Stress activates activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

The sensors correspond to three branches of the UPR, namely protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branches. (helsinki.fi)
Since ER stress can cause differential modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways, these were individually tested in 3a-expressing cells. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, we identify activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key chaperone of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as a functional downstream effector of PCDH20. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, AMPK activation was shown to reduce the expression of ER stress markers, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). (diabetescompass.com)
Instead, we found that ADAM17 induction by severe hypoxia can be mimicked by ER stressors such as Thapsigargin and occurs as a consequence of the activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arms of UPR in several tumor cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
Trodusquemine also prevented the Tunicamycin -induced increased arterial levels of the molecular ERS actors 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6α). (crcm-marseille.fr)

As signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation directly regulates retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) γ t, which is the master molecule of Th17, the Janus kinase (JAK)2-STAT3 pathway initiated by IL-6 is essential in the Th17 development. (hindawi.com)
Recent studies have suggested that the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may play a role in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to play a role in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways focused on the plant hormone signal transduction and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
This process activates protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Tunicamycin strongly increased the interactions of PTP1B with GRP78 and the activated forms of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and IRE1α (proximity Ligation Assay). (crcm-marseille.fr)

Only the PERK pathway was found to be activated in 3a-expressing cells based on (1) increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2alpha) and inhibitory effects of a dominant-negative form of eIF2alpha on GRP78 promoter activity, (2) increased translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNA, and (3) ATF4-dependent activation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene promoter. (nih.gov)
As one of three primary UPR effectors, PERK directly phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which consequently inhibits initiation of general translation and reduces ER burden ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Plant/ crop productivity effected by the environmental strains such as water deficit condition (drought), Low temperature (cold), salt and High temperature (heat) these stresses disturb the signal transduction of gene regulatory systems of plants. (scielo.br)

Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
Our results indicated that CmNAC1 is a critical factor in ABA signaling pathways and it can be utilized in transgenic breeding to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops. (frontiersin.org)
One general mechanism of action of phytochemicals that is emerging from recent studies is that they activate adaptive cellular stress response pathways. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Hormetic pathways activated by phytochemicals may involve kinases and transcription factors that induce the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, protein chaperones, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors and other cytoprotective proteins. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Although some beneficial phytochemicals might function solely as antioxidants, it is becoming clear that many of the beneficial chemicals in vegetables, herbs, plants and fruits evolved as toxins (to dissuade insects and other predators) that, at subtoxic doses, activate adaptive cellular stress-response pathways in a variety of cells including neurons. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Examples of such 'preconditioning' or 'neurohormesis' pathways include those involving cell-survival signaling kinases, the transcription factors NRF2 and CREB, and histone deacetylases of the sirtuin family. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Cellular stress pathways are effectively turned off, and the cell returns to a healthy state. (neurodon.net)
At Neurodon, our research works to increase the transport of cellular calcium to restore calcium homeostasis and relieve compromising cellular stress pathways. (neurodon.net)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, which leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) through three transmembrane protein sensors located in the ER membrane. (helsinki.fi)
Cells expressing the 3a proteins showed ER stress based on activation of genes for the ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94. (nih.gov)
As a largest plant-specific transcription factor family, NAC domain proteins play an important role in plant development and regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Several types of cellular stress, including hypoxia ( 8 ), infection ( 9 ), nutrient deprivation ( 10 ), oxidative stress ( 11 ) and dysfunctional calcium homeostasis ( 12 ), may induce accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. (spandidos-publications.com)
In these ways, neurohormetic phytochemicals such as resveratrol, sulforaphanes and curcumin might protect neurons against injury and disease by stimulating the production of antioxidant enzymes, neurotrophic factors, protein chaperones and other proteins that help cells to withstand stress. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum can cause an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response. (biomedcentral.com)
The UPR is activated to help clear misfolded proteins, but a prolonged UPR can lead to cell dysfunction and even cell death. (neurodon.net)

