Stimuli response to inflammatory cytokines. Medical search. Frequent questions

Resolution of inflammation is an active process timely controlled by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) produced locally in inflammatory loci to restrain this innate response, prevent further damages to the host, and permit return to homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Cardinal signs of resolution are: (1) limitation/cessation of PMN infiltration, (2) sequestration and counter-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, (3) apoptosis of PMN and removal (e.g., by efferocytosis), (4) clearance of pathogens, inflammatory stimuli, and cell debris, and (5) tissue repair. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are plastic cells that can sense and respond to external stimuli via secretion of a wide range of chemokines, cytokines and lipid mediators. (tum.de)
The aim of this dissertation was to investigate how macrophage derived lipid mediators are regulated in viral type 1 and allergic/ parasitic type 2 immune responses, which was analyzed in three different immunological settings. (tum.de)
In this review, we discuss the regulation of ILC2 activation by transcription factors and metabolic pathways, as well as by extrinsic signals such as cytokines, lipid mediators, hormones, and neuropeptides. (broadinstitute.org)
The inflammatory process in asthma involves the increased expression of various pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, lipid mediators, adhesion molecules, enzymes, and receptors for the same inflammatory mediators 21 . (ersjournals.com)
Inflammasomes are intracellular mediators of inflammation through the activation of the cysteine protease caspase-1 and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1Î² (IL-1Î²). (manchester.ac.uk)
Exposure of the peripheral C-fiber terminals to inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotriences, and protons induces depolarization of the terminals as evidenced by the generation of action potentials and/or sensitization of the terminals ( Basbaum, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
2012). antigens that induce airway inflammation with the release of Although many studies investigated the association between inflammatory mediators. (cdc.gov)
Of these mediators, cytokines play a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and asthma phenotypes (Che et al. (cdc.gov)

Inflammaging is a significant risk factor in mortality and morbidity in aged individuals Inflammation is essential to protect against viral and bacterial infection, as well as noxious stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
This results in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which contributes to low grade, chronic inflammation in the absence of pathogen or damage, but rather in response to damaged self molecules like oxidized nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. (nih.gov)
We propose that racial residential segregation and discrimination increases tissue inflammation and cytokine production, resulting in dysregulated immune signaling, which promotes plaque formation and cardiovascular disease. (frontiersin.org)
decreasing in response to a variety of stimuli (e.g., body iron levels, inflammation , and hypoxia). (humankinetics.com)
Reporting in the journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) said they have shown for the first time that fat-storing cells, or adipocytes, contain a protective anti-inflammatory immune mechanism that prevents the cells from over-reacting to inflammation-causing stimuli, such as fatty acids in the diet. (webwire.com)
However, upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, they also initiate and amplify type 2 inflammation by inducing mucus production, eosinophilia, and Th2 differentiation. (broadinstitute.org)
The current and upcoming biological agents are primarily aimed at neutralizing circulating and cell-bound pro-inflammatory cytokines, interfering in the interaction of antigen-presenting and T-lymphocytes, eliminating circulating B-lymphocytes or by interfering with the intracellular signaling mechanisms of immuno-competent cells that lead to inflammation. (dovepress.com)
Emerging research on the body's inflammation response has shown a connection between diet and inflammatory markers, but there are still many unknowns about exactly how this relationship plays out in inflammatory forms of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. (creakyjoints.org)
Pulpitis is an inflammatory disease, the grade of which is classified according to the level of inflammation. (researchsquare.com)
GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in biological processes related to inflammation, and the enriched pathways in the KEGG pathway analysis were cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signalling pathway and NF-κB signalling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
Currently, guided by the criteria of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE), medical history and clinical examination are the main methods used to evaluate pulp inflammation severity, considering information such as pain quality and history and responses to pulp sensitivity tests[9]. (researchsquare.com)
Corticosteroids are the most effective drugs to suppress airway inflammation, mainly by downregulation of pro-inflammatory proteins 22 , 23 . (ersjournals.com)
Inflammation is an important part of a host defense response against pathogens. (manchester.ac.uk)
As a result, NLRP3-driven inflammation is broadly implicated in pathogenic infections, as well as many sterile inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. (manchester.ac.uk)
To test reward-response, we used the morphine and the nicotine induced conditioned place-preference and place-aversion model in rats with non-painful inflammation. (scirp.org)
The following inflammatory models were used: non-painful infectious inflammation: 24 hrs prior to conditioning sessions, an injection with Calmette-Guerin bacillus (CGB) 1 × 10 7 cfu, ip, was administered. (scirp.org)
Cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) can be generated by inflammatory and nonimmune cells in response to inflammation, tissue injury, microbial invasion, and immunological reactions ( Dinarello, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
But, at the same time, theincrease of the pro-inflammatory response that follows the bacterial processingpromotes the clearance of apoptotic cells by these macrophages contributing tothe resolution of local inflammation. (conicet.gov.ar)
Cell 137: 47-59) has identified an unexpected effect of Nurr1 which is expressed in glial cells in response to stimuli which trigger inflammation, and this Nurr1 suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause the death of mDA neurons, but does not suggest a therapeutic effect through induction of Nurr1 expression. (justia.com)
The data suggest that diabetic mice present impaired immunological response to Pb18 infection and insulin modulates inflammation by reducing IL-6 levels in lung and CINC-1 levels in spleen and liver homogenates, restoring leukocyte concentrations in PeLF and also restoring populations of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes in lungs of diabetic mice, permitting the host to better control the infection. (hindawi.com)
This raised procalcitonin level during inflammation is associated with bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines. (medscape.com)
we hypothesized that profiles of airway fluid cytokines that represent major effectors molecules of leukocytic inflammation could provide insights for developing a new molecular-based classification of asthma. (cdc.gov)
These pro- has been implicated as contributing apoptosis, inflammation, and several liferating cel s replace dead cel s to the cancer phenotype, through pleiotropic responses. (who.int)

