Strain of poliovirus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Prospects for the eradication program were evaluated, with particular emphasis being placed on why certain countries still have not succeeding in interrupting wild-type transmission of poliovirus. (springer.com)

containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) subsequent to the certified eradication of wild type poliovirus (WPV) type 2 in 2015 ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks* occur when transmission of Sabin strain poliovirus is prolonged in underimmunized populations, allowing viral genetic reversion to neurovirulence, resulting in cases of paralytic polio ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Use Listing procedure authorized limited use of type 2 novel OPV (nOPV2), a vaccine modified to be more genetically stable than the Sabin strain, for cVDPV2 outbreak response ( 3 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The first (day 11) isolate contained two subpopulations, equally divergent from the Sabin 1 vaccine strain (by 10% of VP1 nucleotides), and differing from each other by 6% of VP1 nucleotides. (cdc.gov)
In the 1950s, Albert Sabin noticed that not all strains of poliovirus infected monkeys when exposed. (vox.com)
Early on, Sabin held that one particular strain Salk had used-a highly virulent strain called Mahoney - would be hard to kill and thus dangerous. (technologyreview.com)
In the 1950s, scientists like Doctors Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin had isolated the poliovirus strains to make vaccines. (ronpaulforums.com)
Dr. Sabin s strains would be attenuated or weakened by transferring or passaging[2] the live viruses through different host cells and then fed to children orally. (ronpaulforums.com)
Because his goal was to create a live attenuated vaccine, Dr. Sabin had to isolate the poliovirus strains and then passage the strains through a myriad of host cells in order to attain the right virulence strong enough to illicit an immune response, but weak enough so as to not cause polio in the recipient. (ronpaulforums.com)
The Sabin poliovirus vaccines, which have so far been the mainstay of the polio eradication effort, comprise infectious viruses that are taken orally. (virology.ws)
Because India has been using Sabin poliovirus vaccines intensely for many years, there is no doubt that vaccine-derived polioviruses are circulating in that country. (virology.ws)
Even if wild polioviruses disappeared from the globe, as long as Sabin vaccines are used, vaccine-derived polioviruses will circulate. (virology.ws)
The solution to this conundrum is to switch to Salk's inactivated poliovirus vaccine and wait for the Sabin-derived strains to disappear. (virology.ws)
The GAP IV describes the safe handling requirements and community safeguards on the principles of a biorisk management system : the Biorisk Management Standard for Poliovirus-essential Facilities Holding Wild and/or Sabin/OPV Poliovirus Materials. (biosafety.be)
In a recent study published in eClinicalMedicine, researchers assessed the immune persistence of the Sabin strain-derived inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) compared to wild poliovirus seed strains (wIPV) in children. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
This suggests that using attenuated Sabin strains to prepare inactivated poliovirus vaccines, such as sIPV, could be a viable option for preventing poliomyelitis. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains. (who.int)
The ful data concerning the history of attenuated poliovirus strains developed by one of us (Sabin, 1965) for vaccine production do not appear in a single journal. (who.int)
Prior poliovirus transmission modeling of globally-coordinated type-specific cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) assumed creation of Sabin monovalent OPV (mOPV) stockpiles for emergencies and explored the potential need to restart OPV if the world reached a specified cumulative threshold number of cases after OPV cessation. (cdc.gov)
All isolates differed from the Sabin type 2 reference strain by 6-13 nucleotide changes, and all were detected in the National Capital Region and Region 4, which had conducted supplementary immunization activities. (who.int)
Among the three Sabin strains in the OPV, and 3. (who.int)
In April 2016, the poliovirus type 2 Sabin strain was ability to interrupt transmission of poliovirus by inducing removed from the trivalent OPV during the global switch mucosal immunity. (who.int)

