Selective oxidation of organic compounds, such as alcohols and aldehydes, is a highly important transformation traditionally performed in industry using either stoichiometric oxidants, such as Mn- and Cr-containing salts, or, less frequently, homogeneous catalysts. (europa.eu)
The conventional methods for the industrial production of epoxides employ either stoichiometric peracids or chlorohydrin as an oxygen source. (lancs.ac.uk)
Combustion7
The quantitative stoichiometric relationships governing mass and amount will be studied using the combustion reaction of magnesium metal. (sargentwelch.com)
The effect of increasing the amount of H 2 on engine stability was measured along with combustion parameters and engine emissions. (sae.org)
At this point we will first determine the theoretical air fuel ratio based on desired performance, and then begin manipulating the amount of ratio and adjusting the mixture from our theoretical baseline to account for dynamic engine conditions, additional engine modifications, drivability and other variables which influence combustion and an engines air consumption. (tunertools.com)
This system is based upon a Soviet designed agricultural jet engine which consumes aviation fuel with oxygen (O2) from the intake air and exhausts combustion gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), along with the nitrogen (N2) from the air and small amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). (cdc.gov)
The system is designed to approach stoichiometric combustion (ideally, pure burning that scavenges all the oxygen from the intake air). (cdc.gov)
This can be accomplished by reducing the O2 component of the atmosphere to a level that will not sustain combustion of a gas or of a solid, such as coal, or by increasing the amount of an existing flammable gas, such as methane (CH4), to an atmospheric concentration above which it becomes nonflammable relative to the O2 concentration of the atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
Gas-fired incinerators in which first-stage combustion takes place with a less than stoichiometric airfuel ratio, followed by a second-stage combustion with excess air, are suitable for disposal of 4,4´-methylenedianiline wastes (HSDB 1996). (cdc.gov)
Mixture5
A stoichiometric mixture of air and fuel (air to fuel mass ratio of about 14.7 for standard petrol-based gasoline) combusts to provide the exhaust flow with a reaction balance of oxidants (O.sub.2 and NO.sub.X) and reductants (CO, HC's, and H.sub.2). (equities.com)
But a stoichiometric mixture of air and fuel is not always maintained or even practical (i.e., a diesel engine). (equities.com)
A stoichiometric balance between thiol groups (multifunctional thiol) and the addition of epoxide (difunctional epoxy) and acrylate groups (difunctional acrylate) is applied in the reactant mixture. (aiche.org)
For example, the reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of a trifunctional thiol and a difunctional epoxy with 0.167 % mol DBU/mol thiol groups achieved full conversion at 60 o C within ~ 5 hr while the reaction between the same thiol and the long chain diacrylate went to complete conversion in ~ 1 hr under the same conditions. (aiche.org)
The stoichiometric oxidants have a strong environmental impact by producing a large amount of waste, often toxic/carcinogenic, while homogeneous catalysts have a recyclability issue due to the difficulty of their separation from the product mixture. (europa.eu)
Compounds4
The gaseous emissions primarily targeted for abatement include carbon monoxide, unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons (HC's), and nitrogen oxide compounds (NO.sub.X) comprised of NO and NO.sub.2 along with nominal amounts of N.sub.2O. (equities.com)
Ramaiah Prabhu and colleagues, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, have developed a synthesis of tertiary azides from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds that employs the iodine reagent tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) in catalytic amounts only. (chemistryviews.org)
Up to now one of the main industrial processes for the production of this class of compounds involves the use of stoichiometric amounts of copper. (chemistryviews.org)
A chemical method for the quantitative determination of non-stoicheiometric zinc in zinc oxide, previously published by the author, had been incorrectly applied to the determination of free metallic zinc in zinc oxide. (dtic.mil)
The extent of reaction allows the change in amount of one reactant or product to be related to the change in the amount of a different reactant or product. (davidson.edu)
The second row expresses the stoichiometry of the reaction and employs the extent of reaction to show how the change in amount of one reactant or product is linked to the changes in the amounts of the other reactants and products. (davidson.edu)
Each entry in this row consists of the extent of reaction multiplied by the stoichiometric coefficient for the species at the top of the column. (davidson.edu)
A reaction in which all components are completely consumed is considered to be stoichiometric (stoich). (tunertools.com)
Ratio3
In chemistry, the amount of substance (symbol n) in a given sample of matter is defined as a ratio (n = N/NA) between the number of elementary entities (N) and the Avogadro constant (NA). (wikipedia.org)
The molar mass of a substance is the ratio of the mass of a sample of that substance to its amount of substance. (wikipedia.org)
Lambda is representative of the stoichiometric ratio where a λ=1 will always be stoichiometric, regardless of the fuel in use. (tunertools.com)
Relation1
According to X rays, chromium sulfide consists primarily of nickel arsenide (1 stoichiometric proportion) and cadmium OH2 (1 stoichiometric relation). (mis-asia.com)
Degrees1
Furthermore, TiO2 coatings with various degrees of sub-stoichiometric oxidation can be achieved with plasma spray deposition. (concordia.ca)
Mole4
The unit of amount of substance in the International System of Units is the mole (symbol: mol), a base unit. (wikipedia.org)
