigated. (caltech.edu)

We report a technique for single ion doping of field effect transistors through monitoring of changes in the source-drain currents at room temperature [1]. (aps.org)

Here we report that the behavioral defects in the C. elegans egl-2 mutant are caused by a gain-of-function ( gf ) mutation in an eag-like K + channel. (jneurosci.org)
The guiding principle of this conference is to convene and highlight the latest advances in our understanding of ion channel structure, physiological roles of channels, ion channel defects that underlie disease, and potential treatment strategies. (grc.org)
Defects in ion channels can lead to a wide range of diseases of the nervous system. (cshlpress.com)

Many of the protocols can be adapted for other ion channels, cell types, and experimental preparations. (cshlpress.com)
Therefore, it is a useful resource for all cell biologists and neuroscientists seeking to further understand the complex roles of ion channels in physiology and disease. (cshlpress.com)
Optogenetic assays provide a flexible, scalable, and information rich approach to probe compound effects for ion channel drug targets in both heterologous expression systems and associated disease relevant cell types. (frontiersin.org)
this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)

When an enzyme forms a complex with a channel it is thought to produce ligand near the channel in concentrations that are higher than the ligand in bulk membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Recently, we solved a cryoEM structure for a complex in solution that contains two GTP-bound GαT subunits and PDE6, leading to a model describing how transducin activates its biological effector. (cornell.edu)
However, the total synthesis of these compounds is challenging due to their complex structure and highly oxidized nature. (chemistryviews.org)

While the possible involvement of these channels in environmental stress responses have been discussed in higher plants, their localizations and functional significance remain largely unknown. (sciencedaily.com)
The mutant that lacked a functional TPC1 gene showed no SV channel activity. (sciencedaily.com)
But mutants that lacked either functional TPC2, TPC3, or both, exhibited usual SV channel activity. (sciencedaily.com)
The team's findings provide much-needed functional and evolutionary insights into the important-yet-elusive TPC family in plants, and on plant ion channels in general. (sciencedaily.com)
These structures show many relevant features but still do not capture the full ensemble of functional conformations. (nature.com)
The researchers have already spotted intriguing molecular movement, such as rolling motions of some functional parts of the sodium channel molecule and their connectors. (neurosciencenews.com)
Functional states of the sodium channel (closed, open, and inactivated) and their structure help to understand the cardiac regulation processes. (bvsalud.org)
Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)

Role of the C-terminal domain in the structure and function of tetrameric sodium channels. (rcsb.org)
We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans egl-2 gene encodes an eag K + channel and that a gain-of-function mutation in egl-2 blocks excitation in neurons and muscles by causing the channel to open at inappropriately negative voltages. (jneurosci.org)
The 2022 iteration of the Ion Channels GRC will turn toward the roles of ion channels in health and disease, with sessions organized around advances in our understanding of structure, function, and diseases related to the spectrum of ion channels. (grc.org)
2007). Here, we report the unusual genetic behavior of a quantitative gain-of-function CNGC mutation ( brush ) in Lotus japonicus resulting in a leaky tetrameric channel. (elifesciences.org)
These findings provide important insights into the function of CNGCs and reveal how a small change in a channel protein can have far reaching effects on an organism. (elifesciences.org)
This laboratory manual provides state-of-the-art techniques for investigating ion channel properties and function, particularly in the nervous system. (cshlpress.com)
Our group focuses on the investigation of structure-function relationship of light-gated ion-channels (Channelrhodopsins (ChR)) and the recently described class of enzyme-coupled Rhodopsins in particular. (hu-berlin.de)
This dissertation describes three chemical-scale studies of neuroreceptor structure and function. (caltech.edu)
Knowing how form affects function in sodium channels could lead to many new ideas from scientists around the world on designing drugs to home in on critical areas of the sodium channel molecule. (neurosciencenews.com)
From a physiological and pathophysiological point of view, the conformational states of the sodium channel during heart function constitute a significant aspect for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Reconstitution of water channel function and 2D-crystallization of human aquaporin 8. (lu.se)

Anatomy25

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs157

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Receptors18

Pentameric2

Membrane32

Modulation1

Cyclic9

Selectivity7

Mechanism5

Excitable Cells1

Proteins7

Sodium ions5

Conductance6

Pore15

Conduction5

Cryo-electron m6

Permeant ions1

Transmembrane5

Transient receptor2

Electrophysiology2

Influx2

Structural6

Subunit4

Receptor7

Prokaryotic1

Voltage19

Anionic4

Remaining bound1

Molecules2

Crystal5

Synaptic2

Mutations1

Potassium channels3

Bacterial4

Physiological processes2

Chloride2

TRPV12

Calcium7

Cells6

MscL1

Currents1

Defects3

Cell4

Complex3

Functional8

Function11