IPV is much more expensive than OPV, requires trained healthcare workers and sterile equipment and procedures because it is an injectable vaccine, and is generally less effective than OPV in preventing the spread of poliovirus. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, cVDPV strains 'are a major challenge to accomplishing this goal,' as they promote community spread of poliovirus, which can only be combatted with OPV, thus perpetuating the cycle. (asm.org)
When polio vaccines were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, they led to a dramatic decrease in the spread of poliovirus, eliminating the disease in many countries. (unfoundation.org)
Alipon et al mucosal immunity to stop the spread of poliovirus, and From June 2019 to March 2021, a further 20 at the time of the switch, there was a severe shortage stool samples from 13 AFP cases, two contacts of AFP of the IPV so that large cohorts of newborns were left cases and five healthy children, plus 23 environmental unvaccinated. (who.int)

Discussion also centred on the role of inactivated poliovirus vaccines in the eradication program and the maintenance of a poliovirus-free world, whenever this goal should be achieved. (springer.com)
Two types of poliovirus vaccines are currently licensed in the United States: oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). (ihs.gov)
How were the "inactivated" (IPV) and "oral" (OPV) poliovirus vaccines made? (chop.edu)
Inactivated and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccines contain either formalin- inactivated or live, attenuated poliovirus, respectively, of the three serotypes. (who.int)
New combination vaccines should induce similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibody in serum for individual protection against paralytic disease and mucosal immunity that effectively decreases viral replication in the intestine and pharynx for population protection against transmission of poliovirus. (who.int)
Studies of population genetics have also created opportunities for strain identification and molecular taxonomy and for exploring the relationship between genetic diversity and properties of medical relevance such as virulence, resistance to drugs, antigenic variation, susceptibility to potential vaccines, and host and vector specificity. (bio.net)
With polio cases caused by wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three types (1, 2 and 3) reported in 2022, the number, formulation, and use of poliovirus vaccines poses challenges for national immunization programs and vaccine suppliers. (cdc.gov)
We develop updated decision trees of national immunization options for poliovirus vaccines considering different possibilities for OPV restart. (cdc.gov)

The ultimate goal of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is the cessation of all poliovirus circulation. (cdc.gov)
Through effective use of OPV, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has brought wild polioviruses to the threshold of eradication ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

The temporary recommendations contained advice on measures to reduce the risk of international spread of wild poliovirus, such as declaring and managing the event as a national public health emergency and vaccinating travellers from affected countries against poliomyelitis. (who.int)
By 7 December 2014, 316 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis from wild poliovirus were reported globally compared to 355 for the same period in 2013. (who.int)
Polioviruses can cause poliomyelitis , which causes muscle paralysis. (medscape.com)
Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. (wikipedia.org)
Recently completed molecular studies of poliovirus isolates suggest that viral replication of vaccine-related polioviruses may have persisted for as long as 7 years in a patient with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in whom common variable immunodeficiency syndrome (CVID) previously had been diagnosed. (cdc.gov)
Just over hundred years ago, Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper identified a virus, later termed poliovirus, as the causative agent of poliomyelitis. (springer.com)
In 1909, Landsteiner and Popper reported the identification of a virus, subsequently called poliovirus (PV), as the causative agent of poliomyelitis [ 20 ]. (springer.com)
[2] However, the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of the vaccine virus that has reverted to causing poliomyelitis, has led to the development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) which aims to make the vaccine safer and thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV2. (wikipedia.org)
Polio, or poliomyelitis , is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. (unfoundation.org)
C.04.123 Poliomyelitis vaccine shall be prepared in acceptable tissue culture medium from strains of poliomyelitis virus proven capable of producing vaccine of acceptable potency. (gc.ca)
After certification of eradication of all types of WPV and oral poliomyelitis vaccination (OPV) cessation, facilities that will continue to handle poliovirus materials represent the most significant threat to maintaining global eradication. (biosafety.be)
Vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare adverse event associated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (who.int)
Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection of the and regain its neurovirulence, causing paralysis and nervous system caused by poliovirus types 1, 2 outbreaks. (who.int)