This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. (cancerindex.org)
The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1(U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1(S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. (cancerindex.org)
In particular, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce the accumulation of oxLDL in the ER, as well as to reduce the expression of ER stress-related genes. (diabetescompass.com)
These studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation can reduce the accumulation of oxLDL in the ER, as well as reduce the expression of ER stress-related genes. (diabetescompass.com)
Based on mapping analyses, a total of 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to NaCl and KCl stress in the roots and leaves were identified. (researchsquare.com)
We also screened out 28 candidate genes from 762 DEGs and verified their expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (researchsquare.com)
All of these enriched genes were closely related to NaCl and KCl stress and take part in mediating the Na + and K + homeostasis in M. hupehensis . (researchsquare.com)
This transcriptome analysis provides a valuable resource for elucidating the signaling pathway of NaCl and KCl stress and is a substantial genetic resource for discovering genes related to the NaCl and KCl stress response of M. hupehensis . (researchsquare.com)
Res strongly activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and induced antioxidant response element-dependent cytoprotective genes. (cdc.gov)
however, the biological functions of stress-related NAC genes in this crop are largely unknown. (frontiersin.org)
Plants respond to various stimuli under abiotic or biotic stress condition and express certain genes either structural or regulatory genes which maintain the plant integrity. (scielo.br)
The regulatory genes primarily the transcription factors that exert their activity by binding to certain cis DNA elements and consequently either up regulated or down regulate to target expression. (scielo.br)
Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)

However, if the UPR is activated continuously for a long time, the apoptotic pathway will be triggered, and the cell will die. (helsinki.fi)
IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
Resveratrol inhibits paraquat-induced oxidative stress and fibrogenic response by activating the Nrf2 pathway. (cdc.gov)
The results showed that TsKaSPI could induce apoptosis in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC cells) by activating ERS and promote activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, T. spiralis infection and TsKaSPI can promote cell apoptosis by activating the ERS response in intestinal epithelial cells and activate the NF-κB signalling pathway to promote the occurrence and development of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Disturbance of normal calcium levels triggers the ER stress pathway that leads to cell dysfunction, encompassing impaired signaling, respiration, and protein processing. (neurodon.net)

GmNAC11 and GmNAC20 from soybean are induced by phytohormones and abiotic stress with different transcriptional activities. (frontiersin.org)

Upon ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes and oligomerizes, and its endonuclease domain is activated. (helsinki.fi)
In order to study the regulation or IRE1 branch of the UPR, and to identify the ER-stress-modulating compounds, a human luciferase reporter cell line (XBP1-NLuc) was created in this work. (helsinki.fi)
The reporter was expressed when IRE1 splicing was activated, since the XBP1 intron fragment was fused to the Nano luciferase gene. (helsinki.fi)
The treatments were done with ER stress inducers thapsigargin and tunicamycin, and with IRE1 inhibitors KIRA6 and 4μ8c, or the combination of those. (helsinki.fi)
As expected, ER stress treatment increased the reporter expression, while IRE1 inhibitors decreased the expression of the reporter. (helsinki.fi)
qPCR revealed that the other observed UPR markers were activated as well upon thapsigargin treatment, however, they were not decreased with the treatment with IRE1 specific inhibitors. (helsinki.fi)
In line with XBP1-NLuc cell line, the IRE1-GFP cell line demonstrated an increased oligomerization of IRE1 upon ER stress induction. (helsinki.fi)
Together, the experiments done with cells transfected with CDNF, MANF or MANF mutants, suggested that the tested neurotrophic factors decreased IRE1 oligomerization and its activation. (helsinki.fi)
In conclusion, the XBP1-NLuc reporter cell line provided a reliable reporter of IRE1 endonuclease activity, whose expression is increased during the ER stress. (helsinki.fi)
Due to the effectiveness and accuracy, the XBP1-NLuc cell line can be further used in studying the regulation and activation of IRE1, as well as for the identification of ER-stress modulating molecules, which can be used for development of novel treatments for ER stress associated diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. (helsinki.fi)
The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
In the present study, we demonstrate that IRE1α (also known as ERN1) and its downstream target, XBP1, are activated in skeletal muscle of mice upon injury. (elifesciences.org)