Historically, the mole was defined as the amount of substance in 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the quotient of the mass of a sample by its amount of substance is its molar mass, for which the SI unit kilogram per mole or gram per mole may be used. (wikipedia.org)
Given the molecular mass in daltons, the same number in grams gives an amount very close to one mole of the substance. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen3
Small (up to 1% by volume) amounts of hydrogen (H 2 ) were added to the intake charge of a single-cylinder, stoichiometric spark ignited engine to determine the effect of H 2 addition on EGR tolerance. (sae.org)
5% and then small amounts of hydrogen were added until the total was 1% by volume. (sae.org)
Part load performance and EGR tolerance was explored to characterize the benefit hydrogen enriched EGR can provide to the emerging stoichiometric heavy duty natural gas engine community. (sae.org)
Sulfur3
Matching of stoichiometric ratios between methionine and cysteine may solve the problem of supplying sufficient amounts of sulfur to the body. (nih.gov)
Chromium sulfide can be produced by combining a stoichiometric amount of chromium powder with sulfur powder at a temperature of 1000degC. (mis-asia.com)
Similarly the bulb on the right is evacuated and then filled with a certain amount of sulfur dioxide, the pressure of which is measured with the manometer on the right. (davidson.edu)
Oxygen2
Moreover, oxygen vacancy presented an influential role in improving the photocatalytic activity of sub-stoichiometric TiO2-x coatings produced by SPS. (concordia.ca)
The bulb on the left is first evacuated and then filled with a certain amount of oxygen. (davidson.edu)
Sufficient1
Kill', by adding to a greater stoichiometric amount of ammonium ceric nitrate solution with agitation sufficient to provide suspension of all solids. (ihcworld.com)
Large3
Skin - immediately wash the affected area with soap or mild detergent and large amounts of water until all evidence of the chemical has been removed (approximately 15 minutes). (ihcworld.com)
Eyes - wash the affected eye with large amounts of water until all evidence of the chemical has been removed (approximately 15 minutes). (ihcworld.com)
It is shown that, unless the free metal is extremely finely divided, large amounts can be present in the zinc oxide without being recorded in the analysis. (dtic.mil)
Mass1
This allows for accurate determination of the amount in moles of a substance by measuring mass. (wikipedia.org)
Small4
The results showed that only a very small amount of H 2 was necessary to stabilize the engine. (sae.org)
At amounts past that level, increasing the level of H 2 had no or only a very small effect. (sae.org)
The results of this test indicate that the addition of even small amounts of H 2 can significantly improve the EGR tolerance of the engine when fueled with gasoline. (sae.org)
While this may sacrifice a small amount of torque the fuel economy and emissions at peak power can be improve which may be desirable (and necessary) on many street/pollution controlled vehicles. (tunertools.com)
Environmental impact1
However, both methods have serious environmental impact as the former produces an equivalent amount of acid waste, whilst the later yields chlorinated by-products and calcium chloride waste. (lancs.ac.uk)
Present2
Mixing calculations based on 87 Sr/ 86 Sr indicate that on an annual basis, 26 ± 7% of Ca export in streams is atmospherically derived, 23 ± 1% is from weathering of plagioclase, and the remainder is from weathering of calcite present in trace amounts in the bedrock. (usgs.gov)
In the case of non-stoichiometric NdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x , x denotes the amount of O vacancies present in the CuO chain. (mrs.org)
Results3
Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of as-sprayed sub-stoichiometric TiO2-x coatings was 2-3 times higher than that of post-treated stoichiometric TiO2 coatings. (concordia.ca)
However, results revealed the importance of adding an optimum amount of dopant to reach the highest photoactivity. (concordia.ca)
The results were found to be satisfactory and in good agreement with stoichiometric amounts. (bvsalud.org)
Substance7
The particular substance sampled may be specified using a subscript, e.g., the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) would be denoted as nNaCl. (wikipedia.org)
Sometimes, the amount of substance is referred to as the chemical amount or, informally, as the "number of moles" in a given sample of matter. (wikipedia.org)
The amount of substance is also a convenient concept in thermodynamics. (wikipedia.org)
This technical sense of the term "amount of substance" should not be confused with the general sense of "amount" in the English language. (wikipedia.org)
There are proposals to replace "amount of substance" with more easily-distinguishable terms, such as enplethy and stoichiometric amount. (wikipedia.org)
Look up amount of substance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
The amount of substance is given as the number of moles in the sample. (wikipedia.org)
Water1
Previous studies have noted an excess of Ca in stream water above that expected from stoichiometric weathering of the dominant bedrock minerals. (usgs.gov)
Chemical1
The work represents just one of many steps that Beller's group are taking "en route" towards more sustainable industrial chemical processes. (chemistryviews.org)
Body1
This causes the body to need abnormally high amounts of insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels, and diabetes develops when the beta cells cannot meet this demand. (scienceinschool.org)
Total1
The total amount of plications every circumstance was 7 ± Three or more. (fungalsignaling.com)
Product1
Each unit of x corresponds to the number of molecules of each reactant and product indicated by the respective stoichiometric coefficients. (davidson.edu)
Free1
Create an account below to get 6 C&EN articles per month, receive newsletters and more - all free. (acs.org)