types 1 and 3) in April 2016, preceded by introduction of at least 1 dose of injectable inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization schedules in countries with higher risk for VDPV2 emergence and spread ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
A rare vaccine-derived version of the poliovirus is affecting African countries with low immunization coverage, particularly among remote communities and those experiencing migration or conflict. (who.int)
Countries not already using IPV have also been asked to start routinely using the vaccine in their national immunization programs to further reduce risk from removing the OPV type 2 strain. (cdc.gov)
These vaccine-derived polioviruses also cause new outbreaks in communities that have spotty immunization coverage and poor sanitation. (vox.com)
however, epidemics could occur if the high immunity level of the general population is not maintained by immunizing children routinely or If wild poliovirus is introduced into susceptible populations in communities with low immunization levels. (ihs.gov)
Since most humans are immunized against poliovirus, Toyoda and his colleagues needed to know whether such immunization would interfere with the use of the virus in tumor therapy. (eurekalert.org)
Once their strains were isolated, pharmaceutical companies needed a method to propagate the viruses in order to produce the vast quantities of vaccine needed for nation-wide immunization campaigns. (ronpaulforums.com)
Immunization efforts in India must not decline, because wild-type and vaccine-derived polioviruses continue to circulate and pose a threat to any unimmunized individual. (virology.ws)
We describe the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus unrelated to the outbreak detected after supplementary immunization activities using the monovalent type 2 OPV. (who.int)
To prevent the emergence and further spread of cVDPV type 2, several interventions could be implemented including optimizing outbreak responses by using the monovalent type 2 OPV, accelerating the availability of the novel type 2 OPV, strengthening routine immunization using inactivated polio vaccine and eventually replacing OPV with inactivated poliovirus vaccine for routine immunization. (who.int)

However, OPV use, particularly in areas with low routine vaccination coverage, is associated with the emergence of genetically divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) whose genetic drift from the parental OPV strains indicates prolonged replication or circulation ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Since then, substantial progress has been made in vaccination and surveillance and, by the end of the year, 19 of the 23 EMR countries are expected to have interrupted poliovirus transmission. (cdc.gov)
Iran and Tunisia conducted targeted subnational campaigns in provinces at risk for poliovirus importation and/or with suboptimal vaccination coverage, and NIDs have not been considered necessary in Cyprus. (cdc.gov)
His vaccination history included three doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine administered during 1964-1965 and four doses of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) administered during 1967-1974. (cdc.gov)
For example, vaccine-related poliovirus has been recovered from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient 1 year after vaccination and continually from stools of two patients for durations of 21 months and 31 months, respectively, after vaccination (3). (cdc.gov)
In very rare instances, those weakened strains can replicate and change over long periods while circulating in communities with low vaccination coverage and eventually regain the ability to cause paralysis. (cdc.gov)
Once global interruption of wild poliovirus occurs, OPV will be completely removed from vaccination programs around the world and IPV will become the only polio vaccine in use. (cdc.gov)
A primary vaccination series with either vaccine produces immunity to all three types of poliovirus in more than 95 percent of recipients. (ihs.gov)
Interruption of person-to-person transmission of the virus by vaccination is important in global polio eradication , [15] since no long-term carrier state exists for poliovirus in individuals with normal immune function, polio viruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature, [16] and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of time appears to be remote. (wikipedia.org)
understand the history of polio in the U.S. and globally, describe polioviruses, understand the incubation period and transmission of poliovirus, and understand the impact of polio vaccination and the different types of vaccine. (cdc.gov)
According to the researchers, any viral particles that make it to the bloodstream would be destroyed by antibodies created through poliovirus vaccination. (eurekalert.org)
In a quest to have preventive vaccination outrun the wild polio virus globally, a variety of informative campaigns were launched this year, primarily raising the number of awareness programs and vaccination drives in the last two countries that continue their fight against poliovirus: Afghanistan and Pakistan. (dawn.com)
Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: Poliovirus vaccination. (who.int)

Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) can emerge in settings with low poliovirus population immunity and cause paralysis. (cdc.gov)
In the United States inapparent Infection with wild poliovirus strains no longer contributes significantly to establishing or maintaining immunity. (ihs.gov)
One dose of OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in roughly 50% of recipients. (wikipedia.org)
OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine , the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic . (wikipedia.org)
The oral vaccine contains a weakened form of the poliovirus that induces immunity. (unfoundation.org)
Upon replication in the intestinal tract, the vaccine strains confer immunity to infection, but they also revert and become capable of causing paralysis. (virology.ws)
The study aimed to determine the duration of immunity conferred by sIPV and its potential as an alternative to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
BACKGROUND: To inform response strategies, we examined type 1 humoral and intestinal immunity induced by 1) one fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) dose given with monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1), and 2) mOPV1 versus bivalent OPV (bOPV). (cdc.gov)
2. 5 The expanding global cohort of children without the and NCR and other regions, including Regions 3, 7, 10, immunity against poliovirus type 2 that would prevent 11 and 12. (who.int)

There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3. (wikipedia.org)
Indeed, of the 3 serotypes of wild poliovirus (the causative agent of the disease), only type 1 remains in Afghanistan and Pakistan , the 2 countries where polio (i.e., wild poliovirus) is still endemic. (asm.org)
Interference among the three attenuated poliovirus serotypes was minimized with a 'balanced- formulation' vaccine, and serologic responses after IPV were optimized by adjusting the antigenic content of each inactivated poliovirus serotype. (who.int)

Once the WHO African region is certified to have eradicated wild poliovirus, five of the six WHO regions, representing over 90% of the world's population - would be free of the wild poliovirus. (who.int)
The wild poliovirus hadn't been detected in either country for 30 years, and the entire African region was certified free of the wild poliovirus in 2020. (unfoundation.org)

Since the 2016 removal of type 2 strains from the OPV, vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks have occurred in communities that are immunologically naive to poliovirus type 2 and in areas with recent use of monovalent OPV. (who.int)

Recent polio outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic countries stem from poliovirus strains originally contained in OPV, called circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) . (asm.org)
Of the 3 types of cVDPV, type 2 strains (cVDPV2) are responsible for over 90% of vaccine-associated outbreaks worldwide . (asm.org)
Despite these achievements, the continuing circulation of WPV1 and outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) present significant obstacles to overcome, before total eradication can be reached. (biosafety.be)
Wild poliovirus type 2 vaccine-associated paralytic polio and 90% of all cases was last seen in 1999 and was certified as eradicated of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). (who.int)

This outbreak was fol- phylogenetic relationships of recent HEV71 strains to earlier lowed by large outbreaks in Taiwan in 1998, caused by strains from Asia and other parts of the world have been genogroup C2, and in Perth (Western Australia) in 1999, where described (15-19). (cdc.gov)
However, HEV71 strains isolated from children with severe low, unlike earlier outbreaks in Bulgaria in 1975 (7) and neurologic disease during the Perth epidemic belonged to Hungary in 1978 (8). (cdc.gov)
Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), genetically divergent strains from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), fall into three classifications: 1) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) from outbreaks, 2) immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) from patients with primary immunodeficiencies, and 3) ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs) that cannot be more definitively identified. (cdc.gov)
In addition, circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) ( 3 ) can emerge in areas with low OPV coverage and can cause outbreaks of paralytic polio. (cdc.gov)
This groundbreaking discovery simultaneously provided the basis for the measures that today prevent the outbreaks of the terrible epidemics caused by poliovirus. (springer.com)
Such vaccine-derived polioviruses circulate and can cause outbreaks of polio. (virology.ws)
If polio vaccine coverage drops, there will be outbreaks of polio caused by vaccine-derived strains. (virology.ws)

Most people infected with poliovirus will not experience any symptoms, and around 25% of people infected will experience flu-like symptoms. (unfoundation.org)
Most people infected with poliovirus are asymptomatic, but 24% develop mild disease, 1% to 5% develop aseptic meningitis , and 0.1% to 0.5% develop paralytic polio with lifelong morbidity. (medscape.com)