Recently, Th17 was reported to express RANKL itself as well as directly inducing mature osteoclasts via cell-to-cell contact, substantiating its role in inflammatory bone destruction [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
ER stress and UPR are associated with various disorders, such as some types of cancer, diabetes, chronic inflammatory syndromes, and particularly neurodegeneration. (helsinki.fi)
serum aminotransferases, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), glucose and insulin levels. (p450inhibitors.com)
Nrf2 is an antioxidant-activated transcription factor that recently emerged as a critical regulator of cellular defense against oxidative and inflammatory lesions. (cdc.gov)

For example, in Parkinson's disease, it was suggested that prolonged ER stress induces the extensive apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. (helsinki.fi)
The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
If ERS continues or cannot be alleviated, it will cause the production of proapoptotic factors and eventually lead to apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
The results confirmed that TsKaSPI could activate ERS and lead to apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)

ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE) has been initially recognized to release TNFα as well as its receptors (TNFRs) from the membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
After gaining intimate knowledge of the biophysics of SERCA and the subtle conformational changes that lead to enzyme activation, we developed an NRDN platform of synthetic small molecules that promote SERCA activation and relieve ER stress. (neurodon.net)

It is also a major site of cellular stress, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress. (diabetescompass.com)
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a major source of oxidative stress in the body, and its accumulation in the ER can lead to ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). (diabetescompass.com)
Activation of AMPK has been shown to reduce ER stress in response to various stimuli, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. (diabetescompass.com)
These are Essential for us to combat oxidative stress & free radicals produced during oxidative phosphorylation, chronic stress and exposures to radiation & pollution. (psychosocialsomatic.com)

This allows a complete translation of spliced XBP1 mRNA into a functional protein that acts as a transcription factor. (helsinki.fi)
The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1(S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)
ATF4, CHOP and VEGF mRNA expression levels were assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, GSK2606414 treatment inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation and reduced CHOP and VEGF mRNA expression levels in RPE cells under TG‑induced ER stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) was important to maintain basal ADAM17 mRNA levels during moderate hypoxia, it was not sufficient to induce ADAM17 levels under severe hypoxia. (ox.ac.uk)

Both cell lines were used to test the effect of neurotrophic factors CDNF, MANF, and MANF mutant isomers on the UPR with and without tunicamycin treatment. (helsinki.fi)

Crops are affected by all kinds of abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, heat, and salinity stress that could lead toward extensive production losses worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
Drought and salinity stress severally affected in similar manner to plant and the leading cause of reduction in crop yield. (scielo.br)

Drought, cold and salinity are the major environmental stresses that limit agricultural productivity. (frontiersin.org)
Plants are being sessile in nature it can't move from one place to other places and contentiously exposed by extensive array of environmental stresses like as water deficit condition (drought), low temperature (cold), salt and high temperature (heat) etc. (scielo.br)

Furthermore, the ectopic expression (EE) of CmNAC1 in Arabidopsis led to ABA hypersensitivity and enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought and cold stress. (frontiersin.org)
The NAC domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis function in plant development, senescence, and stress regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Progress has been made to better understand about effect of regulons (AREB/ABF, DREB, MYB, and NAC) under abiotic stresses and a number of regulons reported for stress responsive and used as a better transgenic tool of Arabidopsis and Rice. (scielo.br)

The steady deterioration of the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin with age is caused by a combination of factors including reduced cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and changes in epidermal morphology (Crane 2015). (ernolaszlo.com)

DNMT3A expression is downregulated in intestinal epithelial cells from IBD patients and upon tumor necrosis factor treatment in murine intestinal organoids. (nature.com)
PCDH20 is an essential factor in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and barrier integrity. (biomedcentral.com)