When activated, this system can go on to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and sometimes cell death. (wikipedia.org)
Pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion acts as the effector or the response to such stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
This contributes to inflammaging as inflammatory secretion contributes to innate immune activation and exhaustion. (wikipedia.org)
Senescent cells in aging tissues are characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine and growth factor secretion. (jax.org)
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system that mediates caspase-1 activation and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 in response to microbial infection and cellular damage. (nih.gov)
The activation of macrophages leads to the production of T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α , interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , IL-6, and IL-12, whereas limited activation develops into a Th2 response (IL-4 secretion) [ 11 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Continuous ligation of LILRB1 modulated cellular differentiation, conferred a unique phenotype upon the resultant cells, induced a profound resistance to CD95-mediated cell death, and inhibited secretion of cytokines IL-10, IL-12p70, and TGF-β. (ashpublications.org)

The effects of corticosteroids are predominantly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding activity, which controls genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in respiratory epithelial cells 10 - 13 . (ersjournals.com)

We also review recent discoveries about ILC2 plasticity and heterogeneity in different tissues, as revealed partly through single-cell RNA sequencing of transcriptional responses to various stimuli. (broadinstitute.org)
When the hard dental tissue is broken, various stimuli may induce pathological changes in dental pulp, which is difficult to heal due to the lack of collateral circulation[2]. (researchsquare.com)
Activation of AMPK has been shown to reduce ER stress in response to various stimuli, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. (diabetescompass.com)