2). HEV71 is closely related to coxsackie virus A16 (CA16), mined that these recent strains were from the genogroups B and the other major causative agent of HFMD, but unlike CA16, C, based on the nomenclature of Brown et al. (cdc.gov)

Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 was declared in September 2015, and wild poliovirus type 3 has not been detected since 2012. (cdc.gov)
In 2015, with the Global Action Plan III (GAP III) the WHO defined a strategy to minimize poliovirus facility-associated risk after type-specific eradication of wild polioviruses (WPV) and sequential cessation of routine OPV (oral polio vaccine) use. (biosafety.be)

In the March 15 issue of Cancer Research, researchers from Stony Brook University report that an attenuated -- or non-virulent -- form of poliovirus is effective in obliterating neuroblastoma tumors in mice, even when the mice had been previously vaccinated against the virus. (eurekalert.org)
No. The type of poliovirus detected in Jerusalem, London, and New York is a form of poliovirus called circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, which is not the same as the wild poliovirus detected in Malawi and Mozambique. (unfoundation.org)

Plan 20132018, especially global readiness for the coordinated withdrawal of the type 2 component in oral poliovirus vaccine scheduled for April 2016. (who.int)

However, the children at the Watson Home received only one type of vaccine matching the strain of their original polio infection. (si.edu)
An explanation of how stool samples are transported over such a distance starts with why: monitoring children under 15 years of age for signs of AFP, which is the most common sign of poliovirus infection. (polioeradication.org)
Given the increased interest for novel HRV strain identification and their worldwide distribution, we have carried out clinical and molecular diagnosis of HRV strains in a 2-year study of children with acute respiratory infection visiting one district hospital in Shanghai. (plos.org)

The vaccine-derived strain of poliovirus is connected to the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is the main vaccine used in polio eradication efforts around the world. (unfoundation.org)

Currently, wild poliovirus type 1 transmission has been identified only in Afghanistan and Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
On 5 May 2014, the Director-General declared the international spread of wild poliovirus a public health emergency of international concern and issued temporary recommendations to reduce risk. (who.int)
Six countries met the criteria for States infected with wild poliovirus but not currently exporting: Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria and Somalia. (who.int)
On 13 November, the temporary recommendations were supplemented with specific measures for Pakistan because of escalating wild poliovirus transmission in that country and the ongoing cross-border exportation of the virus into Afghanistan. (who.int)
1 WHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus. (who.int)
All the cases were caused by wild poliovirus type 1 and the majority (85%) were in Pakistan, where intense transmission was ongoing. (who.int)
Progress was also reported by countries in which there had been either cases or transmission following a wild poliovirus importation in 2013 and 2014, and which had implemented outbreak response measures. (who.int)
In contrast, each subpopulation differed from wild type 1 poliovirus isolates by 19%-24% of VP1 nucleotides. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore the epidemic in Yemen appeared to have come to an end with the last case reported in early February 2006, and the outbreak in Somalia seemed to be on the decline, with the number of cases of wild poliovirus decreasing from 11 in January 2006 to 2 cases each in July and August. (who.int)
In 2020, a significant milestone is expected for polio eradication and global health: the certification of the WHO African Region as free of wild poliovirus. (who.int)
In 2019, Nigeria, last polio-endemic country in Africa, passed three consecutive years without any trace of wild poliovirus, opening the door for the official regional certification process to conclude. (who.int)
IPV was developed in 1952 at the University of Pittsburgh, and contains chemically killed wild poliovirus strains. (cdc.gov)
OPV contains weakened strains of all three wild poliovirus types and largely replaced IPV for decades. (cdc.gov)
The type 2 strain in OPV is no longer needed as the type 2 wild poliovirus was certified as having been globally eradicated in September 2015. (cdc.gov)
T he last wild version of Type 2 poliovirus was seen in India in 1999. (vox.com)
However, for adults who have not had a primary series and are at greater- risk than the general population of exposure to wild polioviruses because of foreign travel or health occupation, IPV Is preferred since the risk of OPV-associated paralysis is slightly higher In adults than in children. (ihs.gov)
Travelers to areas where wild poliovirus is epidemic or endemic should have completed a primary series of poliovirus vaccine. (ihs.gov)
Health-care personnel in close contact with patients who may be excreting wild polioviruses, and laboratory personnel handling specimens that may contain wild polioviruses, should have completed a primary series of poliovirus vaccine. (ihs.gov)
Wild strains of type 2 polio were eradicated globally in 1999. (wgbh.org)
When a child is infected with wild poliovirus, the virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. (dawn.com)
Wild poliovirus is the term used to describe the naturally occurring form of polio. (unfoundation.org)
The only way to stop both wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus is to make sure that children everywhere are vaccinated. (unfoundation.org)
Wild polioviruses - those that have always been circulating in nature - continue to cause disease in Afghanistan and Pakistan, two countries close to India. (virology.ws)
That would leave the regions of Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean as the last known reservoirs of wild poliovirus. (virology.ws)
Wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) and type 3 (WPV3) have been eradicated globally, in 2015 and 2019 respectively. (biosafety.be)