The findings demonstrate that Res attenuates PQ-induced ROS production, inflammation, and fibrotic reactions by activating Nrf2 signaling. (cdc.gov)

Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β and IL-6 primes initial differentiation and IL-23 promotes functional maturation of Th17 cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

Abiotic stress is the key cause of crop hammering globally, reducing average yields of most of the major crop plants. (scielo.br)
Under the influence of abiotic stress plant change their molecular and physiological fine tuning and try to cope up and maintain the molecular and physiological disturbance which obtained from stress environment. (scielo.br)

At 6 h post-incision, NETO2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) intrathecal pretreatment increased mechanical withdrawal thresholds to von Freys and decreased ipsilateral paw cumulative pain scores. (bvsalud.org)
Further, PKCÎ³activation and synaptic abundance of GluK2 and GluR1 subunits in the ipsilateral DH were decreased by intrathecal pretreatment with NETO2 siRNA at 6 h post-incision. (bvsalud.org)

Although the exact molecular mechanism of the RA pathogenesis remains elusive, proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukin- (IL-) 1 β and autoreactive T cells are known to play central roles in the development and progression of RA [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

This leads to aberrant Ca 2+ handling, and subsequently ER stress as well as pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and death. (neurodon.net)

These data provide a novel link between severe hypoxic stress conditions and inflammation in the tumor environment. (ox.ac.uk)

Transformation of ESR into the cell stress augments reception in the domain responsible for binding the endo- and exogenous ligands of sigma 1 receptor chaperon protein (Sigma1R) [1] responsible for adaptive reactions [8]. (epiphanyasd.com)

AMPK is a key regulator of energy metabolism in the cell, and its activation has been shown to reduce ER stress and the UPR. (diabetescompass.com)
In order to further explore the role of AMPK activation in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL, several in vivo studies have been conducted. (diabetescompass.com)
Overall, these studies suggest that AMPK activation may play a role in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which AMPK activation can reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL, as well as to determine the potential therapeutic implications of this finding. (diabetescompass.com)
This review aims to investigate the potential benefits of AMPK activation in reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
In vivo studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation can reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
In conclusion, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
Further studies are needed to determine the exact mechanisms by which AMPK activation reduces ER stress and to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of AMPK activation in reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
This study aimed to investigate the impact of AMPK activation on ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
To this end, a mouse model was used to examine the effects of AMPK activation on ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
ER Stress and Protein Misfolding in Autism (and IP3R again) and perhaps what to do about it - Activation of Sigma-1 Chaperone Activity by Afobazole? (epiphanyasd.com)
The unfolded protein response controls induction and activation of ADAM17/TACE by severe hypoxia and ER stress. (ox.ac.uk)

Age-related and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent a source of cellular stress due to their disruptive effect on normal physiological processes and, therefore, can induce premature senescence ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
However at the relatively small doses ingested by humans that consume the plants, the phytochemicals are not toxic and instead induce mild cellular stress responses. (psychosocialsomatic.com)

AMPK is a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and is activated by increases in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. (diabetescompass.com)
Stress is formally defined as a state of threatened homeostasis provoked by a psychological, environmental, or physiologic stressor. (ernolaszlo.com)
It is sensitive to salt stress, which seriously affects the growth and productivity of apple trees by destroying the homeostasis of Na + and K + . Previous studies focused on the molecular mechanism underlying NaCl stress. (researchsquare.com)
Loss of calcium homeostasis and ER stress via dysfunctional SERCA is a known contributor of damage to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), the site of Parkinson's in the brain. (neurodon.net)

Additionally, severe hypoxia and ER stress activated ADAM17 and ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 involving mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (ox.ac.uk)

In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
ADAM17 expression was also increased in xenografts displaying ER stress because of treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitory antibody Bevacizumab. (ox.ac.uk)