In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
Dimethylheptyl-cannabidiol (DMH-CBD), a non-psychoactive, synthetic derivative of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), has been reported to be anti-inflammatory in RAW macrophages. (unboundmedicine.com)
These stimuli induce the activation of immune cells residing within fat tissues, called M1 macrophages, which in turn release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, that cause fat tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. (webwire.com)
What activates the M2 pathway within fat tissues, Lee and his colleagues discovered, is the fat cells production of the kind of cytokines that activate M2 macrophages. (webwire.com)
M1 macrophages are activated by a different set of cytokines. (webwire.com)
In human macrophages, where JMJD3 participates in the transcriptional response to inflammatory stimuli, GSK-J4 significantly reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in association with sustained H3K27me3 occupancy and prevention of RNA polymerase II binding at the TNFA promoter. (aacrjournals.org)
1 , 7 In addition, pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines further contribute to iron retention within monocytes/macrophages by stimulating iron uptake pathways while inhibiting ferroportin transcription in these cells. (haematologica.org)
While the epithelium provides a physical barrieragainst this gram-negative pathogen, innate immunity and, specifically,phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages are key determinants in the abilityof the host to control P. aeruginosa infection.Thus, the host inflammatory response is intimately connected to the phagocyticclearance of the bacteria. (conicet.gov.ar)
For this purpose, we exposed primary bonemarrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to apoptotic cells, bacteria andbacteria-laden apoptotic cells and examined their internalization(independently or in conjuction) by confocal microscopy and subsequent imageanalysis in order to investigate the phagocytic and efferocytic efficiencies.To study bacterial clearance, we measured intracellular survival over time.Also changes in cytokine expression levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. (conicet.gov.ar)
Our results show that, when confronted to thispathogen, macrophages respond through a pro-inflammatory response andmicrobicidal action to destroy the infectious agent. (conicet.gov.ar)
FP induces apoptosis of eosinophils 18 and also reduces the production of several cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) by alveolar macrophages 19 and lymphocytes 20 , 21 . (ersjournals.com)
Survival of the fungus inside the host's macrophages is essential for successful infection and depends on several features: the strain of the fungus, its responsiveness to external factors such as temperature changes and oxidative stress, and the efficiency of the host's immunological response [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

DMH-CBD treatment downregulated in a dose-dependent manner the mRNA expression of LPS-upregulated pro-inflammatory genes (Il1b, Il6, and Tnf) in BV-2 microglial cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
PPAR-d is a nuclear receptor that receives the Th2 cytokine signals and turns on a cascade of genes and proteins that results in M2 macrophage activation. (webwire.com)
A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. (bvsalud.org)
These genes were selected based on their role in asthmatic inflammatory processes and History previously reported associations with asthma phenotypes. (cdc.gov)

Little is known about the broad effects of the new class of mRNA vaccines, especially whether they have combined effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. (ssrn.com)
In conclusion, the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine induces complex functional reprogramming of innate immune responses, which should be considered in the development and use of this new class of vaccines. (ssrn.com)
Pretreatment with GSP before LPS treatment significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. (spandidos-publications.com)
The potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects of propranolol were interrogated by analysis of cytokine mRNA expression. (cdc.gov)
Propranolol treatment abrogated the elaboration of inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the brain instigated in our model, having no treatment effects in non-DFP exposed groups. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, this response is promoted by airway endotoxin. (cdc.gov)
In the tracheobronchial (airway) vasculature, these include the inhibition of inflammatory hyperperfusion, microvascular hyperpermeability, mucosal oedema formation, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). (ersjournals.com)
In contrast, nongenomic actions are mediated by rapid cellular mechanisms, and induce transient vasoconstriction in the airway, thereby reversing inflammatory hyperperfusion. (ersjournals.com)
In addition to inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial wall 1 , histological analysis of endobronchial biopsy specimens and new methods of blood flow measurements have revealed prominent alterations of the tracheobronchial (airway) vasculature in patients with asthma. (ersjournals.com)
and 3) the interactions of corticosteroids and airway blood vessels by which inflammatory changes of the airway vasculature can be reversed in patients with asthma. (ersjournals.com)
In CF disease, a nonregulated inflammatory lung response occurs through exaggerated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines production by airway epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)

The pathophysiology of erythema multiforme (EM) is still not completely understood, but it is probably immunologically mediated and appears to involve a hypersensitivity reaction that can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, particularly bacterial, viral, or chemical products. (medscape.com)