Interaction of poliovirus and CD155 facilitates an irreversible conformational change of the viral particle necessary for viral entry. (wikipedia.org)
Fauci says there is a trend in microbial research now to develop catch-all drugs like a universal flu vaccine that would protect against all strains of influenza, and DRACO, with its potential to target and eliminate all types of viral infections. (voanews.com)
The Stony Brook researchers took advantage of this viral property by injecting a stable, attenuated strain of poliovirus directly into neuroblastoma tumors transplanted into 12 mice engineered to contract polio. (eurekalert.org)
A tamed poliovirus represents a significant step in finding viral treatments that can kill tumors without harming patients," said Hidemi Toyoda, M.D., Ph.D., a pediatrician and postdoctoral research fellow in Stony Brook's Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology. (eurekalert.org)
Based on the properties of the synthetic poliovirus, Wimmer created the highly attenuated virus used in this study by substituting a single nucleotide, located in a functionally important portion of the viral RNA genome called a "spacer region", with an essential regulatory gene removed from elsewhere in the viral genome. (eurekalert.org)
C.04.130 No fabricator shall permit the introduction of any bacterial or viral cultures other than those used in the manufacture of poliovirus vaccine, live, oral on any premises that are used for the manufacture of poliovirus vaccine, live, oral. (gc.ca)
Enterovirus infections affect many parts of the body and may be caused by any of several different viral strains. (msdmanuals.com)

The culprits behind polio cases in multiple countries, including Ukraine and Yemen , and the strains isolated from the U.K. sewage , have been identified as cVDPV2. (asm.org)
A trigger for setting a definite date for global OPV2 withdrawal will be the absence of all persistent circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses type 2 (cVDPV2) for at least six months. (biosafety.be)

A full-genome evolutionary analysis of 2019-nCoV published in The Lancet concluded, "recombination is probably not the reason for emergence of this virus" since it seems that the Wuhan Strain isn't a mosaic of previously known coronaviruses, but instead draws from distant, discrete parts of the coronavirus family tree - not how these viruses naturally evolve. (algora.com)

The most recently detected poliovirus genetically linked to the cVDPV1 emergence (PHL-NCR-2) § circulating during the previous reporting period was found in environmental surveillance samples (sewage) in Malaysia during March 2020 ( 3 ) ( Table ) ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
To meet these challenges, the scientific community needs to be able to rapidly identify infectious agents in a manner that allows discrimination of closely related strains and species, and to use genetic information for studying evolution, emergence, and dispersal of these pathogens. (bio.net)
After use of the monovalent vaccine, the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus unrelated to the outbreak virus was detected in healthy children and environmental samples. (who.int)
1 However, in underimmunized to bivalent OPV to stop the emergence of VDPV from populations, the weakened vaccine virus from OPV may poliovirus type 2. (who.int)

Genetically modified L20B (Mouse) and RD (Human Rhabdomyosarcoma) cell lines are commonly used in poliovirus research, surveillance, and diagnostics. (bvsalud.org)

