• Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed antibiotic resistance to many antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The WHO has sought to establish a global surveillance network to monitor antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus - the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). (health.gov.au)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
  • Gonococci develop their antibiotic resistance through plasmidmediated and chromosomal mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Its intrinsic and acquired resistome was assessed by Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and comparison with wild-type genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • These genomes were compared phylogenetically with other IC2 genomes from the NCBI database, and virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were searched. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: Sixteen strains of A. baumannii were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests and genome sequencing. (bvsalud.org)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO WPR GASP) is a multicentric long term programme of continuous surveillance of the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
  • More than half of the isolates tested in China - Hong Kong, China, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines had altered quinolone susceptibility and increases in the number and percentage of quinolone resistant strains were noted in most, but not all, of the other centres. (health.gov.au)
  • Abstract:This paper reviews the susceptibility profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae over a 20-year period in the Pretoria region. (bvsalud.org)
  • Decreasing susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to fluoroquinolones has been reported in several countries. (bmj.com)
  • however, the emergence of gonococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones has been a significant concern in several countries, including Japan. (bmj.com)
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Third-generation cephalosporins have been used to treat gonorrhoea since 2007, but resistant strains have emerged. (wikipedia.org)
  • whilst chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant strains increased dramatically from 0 to 16 from 1984 to 2004. (bvsalud.org)
  • High-level tetracycline-resistant strains (36) were detected for the first time in 2004. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Overuse of penicillin contributed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developing high resistance to penicillin through two main mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were present in all centres. (health.gov.au)
  • High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Considering its intrinsic resistome, the multidrug resistance, especially to colistin, tigecycline and fluoroquinolones, was multifactorial and attributed to modifications (indels, missense mutations, and gene disruption) in several housekeeping genes (arnT/phoQ/mgrB/ramR/acrB/gyrA/parC/ompK35-36-37). (bvsalud.org)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are the two pathogens most commonly isolated from women with positive cultures for PID. (pediagenosis.com)
  • These findings are in stark contrast with the reported heterogeneity of the species as a whole, as wells as to other bacterial pathogens mediating OM and COPD, providing important insight into M. catarrhalis pathogenesis that will aid in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae can be resistant to antibiotics that are normally used to treat it. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three general mechanisms that may allow bacteria to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics: inability to access/target penicillin-binding protein (PBP) enzyme inhibition of binding to PBP via modification of the enzyme hydrolysis/inactivation of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efflux pumps mediate resistance to a variety of compounds including antibiotics, detergents, and dyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)
  • This is due to at least three sub-lineages characterised by an enormous apparatus of virulence and resistance to antibiotics, both intrinsic and mobile. (bvsalud.org)
  • With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes gonorrhea, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STIs), causing more than 106 million cases per year globally ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2012 ). (peerj.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: An accumulation of different resistance mechanisms regarding the intrinsic resistome accounts for a more stable resistome, strongly contributing to the Kp196 PDR phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ciprofloxacin resistance emerged at 7 in the same year. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rates of ciprofloxacin resistance and penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae were lower when molecular methods were used. (cdc.gov)
  • Its acquired resistome was composed of a huge set of clinically relevant resistance determinants, including bla CTX-M-15 and bla NDM-1, all found in the vicinity of mobile platforms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Beta-lactams like penicillin were widely used to treat gonorrhea in the 1940s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objectives: This study assessed feasibility of using the Xpert CT/NG test to identify prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhea (NG) infections among STD clinic attendees and their sexual partners and tested for antimicrobial resistance for N. gonorrhea. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) of major importance. (peerj.com)
  • N. gonorrhoeae has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, and as a result, the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) gene encodes for an efflux pump. (wikipedia.org)
  • An analysis of the ftsI gene was further used to analyze beta-lactam resistance in H. influenzae. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Analysis of the ftsI gene reveals 26% of predicted resistance to amoxicillin without resistance to third generation cephalosporins. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Most strains examined are from non-selected sexually transmissible disease (STD) clinic patients, but some are obtained as a result of case finding. (health.gov.au)
  • More recent studies have also suggested high rates of recombination within the Neisseria genus ( Didelot & Maiden, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
  • Over the past decade, strains of N gonorrhoeae have been reported to develop high levels of resistance against several antimicrobial agents previously used for treatment of gonorrhoea. (bmj.com)
  • METHODS: A total of 32 carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains recovered from Boa Vista city (Roraima, Brazil) in 2016 were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). (bvsalud.org)
  • Resistance to the penicillins was again widespread, and chromosomally mediated resistance was a significant factor. (health.gov.au)
  • Data from other centres represents an analysis of strains referred throughout a country to a central setting as in Malaysia. (health.gov.au)
  • Alpit is a combination product consisting of a penicillin-class antibacterial, piperacillin, and a β-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam, indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below. (sdrugs.com)
  • Resistance to antimicrobial drugs (termed antimicrobial resistance [AMR]) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is recognized as a public health problem of global importance ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: The 16 strains represented carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) with an extensively drug-resistant profile. (bvsalud.org)
  • Trends concerning resistance have varied from country to country and also between areas in a given country. (bmj.com)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance occurred through step-wise changes over many years. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance noted in earlier years continued. (health.gov.au)