All together, this contribues to a less efficient immune system response to pathogens and chronic, systemic inflammatory phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
Type 2 immunity against pathogens is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate inflammatory responses that clear infection and prevent excessive tissue damage. (broadinstitute.org)

This gene is induced by cytokines and interferon. (ageing-map.org)
As observed in other systemic mycoses, the most relevant response against PCM is cellular immunity mediated by interferon- (IFN-) γ during macrophage activation [ 8 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

In the present study, we investigated the effect of LPS on the releasing function of afferent terminals as measured by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release in ex vivo perfused rat trachea, and examined the possible role of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as intermediaries in this effect. (jneurosci.org)

These cells promote tissue degeneration and are able to spread to other regions by way of the inflammatory secretory molecules released. (wikipedia.org)
Infection is defined as "a microbial phenomenon characterized by an inflammatory response to the microorganisms or the invasion of normally sterile tissue by those organisms. (medscape.com)
Interestingly, similar secretory responses occur during tissue injury. (jax.org)
If harmful stimuli cannot be removed in time, increasing numbers of immune cells are recruited to the pulp tissue[5] and the immune-inflammatory balance is disrupted. (researchsquare.com)
The local action of these released peptides are known to increase tissue blood flow, capillary permeability, and inflammatory cell activities ( Holzer, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
Histopathologic studies have found evidence of inflammatory infiltrate in lymphedematous tissue ( 14 , 15 ). (cdc.gov)
Acute phase reactants are plasma proteins whose levels dramatically increase (called positive acute phase reactants) or, in some cases, decrease (called negative acute phase reactants) in response to the elevated circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 that occur when infection or tissue damage occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
Despite not having a standardized measurement parameter, the excess of neutrophil extracellular traps corresponds conception, manuscript to the severity of tissue damage observed in patients with respiratory tract infections, revealing the important prognostic role design, literature search, data of the neutrophil response and NETosis process in pulmonary infectious diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Growth factors and cytokines involved in their migration, development and survival could be absent in this tissue and need further investigations. (bvsalud.org)

These findings suggest that endotoxin treatment generated cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α that regulated the peripheral releasing function of primary sensory afferents by sensitizing the terminals and facilitating peptide release. (jneurosci.org)

[ 5 ] The idea behind defining SIRS was to define a clinical response to a nonspecific insult of either infectious or noninfectious origin. (medscape.com)
B and T lymphocytes, CD4+ B lymphocytes versus CD8+ T lymphocytes), and tests that measure T-cell proliferation or function in response to specific or nonspecific stimuli (e.g., lymphocyte proliferation assays) ( 4,5 ). (cdc.gov)

A selective jumonji H3K27 demethylase inhibitor modulates the proinflammatory macrophage response. (aacrjournals.org)
Results of immunohistochemical analysis have also shown lesion blister fluid to contain TNF, an important proinflammatory cytokine. (medscape.com)

A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
1 Activation of DCs through toll-like receptors (TLRs) for "infectious nonself" or other "danger" signals normally initiates a process of cellular differentiation resulting in "mature" DCs capable of stimulating T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell responses. (ashpublications.org)
Recent studies have suggested a role for human leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs, also known as ILT, LIR, or CD85) in regulating the function of myeloid cells, potentially implicating these molecules in the control of immune responses. (ashpublications.org)

Interestingly, however, the BNT162b2 vaccine also modulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells upon stimulation with both specific (SARS-CoV-2) and non-specific (viral, fungal and bacterial) stimuli. (ssrn.com)
The response of innate immune cells to TLR4 and TLR7/8 ligands was lower after BNT162b2 vaccination, while fungi-induced cytokine responses were stronger. (ssrn.com)
These innate immune cells thereby contribute to host defense and induction of inflammatory responses. (tum.de)
Cytokines are messenger chemicals that enable communication between immune cells but could also be produced by fat cells. (webwire.com)