Those who are infected with poliovirus can have paralytic polio or nonparalytic polio, where a person can present with constitutional, respiratory, or gastrointestinal symptoms only. (cdc.gov)

This vial is labeled for the Mahoney strain (Type I). (si.edu)
Poliovirus type 1 was isolated from each specimen. (cdc.gov)
A large majority of the vaccine-derived cases, over 90%, are caused by a mutated form of the type 2 strain in OPV. (cdc.gov)
The Polio Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 requires all countries switch from OPV with 3 poliovirus types to OPV with 2 poliovirus types, which removes the type 2 strain from OPV. (cdc.gov)
the vaccine contains weakened forms of the three main polioviruses - Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. (vox.com)
There are signs that one type of poliovirus is gone and transmission of other strains seems to be slowing. (wgbh.org)
However, a new strain of vaccine-derived polio emerged because the vaccine continued to contain the old type 2 virus and it managed to spread to people who weren't adequately immunized against it. (wgbh.org)
Poliovirus is a type of anaerobe virus and consists of an RNA genome enclosed in a capsid. (cdc.gov)
For example, Type I has the following lineage: In 1941, Drs. Francis and Mack isolated the Mahoney poliovirus from the pooled feces of three healthy children in Cleveland. (ronpaulforums.com)
The long-term goal of GAP III was to ensure that no accidental release of poliovirus type 2 occurs after type-specific eradication. (biosafety.be)
With this aim GAP III provides a framework for facilities who handle and/or store stocks of poliovirus type 2 with due regard for biorisk management (addressing biosafety and biosecurity aspects). (biosafety.be)
WHO will release bi-weekly on its Containment of Polioviruses webpages an updated sets of keypoints regarding the containment of the Poliovirus type 2 materials and a map illustrating the reported global progress on the completion of the phase I of GAPIII. (biosafety.be)
Type 2 poliovirus disease was eradicated in 1999, and progress toward the elimination of types 1 and 3 has been impressive. (medscape.com)
This report describes the detection of this poliovirus in the Philippines after use of the monovalent type 2 OPV for outbreak response. (who.int)

The polio virus exists in hundreds of different strains, all of which fall into three major types. (si.edu)
The Mahoney strain of the polio virus was isolated in 1941 from three children in the Mahoney family of Akron, Ohio. (si.edu)
Earlier this month, the WHO warned that Peshawar has the world's largest reservoir of polio virus and that 90 percent of Pakistani polio cases last year were linked to a strain of the disease found in Peshawar's sewers. (undispatch.com)
Thanks to the dedicated research of microbiologist Jonas Salk, the year 1955 witnessed the development of a vaccine containing a dead strain of the polio virus. (infobasepublishing.com)

We've cured H1N1 influenza, two different strains. (voanews.com)

So far we've cured the common cold, four different strains of the rhinovirus,' he said. (voanews.com)
Enterovirus infections may be caused by different strains in this group of viruses. (msdmanuals.com)

It begins with a humble stool sample - a thumb-sized smudge of poop - taken from a child with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), then delivered to the nearest laboratory that can test the sample specifically for poliovirus. (polioeradication.org)
Polio is caused by the poliovirus , a serotype of the Enterovirus C species and member of the Picornaviridae family, which resides in the gut and throat but can invade the nervous system to cause paralysis. (asm.org)

Poliovirus that was grown in these cells was so "weakened" that, after it was swallowed, it induced an immune response but didn't cause disease. (chop.edu)

Some strains of enterovirus also cause a generalized, nonitchy rash on the skin or sores inside the mouth. (msdmanuals.com)

Polioviruses isolated from specimens obtained after day 11 were derived from only one subpopulation. (cdc.gov)

There are three immunologically distinct strains of poliovirus. (medscape.com)

The WHO researchers say that 90 percent of the polio cases in Pakistan can be traced back to the highly contagious strain found in Peshawar, and unless transmissions are curbed in Peshawar, the virus could spread, threatening global eradication efforts. (undispatch.com)