Extracellular stimuli that activate cell surface receptors modulate glucocorticoid actions via as yet unclear mechanisms. (rupress.org)

ARPE‑19 human RPE cells were treated with 0.01‑50 µM GSK2606414, and ER stress was induced by thapsigargin (TG) treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)

Western blot analysis was used to measure eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation levels. (spandidos-publications.com)

and CD8 + T cells play a major role as beta cell killers [ 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)
Although the precise underlying mechanisms of AMD are not fully understood, numerous lines of evidence have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to the etiology of RPE cell damage and neovascularization formation ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
J Cell Biol (2005) 169 (6): 885-896. (rupress.org)

No significant difference among the tested neurotrophic factors was observed. (helsinki.fi)

The ageing process is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis via aberrant genome maintenance and systemic inflammation that result in tissue damage and occurrence of unfavourable genome modifications ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Senescence is a stress-response cellular state characterised by proliferative arrest but active metabolism ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

As hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer that can lead to severe stress conditions accumulating in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), we investigated the role of these stress conditions in the regulation of ADAM17 and release of TNFR1.We found that severe hypoxia induced ADAM17 expression and activity. (ox.ac.uk)
Collectively, these results show that ADAM17 is a novel UPR-regulated gene in response to severe hypoxia and ER stress, which is actively involved in the release of TNFR1 under these conditions. (ox.ac.uk)

The Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched in ion transmembrane transporter and oxidoreductase activity under NaCl and KCl stress. (researchsquare.com)
These transcription factors are known as masters regulators because its single transcript regulate more than one gene, in this context the regulon word is fascinating more in compass of transcription factors. (scielo.br)
In this disturbance the maintenance involve the gene expression under the stress either in the form of structural gene or regulatory. (scielo.br)

Transactivation assay in yeast cells revealed that CmNAC1 functions as a transcription activator, and its transactivation domain is located in the C-terminus. (frontiersin.org)

It cannot be excluded that the anxiolytic effect of Afobazole is accompanied by up-regulation of Sigma1R chaperone functions, because this drug normalizes the stress-induced down-regulation of reception in benzodiazepine site of GABAA receptor [6]. (epiphanyasd.com)

The emotional stress reaction (ESR) in these animals is associated with weaker binding capacity of the benzodiazepine site in GABAA receptor [6]. (epiphanyasd.com)

In 2020, global CRC cases increased by 6%, with a mortality rate of 29 per 100,000 people in men and 20 per 100,000 people in women ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a major mechanism that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum. (elifesciences.org)
The defense response mechanism of M. hupehensis to salt stress remains unclear. (researchsquare.com)

Specific pathogen-free (SPF) 6-8-week-old female BALB/c mice ( n = 100 in total) were purchased from Harbin Medical University. (biomedcentral.com)

We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)

In this review, we briefly summarize the pathogenesis of NAFLD and factors that influence the progression of NAFLD, and focus on the potential mechanisms of BBR in the treatment of NAFLD. (mdpi.com)
By targeting the source of this stress, we aim to provide disease-modifying effects that slow down the progression of diseases. (neurodon.net)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

ATF66

Kinase7

PERK3

Signal Transduction1

Pathways8

Proteins7

Genes13

Pathway6

Transcriptional1

IRE113

Inflammatory4

Apoptosis4

Enzyme2

Oxidative stress4

MRNA5

Tunicamycin1

Salinity stress2

Environmental stresses2

Arabidopsis3

Collagen1

Epithelial2

Nrf21

Differentiation1

Abiotic stress2

SiRNA2

Cytokines1

Pancreatic1

Tumor1

Transformation1

Activation12

Cellular stress2

Homeostasis4

Kinases1

Vascular endoth2

Stimuli1

Thapsigargin1

Eukaryotic initia1

Cell5

Neurotrophic factors1

Inflammation1

Metabolism1

Hypoxia2

Gene3

Activator1

Regulation1

Receptor1

20201

Mechanism2

Mice1

Functional1

Progression2