While the effectiveness of adaptive immune system declines, innate immune mechanisms become overactive and less precise, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory phenotypes that contributes to "inflammaging. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophageshave been described to polarize into either pro-inflammatory/microbicidal oranti-inflammatory/efferocytic phenotypes. (conicet.gov.ar)
H)-1 and TH2 cytokines have been demonstrated in the airways of subjects with different asthma phenotypes, reported causes of occupational asthma in the work-place. (cdc.gov)

PTP1b-/- neutrophils displayed increased cellular migration and inflammatory cytokine signaling (e.g. (warf.org)
DMH-CBD downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and protects the microglial cells by inducing an adaptive cellular response against inflammatory stimuli and oxidative injury. (unboundmedicine.com)
Regarding mechanisms of action, the current consensus is that the initial adverse effects of ozone may be attributed to its direct oxidant damage of cellular lipids and proteins in pulmonary epithelial cells, particularly in the centriacinar region, followed by an inflammatory response. (cdc.gov)
The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids occur with a considerable delay (within hours or days) because of the multiple steps of cellular actions required to change protein expression. (ersjournals.com)
Among various inflammasomes, the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome senses not only pathogen-derived stimuli, but also senses cellular and homeostatic stress. (manchester.ac.uk)
Alterations in cellular metabolism modulate CD1d-mediated NKT-cell responses. (umaryland.edu)
The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by diverse stimuli, and multiple molecular and cellular events, including ionic flux, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the production of reactive oxygen species, and lysosomal damage have been shown to trigger its activation. (nih.gov)

Cells with the SASP are characterized by being in cell cycle arrest, releasing inflammatory factors, and possessing a particular morphology. (wikipedia.org)
The presence of these labeled cells coincided with wound-healing markers, such as p16, p21, SA-β-gal, and inflammatory and pro-angiogenic molecules. (jax.org)
IL-6 and TNF) in response to bacterial stimuli, when compared with wildtype cells. (warf.org)
Distinct receptor-ligand interactions and distinct cytokine milieus lead to the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. (nature.com)
Cytokine-induced memory NK cells can be generated by exposure to inflammatory cytokines even in the absence of a defined antigen. (nature.com)
For example, hapten-specific memory NK cells reside in the liver, influenza virus-specific memory NK cells reside in the liver and lung, and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific NK cells and cytokine-induced memory NK cells are systemically distributed. (nature.com)
First, similarly to T cells and B cells, NK cells can exert immunological memory after encounters with stimuli such as haptens or viruses, resulting in the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. (nature.com)
Second, NK cells can remember inflammatory cytokine milieus that imprint long-lasting non-antigen-specific NK cell effector function. (nature.com)
Anti-inflammatory effects of the cannabidiol derivative dimethylheptyl-cannabidiol - studies in BV-2 microglia and encephalitogenic T cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
TY - JOUR T1 - Anti-inflammatory effects of the cannabidiol derivative dimethylheptyl-cannabidiol - studies in BV-2 microglia and encephalitogenic T cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
However, there have been no studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of GSP in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). (spandidos-publications.com)
After liver injury, recruited inflammatory cells accumulate in the damaged site. (spandidos-publications.com)
Erythropoietin levels in ACD have been found to be inadequate for the degree of anemia in many but not all conditions including IBD 9 , 10 which may be partly due to interleukin-1- and TNF-α-mediated inhibition of erythropoietin promoter activity and a cytokine-driven formation of toxic radicals, thereby damaging erythropoietin-producing cells and inhibiting erythropoietin formation in the kidney. (haematologica.org)
Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and can mediate cytolytic activity. (umaryland.edu)
Consequently, NKT cells constitute an important subset of T cells that can play a critical role in regulating the host's anti-tumor immune response. (umaryland.edu)
To determine whether FP reduces cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells via NF-κB, the authors investigated the nonstimulated and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated production of NF-κB-dependent interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) along with the activation of NF-κB in non-CF and CF human bronchial gland epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
It was shown by the authors that fluticasone propionate exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by blocking a signal transduction leading to a reduced level of IκB-α/β kinases in bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
Its protein product is thought to be involved in negative regulation of growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, which contributes to the anti-inflammatory response to vessel wall trauma. (ageing-map.org)
Specifically, a method of converting glial cells from an M1 phenotype to an M2 phenotype, wherein Nurr1 and Foxa2 are introduced into the glial cells to be overexpressed in the glial cells and a method of preventing or treating an inflammatory neurologic disorder, which includes glial cells into which Nurr1 and Foxa2 are introduced, or a viral vector loaded with Nurr1 and Foxa2, are provided. (justia.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) link innate and adaptive immunity, initiating and regulating effector cell responses. (ashpublications.org)
Ligated DCs exhibited poor stimulatory activity for primary and memory T-cell proliferative responses, but this was substantially reversed by blockade of CD80 or its preferred ligand CTLA-4, or by depleting CD4 + CD25 + CD127 lo regulatory T cells. (ashpublications.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal roles in the initiation, regulation, and maintenance of immune responses. (ashpublications.org)
Instead, they release diffusable cytokines, which mediate the inflammatory reaction and resultant apoptosis of epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Procalcitonin is also produced by the neuroendocrine cells of the lung and intestine and is released as an acute-phase reactant in response to inflammatory stimuli, especially those of bacterial origin. (medscape.com)
and, in response to antigen, are subsequently secreted by plasma cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Mast cells play an important role in a variety of biological processes and actively participate in the inflammatory response. (bvsalud.org)
In this investigation we sought to answer the question concerning the presence of mast cells in human and rat dental pulp tissues, under normal and inflammatory conditions. (bvsalud.org)
The role of mast cells in the inflammatory dental pulp response is not clear. (bvsalud.org)
Since mast cells are active during inflammatory responses it becomes crucial to find out if these cells are actually present and play a role in dental pulp under normal and inflammatory conditions either in humans or in rats. (bvsalud.org)