However, there is another, lesser known but equally important process that must also take place to halt transmission of the poliovirus. (polioeradication.org)
Eradicating polio requires immunizing every child until transmission stops and the world is free of all forms of poliovirus. (who.int)
Additionally, poliovirus was recently isolated from wastewater in the U.K, with suspected transmission among children. (asm.org)
Transmission electron microscope image of poliovirus particles. (asm.org)
While IPV does an excellent job at protecting individuals from paralytic disease, it cannot stop community transmission of poliovirus-but OPV can. (asm.org)

VDPVs are polioviruses whose genetic divergence from the parental OPV strains indicates prolonged replication or circulation ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Editorial Note: Although the replication of poliovirus in immunocompetent persons is of limited duration (ranging from several days to 3 months) (1), poliovirus may replicate in immunodeficient persons for considerably longer periods (2). (cdc.gov)
in poliovirus (PV), the interaction between the RNA replication complex and intracellular membranes appears to be accomplished by proteins 3A and 2C, which have membrane-binding properties ( 11 , 60 ). (asm.org)

In 1981, the poliovirus genome was published by two different teams of researchers: by Vincent Racaniello and David Baltimore at MIT and by Naomi Kitamura and Eckard Wimmer at Stony Brook University. (wikipedia.org)

In 1999, the regional reported coverage with at least three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) by age 1 year was 83% (range: 18%--100%), compared with 82% in 1998. (cdc.gov)

A complete vaccine must contain a strain from each of these three types. (si.edu)
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (contains seven types of the bacterium Str. (immunizationinfo.org)
Norovirus strain types found within the second infectious intestinal diseases (IID2) study an analysis of norovirus circulating in the community. (lshtm.ac.uk)
[2] [3] Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). (wikipedia.org)
[21] Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibodies to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers evaluated the neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers in serum samples of the children to assess their protection against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
However, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of nAbs against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 varied over time in both groups. (expresshealthcaremgmt.com)
In 1998, there were a combined 350,000 cases of types 1 and 3 poliovirus. (medscape.com)

Toyoda and his colleagues work in the laboratory of Stony Brook professor Eckard Wimmer, Ph.D., who in 2002 synthesized poliovirus from its basic chemical components. (eurekalert.org)
GAP III describes a biorisk management system based on 16 elements derived from CWA 15793 (Laboratory Biorisk Management, 2011), addressing areas associated with the design, operation and management for essential facilities (Annexes 2 and 3 of GAP III) and non-essential poliovirus facilities (Annex 6 of GAP III). (biosafety.be)

Poliovirus infects human cells by binding to an immunoglobulin-like receptor, CD155 (also known as the poliovirus receptor or PVR) on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
By its nature, poliovirus destroys the cells it infects in an attempt to replicate copies of itself. (eurekalert.org)

Unlike the host cell's mRNAs, the 5' end of poliovirus RNA is extremely long-over 700 nucleotides-and highly structured. (wikipedia.org)

In June, health authorities in the UK detected poliovirus in multiple wastewater samples taken in northeast London. (unfoundation.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms11

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs25

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care6

Geographicals2

Succeeding in interrupting wild-type1

Sabin22

Spread of poliovirus4

Vaccines8

Global Polio Eradication Initiative2

Poliomyelitis13

Immunization10

Vaccination13

Immunity9

Serotypes3

Free of the wild poliovirus2

Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks1

CVDPV4

Outbreaks7

People infected with poliovirus2

Causative agent1

Eradication of wild2

Form of poliovirus2

20161

Infection3

Oral polio vaccine1

Wild25

Viral7

CVDPV22

20191

Emergence4

Genetically1

Paralytic polio1

Type14

Polio virus4

Influenza1

Different strains2

Paralysis2

Immune1

Enterovirus1

Specimens1

Immunologically1

Pakistan1

Transmission5

Replication3

19811

19991

Types8

Laboratory2

Infects2

Nucleotides1

Wastewater1