It provides direct protection against hypoxia by its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties and for its angiogenic capacity that allows the oxygen supply to ischemic tissues. (molvis.org)

7 During inflammatory processes, however, the biological half-life of erythrocytes is reduced as a consequence of oxidative stress and lipid-peroxidation, thus promoting erythrophagocytosis and reducing iron recirculation. (haematologica.org)
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a major source of oxidative stress in the body, and its accumulation in the ER can lead to ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). (diabetescompass.com)

Most likely the inflammatory response contributes predominantly to repair process following acute exposure and exacerbates damage following chronic or high-dose exposure. (cdc.gov)
In recurrent exposure, the reaction occurs within several hours to 1-2 days, which is consistent with the timing of a secondary cell-mediated immune response. (medscape.com)
For example, previously we found that several GWI-relevant organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produce heightened neuroinflammatory responses following subchronic exposure to stress hormone as a mimic of high physiological stress. (cdc.gov)
KEY FINDINGS: We found that our long-term GWI model produces a primed neuroinflammatory response to subsequent immune challenge that is dependent upon GWI-relevant organophosphate exposure. (cdc.gov)

The expression of anti-inflammatory cell signaling molecules, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitory-κBα (IκBα), iNOS and COX-2, was evaluated by western blot analysis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Our findings suggest that ligation of LILRB1 on DCs by self-HLA molecules may play a key role in controlling the balance between the induction and suppression of adaptive immune responses. (ashpublications.org)

Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. (frontiersin.org)
Hepcidin is an anti-microbial peptide formed of 25 amino acids, which is produced mainly in the liver in response to iron overload or upon induction by pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-6. (haematologica.org)

[ 2 , 1 ] Increased levels of serum procalcitonin in response to viral infections and noninfectious inflammatory stimuli such as autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory processes are much less pronounced, rarely exceeding 0.5 ng/mL. (medscape.com)

The GSEA results provided further functional annotations, including complement system, IL6/JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway and inflammatory response pathways. (researchsquare.com)
11 Moreover, cytokines can interfere with erythropoietin/erythropoietin receptor-mediated signaling which involves the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family and mitogen and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation pathways. (haematologica.org)
Therapeutic strategies include the blocking of transcription factors such as NF-κB that lead to inflammatory gene activation and the inhibition of signaling pathways that are stimulated in lung diseases. (ersjournals.com)
At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. (bvsalud.org)

The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex consisting of a sensor, an adapter, and an effector, that when activated, modulates caspases which cleave cytokines and result in an inflammatory signaling response. (wikipedia.org)
Stimuli that can fuel inflammasome assembly include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPS), nutrients, and the microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
As inflammasome precision declines with age, these aggregates, normally degraded, can be recognizes as a pathogen and lead to an inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
However, the aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked with several inflammatory disorders, which include cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)

Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis. (nih.gov)
19 published his findings on cortisone causing dramatic improvements in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroids have become established as the most potent anti-inflammatory agents in the pharmacotherapy of various chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma 20 . (ersjournals.com)

These data suggest that GSP inhibits inflammatory responses in HSCs by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway via MAP kinases. (spandidos-publications.com)

The results show that DMH-CBD has similar anti-inflammatory properties to those of CBD. (unboundmedicine.com)

While many beneficial host-microbiota interactions have been described, imbalanced microbiota in the gut is speculated to contribute to the progression and recurrence of chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease (CD). (cranberryinstitute.org)

Information about anti-inflammatory medication use history including aspirin, NSAIDs, glucosamine, and other anti-inflammatory drugs, was collected. (stanford.edu)
NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, a rate-limiting enzyme induced by endogenous (growth factors or cytokines) and exogenous (tobacco carcinogens) stimuli, and are involved in prostaglandin synthesis and the inflammatory response. (medscape.com)

Examples of stimuli that act as PAMPS include viral and bacterial infection, such as cytomegalovirus and periodontitis, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Pulpitis is an inflammatory disease of the dental pulp, and bacterial infection is considered to be the most important trigger of pulpitis[3]. (researchsquare.com)
[ 4 ] Procalcitonin levels fall with successful treatment of severe bacterial infection and severe noninfectious inflammatory stimuli. (medscape.com)

Enhanced understanding of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathophysiology and the role of cytokines has enabled the development of innovative biological agents in the last 10 years that target specific parts of the immune response. (dovepress.com)

The inhaled steroid fluticasone propionate (FP) is widely used clinically as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, especially in the treatment of asthma 14 and allergic rhinitis 15 . (ersjournals.com)
We therefore measured cytokine values in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of the lower respiratory tract obtained from 83 asthma patients, and used bipartite network visualizations with associated quantitative measures to conduct an exploratory analysis of the co-occurrence of cytokines across patients. (cdc.gov)
The analysis helped to identify three clusters of patients which had a complex but understandable interaction with three clusters of cytokines, leading to insights for a state-based classification of asthma patients. (cdc.gov)

Although still in use clinically, it is important to note that systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) as a definition has been abandoned since 2016. (medscape.com)
A Venn diagram of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). (medscape.com)
Sepsis is the systemic response to infection and is defined as the presence of SIRS in addition to a documented or presumed infection. (medscape.com)
We evaluated the role of insulin in inflammatory parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic mice using a systemic mycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) model. (hindawi.com)

After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. (bvsalud.org)

Immunological memory can be defined as a quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced immune response upon rechallenge. (nature.com)
Paracoccidioidomycosis, a key issue for Brazilian health service, can be aggravated in patients with impaired immunological responses, such as diabetic patients. (hindawi.com)

In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (nih.gov)
The goal of the current study was to evaluate the potential for the -adrenergic receptor inhibitor and anti-inflammatory drug, propranolol, to treat neuroinflammation in a novel long-term mouse model of GWI. (cdc.gov)

Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL-6 probably signals via trans-signaling. (nih.gov)

To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. (nih.gov)

Human and rat dental pulp under normal and inflammatory conditions were analyzed using toluidine blue histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques. (bvsalud.org)

In response to mito- pendence between the key mecha- gens, cell proliferation is triggered by nistic characteristics. (who.int)

Senescent cell populations increase with age and secrete a pro-inflammatory cocktail of chemicals, a condition known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (wikipedia.org)

What is the therapeutic implication if two responses, acting at different times, are required to act in concert to produce a product, particularly if one response results from a chemical-cell interaction (i.e., ozone -epithelium) and the other represents an inflammatory mediator? (cdc.gov)

Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. (nih.gov)
The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. (nih.gov)
Increases in the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are a key signal for hepcidin production ( Nemeth, Rivera et al. (humankinetics.com)
Many of these effects are secondary to the production of cytokines. (jneurosci.org)
The present work seeks to establish two points: (1) an important target of the action of LPS is the peripheral terminal of sensory afferents, and (2) this action may be secondary to the production of cytokines. (jneurosci.org)
The effects of LPS appear to be secondary to the production of cytokines ( Morrison, 1987 ). (jneurosci.org)

Sepsis-3 was born, defined as "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. (medscape.com)
This may be protective in the short term, providing a form of 'nutritional immunity' against invading microbes by diminishing access to free iron in response to infection. (biomedcentral.com)

Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. (nih.gov)

Previous research, including important discoveries by G khan Hotamisligil, chair of the HSPH Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, has shown that as they become enlarged with fat, adipocytes produce pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as free fatty acids. (webwire.com)
Another type of macrophage, known as M2, has the opposite effect, quelling the inflammatory response to free fatty acids. (webwire.com)

The initial dose should be maintained or adjusted until the clinical response is satisfactory and, if no suitable clinical response is obtained after a reasonable period of time, [CV004 trade name] should be stopped and the patient's treatment changed. (who.int)
Once an initial favourable response has been obtained, the initial dose should be reduced in small amounts until the lowest dose that maintains a suitable clinical response is obtained. (who.int)
Failure to achieve adequate response with traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and increasing evidence of ongoing radiographic deterioration of the affected joints despite seemingly clinical response were essential stimuli for the development of biologics. (dovepress.com)

Role of neutrophil extracellular la NETosis en las enfermedades infecciosas pulmonares. (bvsalud.org)

Molecular identification of GD3 as a suppressor of the innate immune response in ovarian cancer. (umaryland.edu)

In addition, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce the accumulation of oxLDL in the vascular wall and to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (diabetescompass.com)
Reduced levels of TNF- α and IL-1 β and decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule- (ICAM-) 1, resulting in diminished interactions between the leukocyte and endothelium and reduced migration of phagocytes to inflammatory sites, have been suggested as possible causes for this increased susceptibility [ 19 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)

It is also known that an effective response against Pb depends on both TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocyte activation in the presence of ideal concentrations of Th1 inflammatory cytokines [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy36

Organisms11

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs79

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology25

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care2

Mediators11

Inflammation24

Secretion7

Chemokines1

Various stimuli3

Macrophages12

Genes4

MRNA5

Airway6

Variety of stimuli1

Pathogens2

Interferon2

Tumor necros1

Tissue9

Endotoxin1

Nonspecific2

Proinflammatory2

Receptors3

Immune cells4

Phenotypes3

Cellular7

Cells29

Hypoxia1

Oxidative2

Exposure4

Molecules2

Microbial2

Autoimmune1

Pathways4

Inflammasome4

Findings2

Signaling pathway1

Anti-inflammatory properties1

Chronic inflammatory diseases1

NSAIDs2

Bacterial infection3

Rheumatoid arthritis1

Asthma3

Systemic4

Significantly1

Immunological2

Receptor2

Signals1

Murine1

Dental pulp1

Mecha1

Secretory1

Interaction1

Production6

Infection2

Potent1

Fatty acids2

Clinical response3

Extracellular1

Suppressor1

Expression2

Lymphocyte1